Genetic Diversity of Chinese Native Pigs Inferred from Protein Electrophoresis

We examined protein polymorphism of 20 nativepig breeds in China and 3 introduced pig breeds. Thirtyloci have been investigated, among which six loci werefound to be polymorphic. Especially, the polymorphismof malate dehydrogenase (MDH), adenylate kinase(AK), and two new alleles of adenosine deaminase (ADA)had not been reported in domestic pigs and wild pigs.The percentage of polymorphic loci (P), the meanheterozygosity (H), and the mean number ofalleles (A) are 0.200, 0.065, and 1.300, respectively.The degree of genetic variability of Chinese pigs as awhole was higher than that of goats, lower than thatof cattle and horses, and similar to that ofsheep. Using the gene frequencies of the 30 loci, Nei'sgenetic distance among the 20 native breeds in China and3 introduced pig breeds was calculated by theformula of Nei. The program NEIGHBOR in PHYLIP3.5c was chosen to construct an UPGMA tree and a NJtree. Our results show that, of the total geneticvariation found in the native pig breeds in China, 31%(0.31) is ascribable to genetic differencesamong breeds. About 69% of the total genetic variationis found within breeds. Most breeds are in linkagedisequilibrium. The patterns of genetic similaritiesbetween the Chinese native pig breeds were notin agreement with the proposed pig type classification.     

Genetic Diversity of Cattle in South China as Revealed by Blood Protein Electrophoresis

Genetic variation of 31 blood protein loci in236 cattle from eight South China populations (includingmithan, Bos frontalis) and a Holstein population wasinvestigated by means of horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Thirteen loci (ALB, CAR, Hb-b,Np, PGM, Amy-I, PEP-B, AKP, 6PGD, Cp, Pa, EsD, and TF)were found to be polymorphic. The comparison of averageheterozygosities (H) shows that all the native cattle embrace a rich genetic diversity. Ourresults on protein polymorphism suggest that cattle inChina originated mainly from Bos indicus and Bos taurus;Xuwen, Hainan, Wenshan, and Dehong cattle and the Dehong zebu are close to zebu-type cattle,and Diqing and Zhaotong cattle are close to the taurine.The mithan was very different from other native cattle,and we suggest that its origin was complicated and may be influenced by other cattlespecies.     

云南地方猪种血液蛋白多态性研究

采用蛋白电泳技术研究了云南地方猪种血液蛋白多态性。共分析了3个云南地方猪种32-36个遗传位点,其中AKP、CAT、DIA、ES、G6PD、PA、6PGD、PHI、TF等9个 位点检测到多态性,多态位点百分比为0.1875-0.2121,平均杂合度为0.0712-0.1027。结果表明,云南地方猪种血液蛋白多态程度较高,反映在蛋白水平上的遗传多样性较为丰富。 Abstract:In this paper,protein electrophoresis was used to analyze the blood protein polymorphism in Yunnan local pig breeds and 32~36 genetic loci in the Yunnan local pig breeds were surveyed,Nine of them,such as AKP、CAT、DIA、ES、G6PD、PA、6PGD、PHI and TF,were found to be polymorphic,the mean heterozygosit(H)was 0.0712~0.1027.The results indicated that the blood protein polymorphism in the Yunnan local pig breeds is high,the Yunnan local pig breeds are wealthy in genetic diversity in point of their protein level.     

