蜡状芽孢杆菌磷脂酶D的活性形式及HKD活性区域的分子改造对其活性的影响北大核心CSCD

磷脂酶D是一类特殊的酯键水解酶,它能水解磷脂生成磷脂酸和羟基化合物,并能催化某些含羟基的化合物结合到磷脂的酰基上,形成新的磷脂,在食品和医药领域应用潜力巨大。本研究实现了蜡状芽孢杆菌磷脂酶D的克隆,并在大肠杆菌中成功表达。通常情况下,磷脂酶D存在2个HKD保守序列,以单体形式产生活性;少数原核生物中磷脂酶D只有1个HKD保守序列,以二聚体形式产生活性。通过酵母双杂实验发现,源于蜡状芽孢杆菌的磷脂酶D活性存在形式是单体结构,但其只具有1个HKD保守序列,靠近N端存在1个HRD序列,即HKD中K被R取代。将HRD定点突变为HKD,恢复为经典的2个HKD保守序列,其酶活性提高了10%左右,蛋白质水平的表达量和稳定性无显著变化。通过定点突变提高磷脂酶D活性,为工业化高效生产新型磷脂奠定了理论基础。     

蜡状芽胞杆菌转录激活子PIcR调控多基因的表达

蜡状芽胞杆菌是一种条件致病菌 ,它能引起食物中毒和其它形式的疾病。潜在的致病因子包括磷脂酶C、溶血素、肠毒素和呕吐毒素等。在很多致病菌中致病因子的表达都是协同调控的。从蜡状芽胞杆菌模式菌株ATCC1 4579经转座子诱变的文库 ,筛选到一株磷脂酶阴性的突变子 ,该突变子的蛋白酶活性明显减弱了。插入位点的序列分析表明 ,一个高度同源于苏云金芽胞杆菌转录激活子PlcR的基因被插入失活了。研究结果表明 ,除在苏云金芽胞杆菌中能激活磷脂酰肌醇磷脂酶C基因的转录外 ,转录激活子PlcR至少还能调控卵磷脂酶和一个或多个蛋白酶基因的表达 ,这是一个多效调节因子。     

蜡状芽胞杆菌转录激活子PlcR调控多基因的表达

蜡状芽胞杆菌是一种条件致病菌,它能引起食物中毒和其它形式的疾病。潜在的致病因子包括磷脂酶C、溶血、肠毒素和呕吐毒素等。在很多致病菌中致病因子的表达都是协同调控的。从蜡状芽胞杆菌模式菌株ATCC14579经转座子诱变的文库,筛选一株磷脂酶阳性的突变子,该突变子的蛋白酶活性明显减弱了。插入位点的序列分析表明,一个高度同源于苏云金芽胞杆菌转录激活PlcR的基因被插入失活了。研究结果表明,除在苏云金芽胞杆菌中能激活磷脂酰肌醇磷脂酶C基因的转录外,转录激活子PlcR至少还能调控卵磷脂酶和一个或多个蛋白酶基因的表达,这是一个多效调节因子。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌芽孢萌发相关基因gerM的克隆及功能研究

依照蜡状芽孢杆菌gerM基因的保守序列设计引物,从苏云金芽孢杆菌中扩增出640bp的DNA片段。以此为探针,从苏云金芽孢杆菌部分基因组酶切文库中成功地克隆到了一个4·5kb的DNA片段。序列分析表明,该片段包含一个完整的开放阅读框,其预测的编码产物与枯草芽孢杆菌GerM蛋白具有很高的同源性,将该基因命名为gerM。RT-PCR分析表明,gerM基因仅在芽孢形成的过程中表达。通过同源重组的策略构建了gerM基因的阻断突变株。研究表明,gerM基因的破坏影响苏云金芽孢杆菌芽孢萌发的速率和比例。     

农业上的应用

生物防r治951D11 ’苏云尊孢杆曹G7的抑■活性[俄]/Konstsnti—noYa,G.E.…/Biotekhnologiya..1994,(1).一15～18[译自DBA,1994,13(16).94—09248] 苏云金芽孢杆菌G7菌株及其培养液(cf 1)具有抗苏云金芽孢杆菌苏云金HD2、苏云金芽孢杆菌tolworthy 12、枯草杆菌366、蜡状芽孢杆菌569、胃八叠球菌和黄色八叠球菌的活性。菌株HD2只对蜡状芽孢杆菌和苏云金芽孢杆菌tolworthy有活性。热处理可消除G7 cf l对除八叠球菌外其它所有细菌的活性并可去除IPID2的全部活性.链霉蛋白酶可去除HD2的全部活性,但只阻断G7对八叠球菌的活性。有数据…     

