云南香格里拉旅游线路产品生态足迹

旅游生态足迹分析是测度旅游环境影响的最新和有效方法之一,运用成分法构建了旅游线路产品生态足迹的计算模型,探索出了以"串珠"状的旅游线路产品为对象、旅游行程为基础的生态足迹计算方法。运用该模型对云南香格里拉"八日游"典型旅游线路产品进行了实证计算和分析,结果表明:①旅游是一种生态消耗很大的生活方式,旅游者在旅游过程中产生的生态足迹高于客源地居民人均日常生活消费生态足迹,也高于目的地居民人均日常生活消费生态足迹;②根据成分法,旅游线路产品生态足迹可分为7个组分,其中行、食、住、垃圾是最主要的4个组分。在其他条件不变的情况下,随着旅行距离的增加,旅游线路产品生态足迹逐步聚集于行组分;③旅游产业内部各个部门之间生态效率差异很大,食、住等部门的生态效率较低,而游、娱等部门的生态效率较高。根据研究结果,对所构建模型进行了简化,简化模型可以对旅游者消费旅游线路产品所产生的生态消耗进行更加简洁、方便的测度。     

Ecological footprint study on tourism itinerary products in Shangri-La, Yunnan Province, China

The eco-footprint analysis of tourism is one of the most up-to-date and effective methods used to analyze the environmental effects of tourism. This study constructs a model to calculate the ecological footprint (EF) of tourism itinerary products by using a component approach, rudimentarily exploring the calculation methods for EF which target necklace-like tourism itinerary products and base tourist trips. By applying the model to calculate and analyze an “8-day tour of Shangri-La”, a typical tourism itinerary product, results of this study suggest that: (a) Tourism is a kind of life style with tremendous ecological consumption, that is, per capita EF that tourists produce in the course of travel is more than the one that local people produce in their daily life in tourist source areas, and it also exceeds the per capita EF that local people produce in their daily life in tourist destination; (b) According to the component approach, EF of tourism itinerary products is broken down into 7 components, among which “Transport”, “Food”, “Waste” and “Accommodation” play important roles; (c) There exist significant differences in ecological efficiency between different departments of tourism; the travel and entertainment sectors maintain a relatively high ecological efficiency, while the food and lodging departments have relatively low ecological efficiency.     

Ecological footprint study on tourism itinerary products in Shangri-La, Yunnan Province, China

The eco-footprint analysis of tourism is one of the most up-to-date and effective methods used to analyze the environmental effects of tourism. This study constructs a model to calculate the ecological footprint (EF) of tourism itinerary products by using a component approach, rudimentarily exploring the calculation methods for EF which target necklace-like tourism itinerary products and base tourist trips. By applying the model to calculate and analyze an “8-day tour of Shangri-La”, a typical tourism itinerary product, results of this study suggest that: (a) Tourism is a kind of life style with tremendous ecological consumption, that is, per capita EF that tourists produce in the course of travel is more than the one that local people produce in their daily life in tourist source areas, and it also exceeds the per capita EF that local people produce in their daily life in tourist destination; (b) According to the component approach, EF of tourism itinerary products is broken down into 7 components, among which “Transport”, “Food”, “Waste” and “Accommodation” play important roles; (c) There exist significant differences in ecological efficiency between different departments of tourism; the travel and entertainment sectors maintain a relatively high ecological efficiency, while the food and lodging departments have relatively low ecological efficiency.     

乡村旅游地生态文化传统与生态环境建设的互动效应——以云南石林县彝族阿着底村为例

乡村生态旅游是适合我国国情的生态旅游形式,也是一项可持续发展的朝阳产业。乡村旅游地的生态文化传统与生态环境建设之间有一种互动机制。本文以云南石林县阿着底彝族村寨的密枝林文化传统与乡村旅游产业的互动效应为例,探讨了文化传统对乡村森林资源及生物多样性保护的意义,强调通过加强村民生态教育、加强村规民约建设、发展生态循环经济,使互动效应永续发展。     