Genetic Diversity and Taxonomic Implication of Cordyceps sinensis as Revealed by RAPD Markers

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markersare used to investigate genetic variation andevolutionary relationships of 29 samples of Cordycepssinensis from different geographical populations on theQinghai–Tibet plateau. Out of 137 RAPDbands scored, 100 are polymorphic. A correlation isrevealed between geographical distance and geneticdistance. The molecular phylogenetic tree suggests thatthe 29 samples are divided into three notableclusters, corresponding to the geographical populations,i.e., the north population (NP), middle population (MP),and south population (SP). The NP consists of7 northern samples from Menyuan, Maqu, andLuqu, the MP consists of 8 samples from Yushu andChengduo, and the SP consists of 14 samples from BymaSnow Mountain, Renzhi Snow Moutain, Chongcaoxiwa, andDacaodi.It is demonstrated that extensive geneticdiversity is found among different geographicalpopulations of C. sinensis. The genetic diversitypattern of C. sinensis may be caused by the foundereffects. The taxonomic status of NP, MP, and SP populationsshould be that they are different subspecies rather thandifferent species.     

Genetic Diversity and Divergence in Chinese Yak (Bos grunniens) Populations Inferred from Blood Protein Electrophoresis

In 6 Chinese yak (Bos. Grunniens) populations including 177 yaks, 34 blood protein loci were studied by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis, four of these loci (AKP, ALB, LDH-1, TF) were found to be polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic loci(P) is 0.118, the mean individual heterozygosity(H) is 0.015, which means a low level of genetic diversity in the whole Chinese yak population. The coefficient of gene differentiation (G _ST ) is 0.0625, which indicated an almost-indistinguishable divergence among different populations at the level of blood protein electrophoresis.     

56个中国地方猪种微卫星基因座的遗传多样性

采用FA0—ISAG联合推荐的27个微卫星DNA标记对56个中国地方猪品种和3个引进猪种(杜洛克猪、长白猪、大白猪)进行遗传多样性分析,通过计算等位基因频率、有效等位基因数、平均遗传杂合度、基因分化系数、多态信息含量和遗传距离并进行系统聚类分析,评估其种内遗传变异和种间遗传关系。以聚类结果为基础,将56个中国地方猪种分为12类：Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ类都是《中国猪品种志》中的华北型猪种;Ⅳ类相当于其中的江海型猪种;Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ和Ⅸ类的品种大部分属于华中型;Ⅹ和Ⅺ类相当于华南型品种;Ⅻ类相当于西南型品种。提出保种场结合保护区是一种比较符合我国地方猪种实际状况的保种模式。研究结果可为我国地方猪种种质特性研究提供基础数据,为我国地方猪品种资源的合理保护和利用提供科学依据。     

Genetic diversity in populations of Sphagnum capillifolium from the mountains of Bulgaria,and their possible refugial role

Abstract

Genetic diversity in eight populations of Sphagnum capillifolium from different Bulgarian mountains was investigated by means of isozyme electrophoresis. High levels of allelic diversity were found (H_S = 0.119), comparable to earlier estimates for northern European populations (H_S = 0.116). Strong differentiation among populations and a low number of widespread genotypes suggest a high degree of isolation and restricted gene flow between populations, which is consistent with generally small and scattered populations. The large proportion of distinguishable genotypes (mean 0.498) suggests high levels of out-crossing either currently or in the past. Introgression between S. capillifolium and S. rubellum, a species not found in Bulgaria, was suggested by the occurrence of rubellum-alleles in five populations from different mountains. This could be explained by an ancient hybridization event in a sympatric population. Based on (1) the high genetic diversity, (2) the fairly wide distribution of alien alleles, and (3) the isolated distribution of populations even within one mountain, a possible survival of S. capillifolium in the Balkan area during the Quaternary ice periods is hypothesized.     

Genetic Diversity and Structure of Two Prominent Zebu Cattle Breeds Adapted to the Arid Region of India Inferred from Microsatellite Polymorphism

This study aims to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of two major zebu dairy breeds (Tharparkar and Rathi) adapted to the arid region of Rajasthan state of India. Various variability estimates indicate the existence of sufficient within-breed genetic diversity. Mean estimates of F-statistics are significantly different from zero: F _IS = 0.112 ± 0.029, F _IT = 0.169 ± 0.033, F _ST = 0.065 ± 0.017. The overall positive value of F _IS (0.112) and an F _IT value (0.169) that is more than the F _ST (0.065) indicate departure from random mating. The drift-based estimates reflect a moderate yet significant level of breed differentiation between the Tharparkar and Rathi breeds. The evaluation of an exact test, showing that allele frequencies across all the loci differed significantly, supports the population differentiation. This is paralleled by the outcome of neighbor-joining clustering based on allele-sharing distance measures. The allocation of a high percentage of individuals (95.7%) to their population of origin and correspondence analysis further substantiates the existence of a cohesive genetic structure in both the breeds.     