四株高产磷脂酶C新菌株的鉴定和分类

在前面研究高产磷脂酶C(PLC)菌株筛选及其抗血小板功能的基础上,对新筛选的四株高产PLC的754-1、779、970和1107菌株进行了鉴定和分类。通过形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征以及16S rRNA序列测定及其同源性分析,证实754-1菌株与Bacillus cereus基本一致,因此将754-1菌株分类属于蜡状芽孢杆菌,命名为蜡状芽孢杆菌深圳株754-1,B．cereus shenzhen 754-1 strain。而779、970和1107三株菌则与Bacillus mycoides基本一致,因而将这三株菌分类属于蕈状芽孢杆菌,分别命名为蕈状芽孢杆菌深圳株779,B．mycoides shenzhen 779 strain,草状芽孢杆菌深圳株970,B．mycoides shenzhen 970 strain,和蕈状芽孢杆菌深圳株1107,B．mycoides shenzhen 1107 strain。这将为进一步利用这些菌株及其PLC打下坚实的基础。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌Cry1Ca7蛋白定点突变对甜菜夜蛾杀虫活性的影响

苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白Cry1Ca7对重要的农业害虫甜菜夜蛾具有较高毒力.[目的]本文的研究目的是通过定点突变的方法获得毒力发生改变的毒蛋白,为下一步研究工作提供有价值的实验材料.[方法]利用重叠引物PCR技术对cry1Ca7基因进行定点突变,获得了10种突变基因,通过生物活性测定的方法确定了各突变基因表达产物对甜菜夜蛾的杀虫活性.[结果]活性降低的突变毒蛋白有G138S,T221D,T221R,N251S,439GGT440,N306R,W376F,R522E和 R570G,其中,位于DomainⅡ内的突变的活性依次是439GGT440相似文献   

土壤中拮抗菌株铜绿假单胞菌HBD-12次级代谢产物的分离鉴定及其体外抗菌抗肿瘤活性检测

为从土壤中筛到具有抗菌和抗肿瘤等生物活性的菌株,以孕烯醇酮作为唯一碳源进行筛菌,经分子生物学鉴定及菌株发酵液抑菌活性测定,发现一株铜绿假单胞菌HBD-12对大肠杆菌、苏云金芽孢杆菌、指状青霉、意大利青霉具有较好抑菌效果。运用柱层析法分离纯化该菌株发酵液成分,采用波谱法解析所得单体化合物结构,并使用HTRF激酶检测试剂盒测定其抗肿瘤活性。结果显示：分离得到的单体化合物1-羟基-9,10-二氮杂菲和3-羟基-9,10-二氢二氮杂菲均具有显著的抗肿瘤活性。在浓度为20 μg/mL时,1-羟基-9,10-二氮杂菲和3-羟基-9,10-二氢二氮杂菲对Aurora激酶A的抑制率分别为78.39%±2.29%和60.34%±8.35%。由此可见该菌株的次级代谢产物对新型抗菌、抗肿瘤药物的研发具有很好的利用价值。     

一株养殖大菱鲆体表溶血性蜡状芽胞杆菌的分离鉴定及基因组分析

蜡状芽孢杆菌是能产生孢子的革兰氏阳性菌,广泛分布于水体和土壤中,因能引起食物中毒而广为人知。本研究中,从养殖大菱鲆体表分离到一株溶血性细菌,经形态学鉴定和系统发育学分析,鉴定为蜡状芽孢杆菌。根据分离的时间和地点,这株溶血性的菌株被命名为蜡状芽孢杆菌WH2015。溶血试验证实WH2015菌株能够裂解羊红细胞。对蜡状芽孢杆菌WH2015基因组测序和分析的结果显示其基因组大小为5.8 Mb,平均G+C含量为35%,有6 568个基因。与其它蜡状芽孢杆菌株系进行比较基因组分析显示,WH2015菌株基因组几乎拥有所有的核心溶血性基因,提示其溶血机理与其它报导过蜡状芽孢杆菌株系的溶血机理相似。本研究在分离鉴定养殖大菱鲆体表溶血性蜡状芽胞杆菌WH2015的基础上,对其基因组进行了测序和分析并鉴定了其所具有的致病性基因和毒力因子,帮助我们理解由蜡状芽孢杆菌引起的养殖大菱鲆疾病,以及为其防治措施的实施和疾病的治疗提供可靠的理论基础。     

蛹虫草发酵液抗菌活性初步研究

对蛹虫草摇瓶发酵的乙酸乙酯和正丁醇萃取物进行了抗菌实验.结果表明,乙酸乙酯萃取物对细菌中的金黄色葡萄球菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌、变形杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌、北京棒状杆菌和霉菌中的绿色木霉、黄曲霉有明显的抑菌作用;正丁醇萃取物对细菌中的马铃薯芽孢杆菌、变形杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、灵杆菌和霉菌中的绿色木霉以及黄曲霉有明显的抑菌作用,且提取物的抑菌作用随浓度增大而增强,而水相则没有抑菌活性.蛹虫草发酵液中具有抗菌活性物质.     

Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C of Bacillus cereus: cloning, sequencing, and relationship to other phospholipases

The phosphatidylinositol (PI)-specific phospholipase C (PLC) of Bacillus cereus was cloned into Escherichia coli by using monoclonal antibody probes raised against the purified protein. The enzyme is specific for hydrolysis of the membrane lipid PI and PI-glycan-containing membrane anchors, which are important structural components of one class of membrane proteins. The protein expressed in E. coli comigrated with B. cereus PI-PLC in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, as detected by immunoblotting, and conferred PI-PLC activity on the host. This enzyme activity was inhibited by PI-PLC-specific monoclonal antibodies. The nucleotide sequence of the PI-PLC gene suggests that this secreted bacterial protein is synthesized as a larger precursor with a 31-amino-acid N-terminal extension to the mature enzyme of 298 amino acids. From analysis of coding and flanking sequences of the gene, we conclude that the PI-PLC gene does not reside next to the gene cluster of the other two secreted phospholipases C on the bacterial chromosome. The deduced amino acid sequence of the B. cereus PI-PLC contains a stretch of significant similarity to the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific PLC of Trypanosoma brucei. The conserved peptide is proposed to play a role in the function of these enzymes.     

Cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding the phosphatidylcholine-preferring phospholipase C of Bacillus cereus

A synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide probe was used to clone the gene encoding the phosphatidylcholine-preferring phospholipase C of Bacillus cereus. The sequence of a 2050-bp restriction fragment containing the gene was determined. Analysis of the gene-derived amino acid (aa) sequence showed that this exoenzyme is probably synthesized as a 283-aa precursor with a 24-aa signal peptide and a 14-aa propeptide. The mature, secreted enzyme comprises 245 aa residues. Sonicates of Escherichia coli HB101 carrying the gene on a multicopy plasmid showed phospholipase C activity. This activity was inhibited by Tris, a known inhibitor of the B. cereus enzyme and also by antiserum raised against pure B. cereus phospholipase C. We conclude therefore that the gene is expressed in E. coli. The cloning and sequencing described here complete the first step toward using in vitro mutagenesis for investigations of the structure-function relationships of B. cereus phospholipase C.     

Nucleotide sequence and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene coding for sphingomyelinase of Bacillus cereus

Bacillus cereus secretes phospholipases C, which hydrolyze phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylinositol. A 7.5-kb HindIII fragment of B. cereus DNA cloned into Escherichia coli, with pUC18 as a vector, directed the synthesis of the sphingomyelin-hydrolyzing phospholipase C, sphingomyelinase. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the subfragment revealed that it contained two open reading frames in tandem. The upstream truncated open reading frame corresponds to the carboxy-terminal portion of the phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing phospholipase C, and the downstream open reading frame to the entire translational portion of the sphingomyelinase. The two phospholipase C genes form a gene cluster. As inferred from the DNA sequence, the B. cereus sphingomyelinase has a signal peptide of 27 amino acid residues and the mature enzyme comprises 306 amino acid residues, with a molecular mass of 34233 Da. The signal peptide of the enzyme was found to be functional in protein transport across the membrane of E. coli. The enzymatic properties of the sphingomyelinase synthesized in E. coli resemble those of the donor strain sphingomyelinase. The enzymatic activity toward sphingomyelin was enhanced 20-30-fold in the presence of MgCl2, and the adsorption of the enzyme onto erythrocyte membranes was accelerated in the presence of CaCl2.     

Recognition of phospholipids in Streptomyces phospholipase D

To investigate the contribution of amino acid residues to the enzyme reaction of Streptomyces phospholipase D (PLD), we constructed a chimeric gene library between two highly homologous plds, which indicated different activity in transphosphatidylation, using RIBS (repeat-length independent and broad spectrum) in vivo DNA shuffling. By comparing the activities of chimeras, six candidate residues related to transphosphatidylation activity were shown. Based on the above result, we constructed several mutants to identify the key residues involved in the recognition of phospholipids. By kinetic analysis, we identified that Gly188 and Asp191 of PLD from Streptomyces septatus TH-2, which are not present in the highly conserved catalytic HXKXXXXD (HKD) motifs, are key amino acid residues related to the transphosphatidylation activity. To investigate the role of two residues in the recognition of phospholipids, the effects of these residues on binding to substrates were analyzed by surface plasmon spectroscopy. The result suggests that Gly188 and Asp191 are involved in the recognition of phospholipids in correlation with the N-terminal HKD motif. Furthermore, this study also provides experimental evidence that the N-terminal HKD motif contains the catalytic nucleophile, which attacks the phosphatidyl group of the substrate.     