不同灌溉量对小麦-玉米轮作农田生态系统净碳汇的影响

灌溉对农田温室效应与碳足迹贡献产生重要影响.本文采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对关中平原小麦-玉米轮作(2014—2015年)农田温室气体(CO₂、CH₄和N₂O)排放通量进行了监测,并用净增温潜势(NGWP)和碳足迹两个指标评估不同灌溉量对关中平原农田温室效应、作物生产碳足迹的分布和构成的影响.试验在作物关键需水期(冬小麦越冬期和拔节期、夏玉米出苗期和拔节期)设置W₀(0 mm)、W₁₂₀(120 mm)、W₁₈₀(180 mm)、W₂₄₀(240 mm)4个处理.结果表明: 与W₀处理相比,W₁₂₀、W₁₈₀、W₂₄₀处理下小麦产量分别增加了31.3%、44.3%、33.7%,玉米产量分别增加了9.9%、22.6%、33.8%; CO₂的年际排放总量分别增加了22.2%、24.3%、15.1%,N₂O的年际排放总量分别增加了18.6%、67.8%、91.5%,但CH₄的年际吸收总量分别降低了51.7%、79.6%、97.8%;NGWP分别增加了20.1%、31.6%、31.4%.W₁₂₀处理下碳足迹较W₀处理降低了19.1%,但W₁₈₀、W₂₄₀处理与W₀处理相比无显著性差异;W₁₂₀、W₂₄₀处理单位产量碳足迹较W₀处理分别增加了44.5%、23.3%,而W₁₈₀处理与W₀处理无显著性差异.综合考虑不同灌溉量的经济效应和环境效应,180 mm的灌水量更有利于关中平原小麦-玉米轮作系统的节水及固碳减排.     

A Hybrid Approach for Assessing the Multi‐Scale Impacts of Urban Resource Use: Transportation in Phoenix,Arizona

Life cycle assessment (LCA) and urban metabolism (UM) are popular approaches for urban system environmental assessment. However, both approaches have challenges when used across spatial scales. LCA tends to decompose systemic information into micro‐level functional units that mask complexity and purpose, whereas UM typically equates aggregated material and energy flows with impacts and is not ideal for revealing the mechanisms or alternatives available to reduce systemic environmental risks. This study explores the value of integrating UM with LCA, using vehicle transportation in the Phoenix metropolitan area as an illustrative case study. Where other studies have focused on the use of LCA providing upstream supply‐chain impacts for UM, we assert that the broader value of the integrated approach is in (1) the ability to cross scales (from micro to macro) in environmental assessment and (2) establishing an analysis that captures function and complexity in urban systems. The results for Phoenix show the complexity in resource supply chains and critical infrastructure services, how impacts accrue well beyond geopolitical boundaries where activities occur, and potential system vulnerabilities.     

重大工程建设区生态环境管理的公众参与——以西气东输工程陕西靖边至上海段为例

重大工程建设在给区域发展带来经济效益的同时,还会对周围生态环境和居民生活产生影响,如何兼顾工程建设及其所在地区的自然、社会和经济发展,从多尺度、多方面构建一个和谐、稳定的生态系统,对于工程建设和区域可持续发展具有重要意义,也是对工程建设区实施生态系统管理的主要目标.西气东输工程属于西部投资开发的基础性产业,对于西部地区的社会经济发展和国家的资源结构优化具有重要意义.尽管该工程本着"绿色工程"的原则在工程建设运行中开展了大量的环保工作,却由于保护工作只集中在有限的范围内,而且在实施环境保护的过程中并没有充分考虑到管道沿线不同人群的看法、愿望和需求,因此未能起到应有的效果.研究主要针对西气东输管道东段沿线的相关公众对管道建设、管道环境影响的看法以及他们的生态环境认识水平进行了调查和分析.研究发现:①大部分调查对象了解工程建设的意义,但认为工程建设"有利于本地经济的发展"的人数则有明显减少;公众的居住地、文化程度和职业背景是影响其看法的主要因素.西部经济欠发达地区的农民是对管道工程建设的意义认同度较低,因此,需要特别关注这一社会群体的想法和愿望.②西部地区的农民是对工程建设破坏的植被和土壤最为关注的群体,因此,如果在工程施工过程中对沿线的土壤、植被采取有效的保护和恢复措施,并对周边居民由此而受到的损失进行合理的赔偿,将极大的提高周边公众对管道工程的认同与支持.③多数调查对象不了解生态恢复公众参与的重要性,而更多人认为应是当地政府和工程施工单位的主要责任,反映出管道沿线公众在这方面的生态环境认识有待提高.     

