聚乙二醇- 聚乳酸嵌段共聚物纳米粒的研究进展

聚乙二醇-聚乳酸嵌段共聚物(PEG-PLA)及其端基衍生物纳米粒可以增强载药量、降低突释效应、提高药物在血液中的循环时间、提高生物利用度,并且其粒径更小,能以被动靶向的方式聚集于炎症或靶向部位。本文综述了PEG-PLA嵌段共聚物纳米粒的最新进展,包括PEG-PLA的合成、纳米粒的制备、释药特性及在药物制剂中的应用。     

不同pH值与电位耦合对牛血清白蛋白包被酒石酸长春瑞滨纳米粒制备工艺的影响

在反溶剂法制备纳米粒过程中,pH值在一定程度上会对其产生影响。本文通过在不同酸碱环境下运用反溶剂法制备牛血清白蛋白包被酒石酸长春瑞滨纳米粒,进而借助于电位耦合作用来研究纳米粒制备工艺。研究结果表明:当pH=4.5至7.5时,酒石酸长春瑞滨和牛血清白蛋白带有异种电荷,而当pH=2.5,3.5,8.5,9.5时它们均带有同种电荷。当pH=7.5时,牛血清白蛋白带有负电荷即-8.52 mV,酒石酸长春瑞滨带有正电荷即+4.48mV。此时得到牛血清白蛋白包被酒石酸长春瑞滨纳米粒粒径为193.3 nm,Zeta电位为-30.86 mV,而且在该pH下对纳米粒制备工艺进行了优化,最终它的载药量和包封率达到了45.6%和90.6%。     

蛙凝素修饰聚谷氨酸纳米粒的制备、表征及Calu-3细胞摄取研究

目的:考察蛙凝素(Odorranalectin,OL)修饰对聚谷氨酸苄酯-聚乙二醇纳米粒(PBLG-PEG-NPs)材料的Calu-3细胞(人肺腺癌细胞)毒性和细胞摄取作用的影响。方法:碘氧化法制备蛙凝素修饰聚合物材料;以姜黄素(curcumin,Cur)为模型药物,采用乳化溶媒蒸发法制备聚谷氨酸苄酯-聚乙二醇纳米粒(PBLG-PEG-NPs)和蛙凝素修饰聚谷氨酸苄酯-聚乙二醇纳米粒(OL-PBLG-PEG-NPs);MTT法考察三种纳米粒对Calu-3的细胞毒性;采用激光共聚焦显微镜对两种纳米粒的Calu-3细胞摄取作用进行定性观察。结果:给予高浓度(2 mg·mL-1)纳米粒培养Calu-3细胞时,细胞存活率大于75%。蛙凝素修饰纳米粒后其被细胞摄取的量从62.7%增加到了81.2%。结论:OL可用于黏膜给药载体的修饰,OL-PBLG-PEG-NPs细胞毒性低、生物相容性好,有望成为一种鼻腔粘膜给药优良载体。     

牛血红蛋白PLGA纳米粒的制备及其体外功能的研究

目的:利用poly(lactide-co-glycolide)(PLGA)和poly(styrene-co-4-styrene-sulfonate)(PSS)制备带负电荷的牛血红蛋白纳米粒,并对其载氧性能和体外性能进行评价.方法:采用溶剂蒸发法制备出空白的PLGA-PSS的空白纳米粒,通过改变pH值,吸附牛血红蛋白,从而制备出牛血红蛋白PLGA纳米粒.通过TEM、粒径、Zeta电位、包裹率和载药量、体外释放及其携氧能力对该纳米粒进行了综合分析.结果:Hb-PLGA-PSS-NPsTEM电镜下呈类球形,平均粒径为226.8±23.4nm,Zeta电位为-68.62 mV,优化条件后最大包裹率约为99.3%,载药量约为28.6%,在37℃,pH7.4的PBS溶液中释放缓慢.通过对Hb结构的分析表明此工艺未对蛋白的结构造成影响,体外携氧实验测量了P50(29mmHg)和Hill系数(2.036),结果说明该Hb纳米微囊具有良好携氧功能.结论:成功制备了一种Hb-PLGA-PSS-NPs纳米粒,稳定性好,具有很好的携氧能力.     