Association of the N- and C-terminal domains of phospholipase D. Contribution of the conserved HKD motifs to the interaction and the requirement of the association for Ser/Thr phosphorylation of the enzyme

Rat brain phospholipase D1 (rPLD1) belongs to a superfamily defined by the highly conserved catalytic motif (H(X)K(X)(4)D, denoted HKD. rPLD1 contains two HKD domains, located in the N- and C-terminal regions. The integrity of the two HKD domains is essential for enzymatic activity. Our previous studies showed that the N-terminal half of rPLD1 containing one HKD motif can associate with the C-terminal half containing the other HKD domain to reconstruct wild type PLD activity (Xie, Z., Ho, W.-T. and Exton, J. H. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 34679-34682). In the present study, we have shown by mutagenesis that conserved amino acids in the HKD domains are important for both the catalytic activity and the association between the two halves of rPLD1. Furthermore, we found that rPLD1 could be modified by Ser/Thr phosphorylation. The modification occurred at the N-terminal half of the enzyme, however, the association of the N-terminal domain with the C-terminal domain was required for the modification. The phosphorylation of the enzyme was not required for its catalytic activity or response to PKCalpha and small G proteins in vitro, although the phosphorylated form of rPLD1 was localized exclusively in the crude membrane fraction. In addition, we found that the individually expressed N- and C-terminal fragments did not interact when mixed in vitro and were unable to reconstruct PLD activity under these conditions. It is concluded that the association of the N- and C-terminal halves of rPLD1 requires their co-expression in vivo and depends on conserved residues in the HKD domains. The association is also required for Ser/Thr phosphorylation of the enzyme.     

Plant phospholipase D mining unravels new conserved residues important for catalytic activity

Phospholipase D (PLD) is a key enzyme involved in numerous processes in all living organisms. Hydrolysis of phospholipids by PLD allows the release of phosphatidic acid which is a crucial intermediate of multiple pathways and signaling reactions, including tumorigenesis in mammals and defense responses in plants. One common feature found in the plant alpha isoform (PLDα), in some PLD from microbes and in all PLD from eukaryotes, is a duplicated motif named HKD involved in the catalysis. However, other residues are strictly conserved among these organisms and their role remains obscure. To gain further insights into PLD structure and the role of these conserved residues, we first looked for all the plant PLDα sequences available in public databases. With >200 sequences retrieved, a generic sequence was constructed showing that 138 residues are strictly conserved among plant PLDα, with some of them identical to residues found in mammalian PLDs. Using site-directed mutagenesis of the PLDα from Arabidopsis thaliana, we demonstrated that mutation of some of these residues abolished the PLD activity. Moreover, mutation of the residues around both HKD motifs enabled us to re-define the consensus sequence of these motifs. By sequential deletions of the N-terminal extremity, the minimum length of the domain required for catalytic activity was determined. Overall, this work furthers our understanding of the structure of eukaryotic PLDs and it may lead to the discovery of new regions involved in the catalytic reaction that could be targeted by small molecule modulators of PLDs.     

Hydrolytic action of phospholipases on bacterial membranes.

Substrate specificities of phospholipases C[EC 3.1.4.3] from Clostridium novyi, Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus cereus, and Pseudomonas aureofaciens were studied under the same conditions. Phospholipases C from Clostridium novyi and Bacillus cereus show wide substrate specificities while those of Clostridium perfringens and Pseudomonas aureofaciens show relatively narrow specificities. On the basis of these results, the hydrolytic actions of these phospholipases on membrane lipids of Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, and Clostridium novyi were examined under the same conditions. The enzymes of Clostridium novyi and Bacillus cereus attacked all the membranes and their lipid extracts, hydrolyzing phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine, and o-aminoacylphosphatidylglycerol. Phospholipase C from Pseudomonas aureofaciens attacked these three membranes and their lipid extracts, hydrolyzing phosphatidylethanolamine. Phospholipase C from Clostridium perfringens hardly attacked the phospholipids of these bacterial membranes. However, phospholipase C from Clostridium perfringens hydrolyzed phosphatidylethanolamine in a mixture containing lipid extract from Escherichia coli membrane and purified phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk.     