中外十个猪种H-FABP基因遗传变异的研究

利用PCR-RFLP技术（限制性内切酶采用HinfI,HaeⅢ和Msp I）检测了杜洛克、长白、大约克、南昌白、二花脸、梅山、玉山黑猪、乐平花猪、金华两头乌及上高两头乌10个猪种共计561头猪在心肌脂肪酸结合蛋白（H-FABP）基因位点的遗传变异。结果表明：（1）在HinfI-RFLP位点上,南昌白猪均为HH纯合子,而其他猪种在此位点上均存在变异,外来品种以纯合子HH居多。（2）在HaeⅢ-RFLP位点上,外来猪种杜、长、大及培育品种南昌白猪均在该位点表现为多态,但中国6个地方猪种在该位点均无变异;（3）在Msp I-RFLP位点上,仅有杜洛克在该位点表现为多态。而所有检测的地方猪种均表现为AADD-型。     

云南省三个地方鸡种血液淀粉酶多态性分析

采用垂直平板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法,测定了版纳斗鸡、武定鸡、尼西鸡的血液淀粉酶(Amy)。发现云南3个地方鸡种Amy-1的AA、BB型纯合子基因型频率很低, 其中尼西鸡为0,而AB型杂合子基因型频率很高,杂合子显著过量,均偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡。在版纳斗鸡少数个体中还发现控制血液淀粉酶的另一位点Amy-2。 Abstract:Blood amylase polymorphism in 3 Yunnan local chicken breeds(Banna ganme chicken,Wuding chicken.Nixi chicken)was determined with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,It was found that frequen cies of both AA and BB homozygous genotype were very low,while AB heterozyote genotype frequency was very high in 3 Yunnan local chicken breeds and that Amy-1 distribution in these breeds was widely deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium proportion.We have also found that there is another locus Amy-2 which controls the amylase in a few Banna game chickens.     

利用微卫星标记分析七品种（类群）小型猪的遗传多样性

采用世界粮农组织（FAO）和国际动物遗传学会（ISAG）推荐的27个微卫星,对久仰香猪、剑白香猪、从江香猪、环江香猪、黑香猪（贵州省种猪场）、五指山猪和滇南小耳猪等我国7小型猪种（类群）及杜洛克、长白和大白等3个外来猪种的群内遗传变异性和群间遗传差异进行了分析。结果表明,7个小型猪品种（类群）均有较高的群内遗传变异,但久仰、剑白、从江和环江4个香猪类群的群内遗传变异（平均多态信息含量（PIC）为0.61～0.64）显著低于其他3个小型猪种（平均PIC为0.80～0.84）。久仰、剑白、从江和环江4个香猪类群彼此间的遗传差异较小（奈氏标准遗传距离为0.12~0.22）,但它们与其他3个小型猪种有较大的遗传差异（奈氏标准遗传距离为1.61～1.96）,与3个外来猪种的遗传差异更大（奈氏标准遗传距离为1.99～3.30）。通过聚类分析,可将这些猪种清晰地分为3大类,久仰、剑白、从江和环江4个香猪类群紧密地聚为一类,其他3个小型猪种聚为一类,3个外来猪种聚为另一类。这一结果基本符合这些猪种的地理分布和品种来源。
     