靶向肿瘤新生血管纳米粒的构建和质量控制

目的：制备F56多肽修饰的长春新碱纳米粒（F56-VCR-NP）,并建立其质量控制方法。方法：乳化－溶剂挥发法优化制备F56．VCR-NP：HPLC法测定其载药量、包封率,透射电镜下观察其形态,激光粒度分析仪测定其粒径和Zeta电位,CBQCA试剂盒测定纳米粒表面多肽密度,XPS进行表面元素分析。结果：优化制备的F56－VCR-NP粒径约为153nm,Zeta电位为－20．8mv,包封率为21．4％,载药量为1．9％,多肽连接效率为26．3％。结论：以聚乙二醇－聚乳酸（PEG-PLA）为原料,长春新碱为模型药物,成功制备出纳米粒子,并建立起有效的质量控制方法,对该实验样品进行了表征。结果表明此类纳米粒子尺寸均匀,表面多价连接F56多肽,载药量和包封率稳定可控,工艺成熟。     

凝聚法制备川芎嗪固体脂质纳米粒

目的:制备川芎嗪固体脂质纳米粒.方法:采用凝聚法制备,并以包封率和载药量为指标采用正交设计法优化川芎嗪固体脂质纳米粒的制备工艺,并利用透射电镜、激光粒度分析仪、Zeta电位测定仪表征了其药剂学性质结果:所得川芎嗪固体脂质纳米粒的最佳制备处方是川芎嗪45mg,卵磷脂600mg,硬脂酸450mg,0.4%的泊洛沙姆60ml 结论:该处方可用于川芎嗪固体脂质纳米粒的制备,工艺简单、可行.     

藤黄酸聚乳酸纳米粒的研制

以新型材料聚乳酸(PLA)为载体,研制出质量稳定的藤黄酸聚乳酸纳米粒(GA-PLA-NPs)乳液制剂,并对其安全性进行评价。采用改良的溶剂蒸发法制备藤黄酸聚乳酸纳米粒(GA-PLA-NPs);用透射电子显微镜（TEM）观察纳米粒的形态;用激光粒度分析仪测定其平均粒径大小和分布;经超速离心后用紫外分光光度计测定纳米粒的包封率与载药量;考察藤黄酸纳米粒的体外释放特性;经急性毒性实验考察藤黄酸纳米粒的安全性。得到确定处方工艺为：水相∶有机相为2∶1（v/v）,表面活性剂在有机相中的浓度为0.5%（w/v）,藤黄酸（GA）在有机相中的浓度为0.1%（w/v）,GA∶PLA为1∶4（w/w）。处方条件下制备的纳米粒平均粒径为51.36 nm;平均包封率与载药量分别为98.87%和13.3%;藤黄酸纳米粒的体外释药分为两相：突释期和缓释期;急性毒性试验测得藤黄酸纳米粒的ID50为26.3mg/kg。制备的藤黄酸聚乳酸纳米粒（GA-PLA-NPs）质量稳定、分散性良好。聚乳酸可能成为藤黄酸的新型载体。     