A constitutively expressed 36 kDa exochitinase from Bacillus thuringiensis HD-1

A 36 kDa chitinase was purified by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography from the culture supernatant of Bacillus thuringiensis HD-1. The chitinase production was independent of the presence of chitin in the growth medium and was produced even in the presence of glucose. The purified chitinase was active at acidic pH, had an optimal activity at pH 6.5, and showed maximum activity at 65 degrees C. Of the various substrates, the enzyme catalyzed the hydrolysis of the disaccharide 4-MU(GlnAc)(2) most efficiently and was therefore classified as an exochitinase. The sequence of the tryptic peptides showed extensive homology with Bacillus cereus 36 kDa exochitinase. The 1083 bp open reading frame encoding 36 kDa chitinase was amplified with primers based on the gene sequence of B. cereus 36 kDa exochitinase. The deduced amino-acid sequence showed that the protein contained an N-terminal signal peptide and consisted of a single catalytic domain. The two conserved signature sequences characteristic of family 18 chitinases were mapped at positions 105-109 and 138-145 of Chi36. The recombinant chitinase was expressed in a catalytically active form in Escherichia coli in the vector pQE-32. The expressed 36 kDa chitinase potentiated the insecticidal effect of the vegetative insecticidal protein (Vip) when used against neonate larvae of Spodoptera litura.     

A Bacillus cereus cytolytic determinant, cereolysin AB, which comprises the phospholipase C and sphingomyelinase genes: nucleotide sequence and genetic linkage.

A cloned cytolytic determinant from the genome of Bacillus cereus GP-4 has been characterized at the molecular level. Nucleotide sequence determination revealed the presence of two open reading frames. Both open reading frames were found by deletion and complementation analysis to be necessary for expression of the hemolytic phenotype by Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli hosts. The 5' open reading frame was found to be nearly identical to a recently reported phospholipase C gene derived from a mutant B. cereus strain which overexpresses the respective protein, and it conferred a lecithinase-positive phenotype to the B. subtilis host. The 3' open reading frame encoded a sphingomyelinase. The two tandemly encoded activities, phospholipase C and sphingomyelinase, constitute a biologically functional cytolytic determinant of B. cereus termed cereolysin AB.     

Nonspecific phospholipase C of Listeria monocytogenes: activity on phospholipids in Triton X-100-mixed micelles and in biological membranes.

Listeria monocytogenes secretes a phospholipase C (PLC) which has 39% amino acid sequence identity with the broad-specificity PLC from Bacillus cereus. Recent work indicates that the L. monocytogenes enzyme plays a role during infections of mammalian cells (J.-A. Vazquez-Boland, C. Kocks, S. Dramsi, H. Ohayon, C. Geoffroy, J. Mengaud, and P. Cossart, Infect. Immun. 60:219-230, 1992). The homogeneous enzyme has a specific activity of 230 mumol/min/mg when phosphatidylcholine (PC) is dispersed in sodium deoxycholate. With phospholipid-Triton X-100 mixed micelles, the enzyme had a broad pH optimum between 5.5 and 8.0, and the rates of lipid hydrolysis were in the following order: PC > phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) > phosphatidylserine > sphingomyelin >> phosphatidylinositol (PI). Activity on PC was stimulated 35% by 0.5 M NaCl and 60% by 0.05 mM ZnSO4. When Escherichia coli phospholipids were dispersed in Triton X-100, PE and phosphatidylglycerol, but not cardiolipin, were hydrolyzed. The enzyme was active on all phospholipids of vesiculated human erythrocytes including PI, which was rapidly hydrolyzed at pH 7.0. PI was also hydrolyzed in PI-PC-cholesterol liposomes by the nonspecific PLC from L. monocytogenes and by the homologous enzyme from B. cereus. The water-soluble hydrolysis product was identified as inositol-1-phosphate. For the hydrolysis of human erythrocyte ghost phospholipids, a broad pH optimum was also observed. 32P-labelled Clostridium butyricum protoplasts, which are rich in ether lipids, were treated with PLC. The enzyme hydrolyzed the plasmalogen form of PE, its glycerol acetal, and cardiolipin, in addition to PE. I-, Cl- and F- stimulated activity on either PC- Triton X-100 mixed micelles or human erythrocyte ghosts, unlike the enzyme from B. cereus which is strongly inhibited by halides. Tris-HCl, phosphate, and calcium nitrate had similar inhibitory effects on the enzyme on the enzymes from L. monocytogenes and B. cereus.