赣中南花猪随机扩增多态DNA与群体遗传关系的研究

用RAPD技术检测了泰和冠朝猪、永丰藤田花猪、瑞金三花猪、兴国茶园猪、上犹花猪、万安花猪、乐安花猪等7个赣中南花猪地方类群基因组混合DNA的多态性,经80个随机引物扩增筛选,16个引物产生了共44个多态标记。遗传距离指数计算结果显示：泰和冠朝猪和瑞金三花猪亲缘关系最近,而兴国茶园猪与乐安花猪遗传距离最远。各类群的UPMGA和NJ聚类分析结果与采用生化、免疫和细胞遗传标记分析的结论不尽相同,在此基础上,结合现行分类方法,认为各受试猪群可暂时归并为赣中南花猪类型,但对泰和冠朝猪和万安花猪的品种归属性应作进一步分析。 Abstract: Random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) were used to investigate bulked genomic DNA polymorphism of seven pig populations including Taihe Guanchao,Yongfeng Tengtian Spotted,Ruijin Spotted,Xingguo Chayuan,Shangyou Spotted,Wanan Spotted,and Lean Spotted pig.Eighty random primers were screened,of them,16 primers generated polymorphic markers with total number of 44.The genetic distance index matrix indicated that the genetic relationship between Taihe Gaunchao and Ruijin Spotted pig population was the closest,while that between Xingguo Chayuan and Laan Spotted pig population was the farthest.Our molecular phylogenetic trees constructed by UPMGA and NJ methods were in general consistent with that based on biochemical,immunogenetic and cellular genetic markers except for differences in some populations.It was inferred from this study that all pig populations examined could be temporary classified into one breed,however,the population genetic character of Taihe Guanchao and Wanan Spotted pig populations should be further evaluated.     

两广和云贵川等地区黄牛的微卫星标记遗传多样性栽

选择12对微卫星DNA标记,采用荧光-多重PCR技术,对11个中外黄牛品种的等位基因数、基因频率、多态信息含量和遗传杂合度进行分析,以Nei's遗传距离为基础,采用非加权组对算术平均法构建了聚类图。结果表明,11个黄牛品种首先分为中外两大类:Ⅰ类是我国地方黄牛品种,Ⅱ类是3个引进品种,其中8个地方黄牛品种又可分为两个分支,云贵川高原地区的5个品种关岭黄牛、昭通黄牛、宣汉黄牛、凉山黄牛和川南山地牛聚为一支,两广与江西的3个品种涠州黄牛、徐闻牛和吉安黄牛聚为另一支,两分支聚类与品种的地理分布区域相吻合。     

云南普通野生稻遗传多样性和亲缘关系

野生稻（Oryza rufipogon）是稻属的重要组成部分,具有许多优良性状,是水稻遗传改良的天然基因库。本研究通过对形态学性状的观测,及ISSR和RAPDUPGMA聚类分析,将云南普通野生稻划分为4个类型,即元江类型、景洪紫杆直立型、景洪绿杆直立型和景洪匍匐型。在供试材料中筛选到具有多态性的ISSR和RAPD引物各11个,ISSR引物扩增出多态带113条,多态性条带比率（PPB）为82．26％,RAPD引物共扩增出多态性条带76条,PPB值为76．77％,两种分子标记的分析结果呈极显著正相关（r=0.951）。此外UPGMA聚类结果表明,云南普通野生稻不同类型与其它地区普通野生稻之间的遗传亲缘关系差异明显。     

云南普通野生稻遗传多样性和亲缘关系

野生稻(Oryza rufipogon)是稻属的重要组成部分, 具有许多优良性状, 是水稻遗传改良的天然基因库。本研究通过对形态学性状的观测, 及ISSR和RAPD UPGMA聚类分析, 将云南普通野生稻划分为4个类型, 即元江类型、景洪紫杆直立型、景洪绿杆直立型和景洪匍匐型。在供试材料中筛选到具有多态性的ISSR和RAPD引物各11个, ISSR引物扩增出多态带113条, 多态性条带比率(PPB)为82.26%, RAPD引物共扩增出多态性条带76条, PPB值为76.77%, 两种分子标记的分析结果呈极显著正相关(r = 0.951)。此外UPGMA聚类结果表明, 云南普通野生稻不同类型与其它地区普通野生稻之间的遗传亲缘关系差异明显。     