用于核酸递送的GSH响应型纳米粒构建

摘要 目的：核酸治疗近年来越来越受到关注,但是核酸药物易被快速清除、易被核酸酶降解、非特异性生物分布、以及不易被细胞摄取的缺点使其在体内难以发挥效果。本文提供了一种具有谷胱甘肽（GSH）响应性释放的纳米粒,能够进行有效核酸药物递送。方法：使用十六烷基三甲基氯化铵（CTAC）制备介孔硅纳米粒,在介孔硅纳米粒表面进行巯基修饰并活化,使其与巯基修饰的聚丙烯亚胺和聚乙二醇反应,形成具有GSH响应的介孔硅纳米粒,通过静电吸附进行核酸荷载。马尔文粒度仪测量表面电位、粒径,透射电镜观察纳米粒形态。核酸电泳检测其核酸负载效率,通过体外检测GSH响应释放聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）情况,共聚焦显微镜观察细胞摄取以及溶酶体逃逸情况。结果：成功构建了具有GSH响应的纳米粒,粒径为76.44±1.68 nm,表面电位为33.93±0.59 mV;通过透射电镜观察到纳米粒呈圆形带孔颗粒状;琼脂糖核酸负载试验观察到当氮磷比大于20时,能够有效进行核酸负载。共聚焦显微镜显示该纳米粒能够成功被MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞摄取。在溶酶体逃逸试验中观察到纳米粒进入细胞后3 h,Cy5-siRNA与溶酶体的荧光分离,证明构建的纳米粒成功从溶酶体逃脱。结论：成功构建了具有GSH响应的介孔硅纳米粒,能够有效用于核酸递送。     

载10-甲氧基喜树碱缓释纳米粒的制备、表征与体外释药研究

以高分子多聚物聚乳酸(PLA)为材料,10-甲氧基喜树碱(Me OCPT)为模型药物,采用乳化溶剂挥发法制备载10-甲氧基喜树碱缓释纳米粒,表征并考察其体外释药特性。透射电子显微镜观察缓释纳米粒具有明显的球状结构,确定了最佳投料比为0.02∶1,平均粒径在100~250 nm之间,包封率和载药量分别为83.57±3.45%和3.10±1.19%,体外持续缓慢释放达48 h以上,累计释放率超过70%,缓释效果明显。以乳化溶剂挥发法成功制备的载10-甲氧基喜树碱缓释纳米粒,为聚乳酸作为药物缓控释载体的进一步研究提供依据,为难溶性小分子药物研究提供方向。     

长春新碱阳离子纳米结构脂质载体及其小肠吸收的研究

目的:硫酸长春新碱作为一种细胞毒型抗肿瘤药物,临床上多用其注射剂,虽应用广泛,但存在较多缺点,如药物半衰期短,代谢速率快以及毒副作用明显。本文目的是制备包载长春新碱和十二烷基磺酸钠的阳离子纳米结构脂质载体,并对其进行评价。方法:用复乳挥发法制备出目标脂质纳米粒;利用激光粒度仪对其粒径及zeta电位进行检测;利用高效液相色谱法对其包封率和载药量进行测定;透析法检测纳米粒的体外释放行为;用小肠吸收法评价纳米粒的促进吸收作用。结果:制得的纳米粒的平均粒径为(192.4±4.14)nm,多分散系数(PDI)为0.184±0.015,包封率为32.28%,Zeta电位为(30.6±4.09)m V,载药量为(1.56±0.10)%;体外释放实验显示在pH=7.4的中性释放介质中,硫酸长春新碱脂质纳米粒表现出缓释特性;小肠吸收实验表明十二烷基磺酸钠的加入和阳离子纳米粒的修饰可提高小肠对药物的吸收。结论:阳离子硫酸长春新碱纳米结构脂质载体具有缓释效果,并可以促进小肠对药物的吸收。     

载HCPT纳米粒的制备及其体外抗肿瘤活性研究

目的:制备载羟基喜树碱(HCPT)的PLGA-hyd-PEG-FA纳米粒(HCPT@PLGA-hyd-PEG-FA),并对其体外抗肿瘤活性进行研究。方法:采用乳化溶剂挥发法制备HCPT@PLGA-hyd-PEG-FA,通过单因素试验考察超声功率、聚合物浓度、PVA浓度、水相和油相体积比及投药量对纳米粒粒径的影响;采用zeta电位及激光粒度分析仪测定纳米粒的粒径及zeta电位,用透射电镜(TEM)观察其形态;采用透析法评价HCPT@PLGA-hyd-PEG-FA的体外释药特性;采用MTT法测定HCPT@PLGA-hyd-PEG-FA对HepG2细胞的细胞毒性。结果:HCPT@PLGA-hyd-PEG-FA平均粒径约为109±3 nm,zeta电位为-11.57 mV,载药量为5.6%,TEM显示其为球形;体外释药结果表明HCPT@PLGA-hyd-PEG-FA对HCPT的释放具有p H值依赖性;HCPT和HCPT@PLGA-hyd-PEG-FA的IC50值分别为474.6 ng/mL和286.0 ng/mL。结论:HCPT@PLGA-hyd-PEG-FA体外释药性能良好,HCPT@PLGA-hyd-PEG-FA的细胞毒性明显大于游离的HCPT,值得进一步研究。     