Seroepidemiologic study on convalescent sera from dengue fever patients in Jinghong,Yunnan

After dengue virus (DENV) infection, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is easy to occur when the neutralizing antibody (NAb) gradually decreases to a sub-neutralizing concentration. In this cohort surveillance, we utilized sera samples collected from dengue fever patients at different convalescent phases in Jinghong City, to investigate the dynamic change rule of DENV-specific antibodies, and to analyze the risk of ADE caused by secondary infection with heterologous serotypes DENVs. For baseline serosurvey, 191 four-year and 99 six-year sera samples during convalescence were collected in 2017 and 2019, respectively. The positive rate of DENV-specific immunoglobulin G was 98.4% in 2017, which significantly decreased to 82.8% in 2019. The geometric mean titer (GMT) of NAb decreased from 1:155.35 to 1:46.66. Among 290 overall samples, 73 paired consecutive samples were used for follow-up serosurvey. In four-year sera, the GMTs of NAb against DENV-3 and cross-reactive antibodies against DENV-1, DENV-2 and DENV-4 were 1:167.70, 1:13.80, 1:18.54 and 1:45.26, respectively, which decreased to 1:53.18, 1:10.30, 1:14.60 and 1:8.17 in six-year sera. In age-stratified analysis, due to the increasing number of ADE positive samples from 2017 to 2019 in 31–40 and 51–60 years groups, the risk of ADE in DENV-4 infection was positively associated with the extension of convalescent phase, and the odd ratio was higher than other groups. With the recovery period lengthened, the risk of secondary infection with DENV-1 and DENV-2 was reduced. Our results offer essential experimental data for risk prediction of severe dengue in hyper-endemic dengue areas, and provide crucial scientific insight for the development of effective dengue vaccines.     

Life Cycle–based Assessment of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Almond Production,Part II: Uncertainty Analysis through Sensitivity Analysis and Scenario Testing

This is the second part of a two‐article series examining California almond production. The part I article describes development of the analytical framework and life cycle–based model and presents typical energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for California almonds. This part II article builds on this by exploring uncertainty in the life cycle model through sensitivity and scenario analysis, and by examining temporary carbon storage in the orchard. Sensitivity analysis shows life cycle GHG emissions are most affected by biomass fate and utilization, followed by nitrous oxide emissions rates from orchard soils. Model sensitivity for net energy consumption is highest for irrigation system parameters, followed by biomass fate and utilization. Scenario analysis shows utilization of orchard biomass for electricity production has the greatest potential effect, assuming displacement methods are used for co‐product allocation. Results of the scenario analysis show that 1 kilogram (kg) of almond kernel and associated co‐products are estimated to cause between ?3.12 to 2.67 kg carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂‐eq) emissions and consume between 27.6 to 52.5 megajoules (MJ) of energy. Co‐product displacement credits lead to avoided emissions of between ?1.33 to 2.45 kg CO₂‐eq and between ?0.08 to 13.7 MJ of avoided energy use, leading to net results of ?1.39 to 3.99 kg CO₂‐eq and 15.3 to 52.6 MJ per kg kernel (net results are calculated by subtracting co‐product credits from the results for almonds and co‐products). Temporary carbon storage in orchard biomass and soils is accounted for by using alternative global warming characterization factors and leads to a 14% to 18% reduction in CO₂‐eq emissions. Future studies of orchards and other perennial cropping systems should likely consider temporary carbon storage.     

云南石林碳酸盐岩表面气生蓝藻(蓝细菌)研究

云南石林的黑石头及其颜色会随着天气的变化而变化的自然景观,是由于其碳酸盐岩表面长满黑色气生蓝藻（蓝细菌）之故。经鉴定,气生蓝藻共４目,１１科,３１届,１８８种。种类十分丰富。其优势种主要为寄生微囊藻、红色星球藻、伯氏伪枝藻和皮壳伪枝藻等;寄生微囊藻和红色星球藻呈面状分布,相对均衡,伯氏伪枝藻和皮壳伪枝藻呈点状分布,相对集中。这些气生蓝藻的胶被色泽鲜艳,宽厚而坚硬,是适宜高山岩石表面生活的典型进化特征。在野外肉限观察时,气生蓝藻还表现出不同形态的微群落;发现气生蓝藻能溶解石灰石,形成钻孔,加速岩石的溶蚀与风化。这些现象表明,气生蓝藻与云南石林岩石表面的微形态及整个石林景观的形成都有着十分密切的关系。