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1.
阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是一种慢性进行性神经变性疾病,早期临床表现为近期记忆力下降,后来逐渐发展为生活不能自理最终死亡。目前,有许多种假说阐述其发病机制,如β-淀粉样蛋白、载脂蛋白E、一些金属元素、炎症因子等,但都不全面,也有人认为其可能与朊蛋白有关。部分药物被用于治疗AD,如美金刚、胆碱酯酶抑制剂等,但疗效均不显著。一些新的治疗理念和方法也逐渐被发现,如脑源性神经生长因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)以及免疫疗法等,但其远期疗效还需进一步证实,且一些副作用还并未被人们所知晓。本文主要对阿尔茨海默病的发病机制及药物治疗的研究进展进行了综述。  相似文献   

2.
目的:探讨特发性声门下型喉狭窄的发病机制及临床诊治方法。方法:对我科2012年5月-2014年1月收治的4例特发性声门下型喉狭窄患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究,在基本相同的手术方式、不同的术后用药下进行长期随访,电子喉镜下观察患者术前、后及随访2年的病灶区情况并进行相关统计学分析。结果:4例特发性声门下型喉狭窄患者多因呼吸困难就诊,均采用气管切开术及支撑喉镜下热器械切除病变,旷置创面的手术方式,术后短期内气道狭窄均得到解决、呼吸困难症状均得到缓解;配合小剂量激素中长期治疗效果尚可,患者声门下病灶无明显复发,气道症状能得到控制,其中2例患者治愈,1例患者因拒绝激素治疗术后未予激素治疗中期观察有效,1例患者术中术后未予激素治疗,术后短期复发,后经激素治疗治愈。结论:特发性声门下型喉狭窄是后天性声门下狭窄的非瘢痕性的特殊类型,为独特的喉狭窄炎症性疾病,病因不明或为某些因素引起了非特异的增生性炎症,表现为炎性细胞的浸润及淋巴组织增生。治疗上,手术能明显缓解其症状,但单纯手术治疗中长期效果不佳,极易复发;配合中长期小剂量激素治疗对病灶控制有重要的作用。  相似文献   

3.
肿瘤免疫治疗是一种利用患者自身免疫系统实现抗肿瘤作用的治疗方式,现已成为对抗肿瘤的新型有效疗法.然而,抑制性肿瘤微环境的存在可使肿瘤免疫治疗的效果大打折扣.本文将以肿瘤微环境的组成、分类及其对治疗效果的影响为出发点,探讨通过放化疗、免疫检查点、基因修饰免疫细胞以及多种联合治疗等方式应对抑制性肿瘤微环境,使免疫治疗发挥最大疗效.  相似文献   

4.
目的:了解新媒体背景下的医学生手机依赖与人际关系现状及两者的相关性,为相关部门制定干预策略提供依据。方法:采取方便抽样的方法抽取样本,通过手机依赖和人际关系量表开展匿名问卷调查,SPSS19.0软件进行数据处理。结果:医学生中手机依赖阳性检出率为35.81%,人际交往敏感检出率为33.78%。手机依赖组的人际关系得分明显高于非手机依赖组(P0.05);同时,手机依赖量表与人际关系量表呈正相关(P0.05)。多元线性回归分析结果显示身体锻炼频率对手机依赖有反向预测作用,人际关系中的交际与交友维度对手机依赖有正向预测作用(P0.05)。结论:医学生手机依赖与人际交往情况形势严峻、不容乐观,社会各界应关注医学生手机依赖及其引发的系列公共卫生问题,多层面、多角度进行干预。  相似文献   

5.
干眼症是目前最常见的眼表疾病,它可以导致眼部不适,甚至引起视力障碍,它极大地影响了患者的工作和生活质量,随着干眼症的发病率逐年升高,该病越来越受到人们的重视,已成为当今眼科研究热点之一。干眼症病因繁多、发病机制复杂,近年来随着对该病病因、发病机制及治疗等方面的深入研究,研究学者认为免疫调节是其主要机制之一,眼表的非特异性免疫反应和特异性免疫反应共同进行调节,目前已发现多种免疫细胞以及炎症因子参与了干眼症的发生发展。干眼症治疗的常规方法是应用有润滑眼表作用的人工泪液,但对于中重度干眼症,不可只是单纯的缓解症状,还应加以抗炎药物治疗其根本。本文主要针对干眼症的免疫调节机制以及相关治疗的最新研究进展加以综述。  相似文献   