Pore formers promoted release of an antifungal drug from functionalized polyurethanes to inhibit Candida colonization

AIMS: As a preventive strategy to inhibit fungal biofilm formation on medical devices, we planned experiments based on polyurethane loading with fluconazole plus pore-former agents in order to obtain a promoted release of the antifungal drug. METHODS AND RESULTS: Different functional groups including carboxyl, hydroxyl, primary and tertiary amino groups, were introduced in polyurethanes. Fluconazole was adsorbed in higher amounts by the most hydrophilic polymers and its release was influenced by the degree of polymer swelling in water. The entrapping in the polymer of polyethylenglycol as a pore former significantly improved the fluconazole release while the entrapping of the higher molecular weight porogen albumin resulted in a controlled drug release and in an improved antifungal activity over time. CONCLUSIONS: Among the tested in vitro models, best results were achieved with an hydrophobic polymer impregnated with 25% (w/w) albumin and fluconazole which inhibited Candida albicans growth and biofilm formation on polymeric surfaces up to 8 days. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The combined entrapping in polymers of pore formers and an antifungal drug and the consequent controlled release over time is a novel, promising approach in the development of medical devices refractory to fungal colonization.     

巨噬细胞装载纳米颗粒用于药物递送

目的:活细胞药物递送系统具有主动靶向至肿瘤部位,防止被免疫系统清除等诸多优势。本文提供了一种巨噬细胞负载纳米颗粒的递送方法,并探讨不同载药量对巨噬细胞的活性以及运动性的影响。方法:通过超声乳化法制备包载阿霉素的DOX@PLGA纳米颗粒。纳米粒度分析仪测量粒径和表面电位,透射电镜观察纳米颗粒形态。将DOX@PLGA纳米颗粒与巨噬细胞共同孵育,即得到负载DOX@PLGA纳米颗粒的巨噬细胞用以药物递送。然后通过CCK-8法、LDH法以及细胞迁移实验检测不同载药量情况下细胞活力水平、细胞损伤程度以及细胞运动性。结果:制备的DOX@PLGA纳米颗粒呈圆形或椭圆形,粒径为109.2±2.3 nm;表面电位为-45.0±2.0 m V;载药量为4.61%。当单个巨噬细胞负载0.15 pg DOX时细胞存活率为:71.5±4.4(%);细胞损伤率为:26.3±1.8(%);迁移率为:61.6±5.7(%)。结论:成功制备巨噬细胞负载DOX@PLGA纳米颗粒的递药系统,载药量适当的情况下载体细胞依然具有良好的活性和运动性。     

Biocatalytic membranes for ultrafiltration treatment of wastewater containing dyes

A possibility to prepare the biofunctional membranes showing the biocatalytic properties and use those in post-treatment of wastewater containing synthetic dyes have been established. Selected Pseudomonas mendocina and Bacillus subtilis cultures were used as biocatalysts for dye destruction. It has been established that cells in spore form are able to survive in N-methylpyrrolidone that allow to use method of polymer solution casting for membrane preparation. The optimal conditions for entrapping of whole cells of microorganisms into the polymer matrix have been determined. Membrane biocatalytic activity has been studied depending on method of casting solution preparation, biocatalyst loading and operating parameters. Dye destruction occurs both in membrane pores and on membrane surface. Membrane obtained provide discolouring of treated solutions (permeate). The dye concentration in retentate depends on the trans-membrane fluxes. The concentration in retentate need not be observed at relatively low fluxes (up to 20 l/m² h).     