若尔盖湿地青海沙蜥红原亚种线粒体ND4-tRNAleu基因的序列变异和遗传多样性

研究了青海沙蜥红原亚种(Phrynocephalus vlangalii hongyuanensis)分布于四川若尔盖辖曼(XM)、红原(HY)和甘肃玛曲(MQ)这3个地理单元7个居群的ND4-tRNAleu基因的序列变异和遗传多样性。72个序列比对得到785bp的片断,含变异位点7个,定义了9种单倍型。结果显示7个居群总的核苷酸多样性较低(0.00231±0.00016),单倍型多样性较高(0.806±0.024);就单个居群而言,MQa、MQb、XMb的遗传多样性低,XMc相对较高。各居群间的Kimura双参数遗传距离小(0.001—0.005),最大遗传距离出现在MQa和XMa之间,XM单元各居群之间遗传距离最小。但分子变异分析(AMOVA)显示3个单元间出现了显著差异(P<0.01),遗传变异主要存在于地理单元间,占62.61%。除MQ单元形成一支,单倍型网络图没有显示出单倍型和地理位置的对应关系,XM各居群以及HY混杂在一起。XM单元单倍型的不配对分布(Mismatch distribution)为明显左移的单峰,同时Fu’sFstest得到负值(Fs=-2.21937),这都暗示XM单元可能经历了近期种群扩张,这是其单倍型多样性较高和核苷酸多样性较低的原因。MQ单元遗传多样性低而与其他单元显著分化,推测与黄河在若尔盖玛曲之间贯通有关。近期沼泽的形成对XMb的隔离时间短,使得其遗传多样性低但还不足以形成大的遗传差异。     

云南栽培稻种SSR 遗传多样性比较

采用64个SSR标记对96份云南水稻(Oryz a sativa)地方品种和选育品种的遗传多样性进行比较分析。结果发现64个标记都具有多态性, 共检测到741个等位基因, 每个多态性位点检测到的等位基因数为2-29个, 平均11.57个; Nei基因多样性指数(He)范围在0.345(RM321)-0.932(RM1)之间, 平均为0.56。水稻品种的遗传多样性并非按地理位置均匀分布, 而是在相 似系数为0.17的水平上明显分为2个不同类群, 即籼稻类群和粳稻类群, 且籼粳亚种间的SSR多样性差异不明显, 籼稻平均等位基因数(Ap)和Nei基因多样性指数(Ap=10.6, He=0.46)与粳稻品种(Ap=10.7, He=0.48)十分接近, 可能与这些品种间存在一定频率的基因交流有关。糯稻和非糯稻在籼稻群和粳稻群中都有表现, 没有特别的分布规律。云南栽培稻选育品种与地方稻亲缘关系较近, 其遗传基础可能来源于云南水稻地方品种。本研究结果表明, SSR标记能较好地区分云南栽培稻品种, 且云南水稻地方品种遗传多样性丰富, 存在大量的优质性状可供育种实践选择。     