双重响应二硫化钼纳米载药体系的制备及其性能研究

摘要 目的：制备肿瘤微环境响应释放的靶向二硫化钼纳米载药体系,并评价其载药量和释药性能。方法：以水热法合成的MoS₂纳米片为基底,利用MoS₂纳米片上的S空缺位点连接硫辛酸聚乙二醇羧酸,然后通过酰胺反应连接精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸（RGD）靶向分子,再连接上交联剂3-(2-吡啶二硫代)丙酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯（SPDP）,得到药物载体MoS2-PEG-RGD-SPDP（MPRS）,MPRS进一步与巯基化的阿霉素（DOX）反应,形成MPRS-DOX纳米载药体系。通过透射电子显微镜（TEM）,X-射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）以及纳米粒度电位仪对合成的材料进行表征;利用紫外可见分光光度计测试MPRS的载药性能,采用荧光分光光度计考察MPRS-DOX的释药性能。结果：成功合成MPRS-DOX纳米载药体系,其粒径大小在200 nm左右,Zeta电位为+28.2 mV;其载药效率为86.8%,载药量为53.5%。体外释药实验表明,在10 mM 谷胱甘肽（GSH）和pH=5.5的条件下DOX释放量最多。结论：成功制备了粒径合适的MPRS-DOX纳米载药体系,MPRS-DOX具有GSH和pH双重响应性,可实现预期的模拟肿瘤微环境内控制释放药物。这种GSH和pH双重响应的纳米载药体系为新一代刺激响应型纳米载药系统的构建提供了新的思路。     

Formation of transition metal-doxorubicin complexes inside liposomes

Doxorubicin complexation with the transition metal manganese (Mn²⁺) has been characterized, differentiating between the formation of a doxorubicin-metal complex and doxorubicin fibrous-bundle aggregates typically generated following ion gradient-based loading procedures that rely on liposome encapsulated citrate or sulfate salts. The physical and chemical characteristics of the encapsulated drug were assessed using cryo-electron microscopy, circular dichroism (CD) and absorbance spectrophotometric analysis. In addition, in vitro and in vivo drug loading and release characteristics of the liposomal formulations were investigated. Finally, the internal pH after drug loading was measured with the aim of linking formation of the Mn²⁺ complex to the presence or absence of a transmembrane pH gradient. Doxorubicin was encapsulated into either 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC)/cholesterol (Chol) or 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC)/Chol liposomes, where the entrapped salts were citrate, MnSO₄ or MnCl₂. In response to a pH gradient or a Mn²⁺ ion gradient, doxorubicin accumulated inside to achieve a drug-to-lipid ratio of approximately 0.2:1 (wt/wt). Absorbance and CD spectra of doxorubicin in the presence of Mn²⁺ suggested that there are two distinct structures captured within the liposomes. In the absence of added ionophore A23187, drug loading is initiated on the basis of an established pH gradient; however, efficient drug uptake is not dependent on maintenance of the pH gradient. Drug release from DMPC/Chol is comparable regardless of whether doxorubicin is entrapped as a citrate-based aggregate or a Mn²⁺ complex. However, in vivo drug release from DSPC/Chol liposomes indicate less than 5% or greater than 50% drug loss over a 24-h time course when the drug was encapsulated as an aggregate or a Mn²⁺ complex, respectively. These studies define a method for entrapping drugs possessing coordination sites capable of complexing transition metals and suggest that drug release is dependent on lipid composition, internal pH, as well as the nature of the crystalline precipitate, which forms following encapsulation.     

Brimonidine Tartrate–Eudragit Long-Acting Nanoparticles: Formulation,Optimization, <Emphasis Type="Italic">In Vitro</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">In Vivo</Emphasis> Evaluation

In the present study, an effort was made to design prolonged release Eudragit nanoparticles of brimonidine tartrate by double emulsion–solvent evaporation technique for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma. The effect of various formulation variables like initial drug amount, lecithin proportion, phase volume and pH, secondary emulsifier and polymer proportion were studied. Various process variables like energy and duration of emulsification, lyophilization on the characteristics of nanoparticles and in vitro drug release profile were studied. The selected formulations were subjected to in vivo intraocular pressure-lowering efficacy studies by administering aqueous dispersion of nanoparticles into the lower cul de sac of glaucomatous rabbits. The prepared Eudragit-based nanoparticles were found to have narrow particle size range and improved drug loading. The investigated process and formulation variables found to have significant effect on the particle size, drug loading and entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release profile of nanoparticles. The selected formulations upon in vivo ocular irritability and tolerability tests were found to be well tolerated with no signs of irritation. In vivo pharmacodynamic efficacy studies revealed that the selected nanoparticle formulations significantly improved the therapy as area under the ∆IOP vs. time curve [AUC_{(∆IOP vs.t)}] showed several fold increase in intensity and duration of intraocular pressure (IOP) decrease. All the selected nanoparticle formulations were found to prolong the drug release in vitro and prolong IOP reduction efficacy in vivo, thus rendering them as a potential carrier in developing improved drug delivery systems for the treatment of glaucoma.     

Preparation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation of salmon calcitonin microspheres

Purpose. This study was done to prepare, characterize, and evaluate salmon calcitonin (sCT) microspheres (ms) in vivo using a low molecular weight, hydrophilic 50∶50 poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) polymer (PLGA).Methods. sCT ms were prepared by a dispersion/solvent extraction/evaporation process and characterized for drug content, particle size, surface morphology, and structural integrity of encapsulated peptide. Peptide stability and binding to the polymer was studied in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB), pH 7.4, and 0.1 M acetate buffer (AB), pH 4.0. Serum sCT levels were monitored for 2 weeks after subcutaneous injection of sCT ms to rats.Results. sCT ms were essentially free of discernible surface pores with a particle size distribution in the range of 16 to 89 mm and mean particle size of 51 and 53 mm for 2 batches. Fourier Transform Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption mass spectrometry of the extracted peptide showed that the encapsulation process did not alter its chemical structure. The peptide was substantially more stable in AB than in PB. Peptide binding to the polymer was dependent on pH and was markedly higher in PB than in AB. In vivo study proved that elevated serum sCT levels could be sustained for at least 10 days after administration of sCT ms to rats at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg.Conclusions. It was demonstrated that sCT could be incorporated into polymeric ms prepared from a low molecular weight, hydrophilic PLGA using a dispersion technique without altering molecular structure. A 2-week formulation was prepared at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg.     

一株污水源多重耐药大肠杆菌的耐药性检测及全基因组测序分析

【背景】水体环境分布广、流动性强,是耐药菌和耐药基因传播的主要媒介。【目的】了解北方污水厂大肠杆菌携带的耐药基因及可移动遗传元件情况。【方法】从北方污水厂筛选出一株多重耐药大肠杆菌,通过药敏试验进行耐药性检验,采用96孔板法测定菌株的最小抑菌浓度,利用酶标仪探究亚抑菌浓度抗生素对菌株生长的影响,并对菌株进行全基因组测序,对其携带的耐药基因及可移动遗传元件进行预测。【结果】大肠杆菌WEC对四环素、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星和红霉素具有耐药性,亚抑菌浓度的四环素、环丙沙星和诺氟沙星能够延缓或抑制菌株的生长。WEC菌株的基因组中包含一条大小为4 782 114 bp的环状染色体和2个大小分别为60 306 bp (pWEC-1)和92 065 bp (pWEC-2)的环状质粒。菌株共携带129个耐药基因,其中128个位于染色体上,在染色体上预测到原噬菌体、基因岛及插入序列的存在,部分可移动遗传元件携带有耐药基因。质粒pWEC-1中无耐药基因,pWEC-2含有1个耐药基因,在质粒基因组中预测到原噬菌体和插入序列。【结论】污水源大肠杆菌WEC是一株多重耐药菌株,其基因组中携带耐药基因和多种可移动遗传元件...