黄河上游花斑裸鲤Cyt b基因的序列变异和遗传多样性

花斑裸鲤（Gymncypris eckloni）主要分布于黄河上游高原宽谷河段深水缓流处或静水湖泊中,在高原淡水生态系统的食物链中具有重要的地位。本文获得了黄河上游花斑裸鲤5个种群共68个个体线粒体DNA（mtDNA）细胞色素b基因的全序列（1 140 bp）,分析了序列变异和种群遗传多样性。68个序列经比对后,发现30个（2.63%）多态性位点,共定义了18个单倍型。结果显示,花斑裸鲤种群单倍型多样度和核苷酸多样度均低于其它鲤科鱼类,这可能与青藏高原经所经历的地质变迁和古气候环境的改变有关,由此生活在高原水域中的鱼类或多或少经历过瓶颈效应。AMOVA分析结果显示,遗传差异主要发生在种群之内,而不是来自不同地理组群间或组群内种群间。单倍型网络图和系统发育分析均没有显示出单倍型与地理位置的对应关系,提示黄河上游花斑裸鲤自然种群未出现分化,应作为一个整体进行保护。单倍型歧点分布呈现为单峰以及中性检验Fu’s Fs（&#8722;15.3400, P<0.001）和Tajima’s D（&#8722;0.6254, P =0.3080）结果综合表明,花斑裸鲤可能经历过近期的种群扩张事件。     

云南地方稻waxy基因序列多样性分析

利用特异引物Wx-F/AG-2对来源于云南省16个州市64个县的252份地方稻种waxy基因中含有微卫星序列(CT)n和第一内含子的序列进行PCR扩增并测序。结果表明在268个碱基的序列内检测到4个变异位点:第一内含子上游56位处(CT)n存在(CT)10、(CT)11、(CT)12、(CT)14、(CT)16、(CT)17、(CT)18、(CT)19、(CT)20、(CT)21等10种变异;(CT)11、(CT)18、(CT)17、(CT)12、(CT)10等5种单倍型是云南优势类型,合计占供试材料的92.85%;籼稻以(CT)10、(CT)11、(CT)12为主,而粳稻以(CT)11、(CT)12、(CT)17和(CT)18为主;第一内含子+1位存在G/T变异,81.75%品种是G,T只出现在(CT)16、(CT)17、(CT)18和(CT)20的品种中,其频率在籼稻中为13.48%,粳稻20.86%,水稻16.17%,陆稻22.35%,粘稻10.47%,糯稻42.62%。+86-88位存在ATA/GTA/A--3种变异;+128位处存在(AATT)5和(AATT)6 2种变异。根据这4个变异位点,可将252个云南地方稻种归为16种单倍型,其中Wx4(32.54%)、Wx9(13.89%)、Wx12(12.7%)、Wx5(12.3%)、Wx1(8.33%)、Wx11(7.94%)是主要类型,合计87.7%,其他类型频率较低。籼/粳亚种、水/陆稻和粘/糯中存在单倍型种类和单倍型频率两方面的差异,籼稻/粳稻、水/陆稻和粘/糯稻各亚种或生态型均有独享的单倍型,共享单倍型频率也存在差异,表明亚种间或生态型间发生了一定的遗传分化。单倍型地理分布分析表明,临沧、普洱单倍型种类最丰富,以之为中心向外扩展,单倍型种类有减少的趋势,第一内含子+1位的T主要分布在临沧、普洱、西双版纳、德宏等南部地区。本研究揭示了云南地方稻种群体waxy基因的变异和分布特点。     

长江中上游银[鱼句]线粒体DNA遗传多样性分析

银[鱼句]（Squalidus argentatus）是长江常见小型鱼类,分布广泛于干支流,资源量较大。本研究采用线粒体DNA（mtDNA）细胞色素b基因序列对长江中上游干流江津、荆州、监利、洪湖、黄石江段及支流赤水河、湘江等7个江段共217尾银[鱼句]样品的遗传结构和遗传多样性进行了分析。结果显示,银[鱼句]群体Cyt b基因序列分别检出了81个变异位点和97个单倍型,平均单倍型多样性（Hd）和核苷酸多样性（Pi）分别为0.966和0.008 6。分子方差分析（AMOVA）显示,长江中上游银[鱼句]群体存在显著遗传分化。群体间两两比较分析发现,赤水河群体与其他群体基因交流程度低,遗传分化显著,其他群体间没有显著遗传分化。中性检验结果不支持银 历史上发生过群体扩张。