6.
目的:探讨甲状腺再次手术的原因、手术方式的选择和手术效果以及患者的预后情况。方法:统计哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院普外科2001年1月到2015年9月期间收治的1600例初次行甲状腺手术的患者,回顾分析其中175例再次行甲状腺手术患者的临床资料。结果:甲状腺再次手术采用双侧甲状腺次全切除术为92例,单侧甲状腺次全切除术为72例,甲状腺癌根治术为11例。甲状腺再次手术患者术后出现甲状腺功能减退、气管和喉返神经损伤、出血以及缺钙引起的手足抽搦等概率高,与首次手术比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后1年内对再次手术的患者进行随访,其中复发12例(病理确诊为甲状腺癌3例,结节性甲状腺肿9例),其他类型甲状腺疾病无复发。结论:甲状腺再次手术较初次手术难度较大,术中及术后并发症较多,再次手术应谨慎选择术式及术中精细操作。  相似文献   

7.
目的:足踝部特殊的解剖结构使其在手术或创伤打击之后易发骨髓炎,本文介绍了足踝部慢性骨髓炎的治疗策略及治疗结果。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月到2015年12月于我科治疗的足踝部慢性骨髓炎患者的临床特点及治疗结果,纳入患者术后随访至少2年,有糖尿病或免疫缺陷者被排除在研究之外。骨髓炎的病因,原发部位,致病菌,是否累及临近关节及骨髓炎复发情况被纳入评估,所有患者术前均进行SPECT/CT检查,用以评估骨髓炎感染的范围以及是否累及临近关节。手术治疗策略包括彻底的病灶清除,去除死腔以及累及关节时进行关节融合等。结果:足踝部慢性骨髓炎最常见的病因是创伤后的开放骨折或脱位,占所有患者的70%。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌是最常见的致病病原体。在45%的患者中,骨髓炎侵犯邻近关节,所有累及关节患者均进行了关节融合术。平均住院天数为16.5天。20例患者中18例无复发。结论:足踝部慢性骨髓炎发生邻近关节侵犯时,在进行彻底的病灶清除和去除死腔后,进行关节融合可获得良好疗效。  相似文献   

8.
脑梗死是一种常见的神经系统疾病,具有高发病率、高死亡率和高致残率的特点,给患者及家庭带来巨大的痛苦和经济负担,它已成为当代医学界重要的研究课题。脑梗死的治疗直接影响患者的预后,因此寻找最有效的治疗药物及方法是非常重要的。目前,在急性脑梗死溶栓治疗方面国内外已经开展了大量的实验研究,取得了良好的实验结果。本文就急性脑梗死溶栓治疗的时间窗、溶栓方法、溶栓药物及影响因素等方面进行了总结及展望。  相似文献   

9.
目的:探讨心理治疗联合利培酮治疗精神分裂症的临床效果及安全性。方法:选取2013年7月至2015年7月在我院接受治疗的精神分裂症患者91例,随机分为对照组46例和观察组45例,对照组患者给予单纯利培酮片治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上给予患者心理治疗。观察比较治疗前后两组患者社会功能评定量表(SSPI)、功能评定量表(GAS)、日常生活能力量表(ADL)、蒙哥马利-艾斯伯格抑郁量表(MADRS)、简明精神症状评定量表(BPRS)及阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)的变化,以及两组的临床疗效。结果:治疗12个月后,两组的SSPI、GAS及ADL均有显著升高,且观察组明显高于对照组,比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组的MADRS、BPRS及PANSS均有显著降低,且观察组明显低于对照组,比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组的临床总有效率为88.9%,显著高于对照组的71.7%,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:心理治疗联合利培酮能显著改善精神分裂症患者的精神症状,提高患者的社会功能,临床疗效显著,且安全性好。  相似文献   

10.
抑郁症是一种发病率高、危害大的精神疾病,且发病的人群正在急剧增加。抑郁症的成因复杂,其病因机制尚不十分清楚。目前研究的病因主要包括神经递质受体异常、神经退化及内分泌、炎症细胞因子、表观遗传调节和大脑衍生神经营养因子等。随着新病因的揭开,抑郁症治疗的新药及其作用机理研究也取得了较大的进展。研发的新药主要包括:选择性5-羟色胺(5-HT)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)再摄取抑制剂、选择性NE再摄取抑制剂、肾上腺素能和特异性5-HT抗抑郁药、以及新药氯胺酮。本文就抑郁症发病的成因及主要的新药治疗策略进行了综述,为揭示抑郁症致病机制及其新药研发提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

11.
胃食管反流病(gastroesophaeal reflux disease,GERD)是医疗实践中的最常见的疾病之一,其发病率在世界范围内呈逐年上升趋势,且随年龄增长而增加,40-60岁为高发年龄[1]。GERD是一种由胃、十二指肠内容物反流入食管引起不适症状和(或)并发症的疾病,GERD在临床上大致可分为:糜烂性食管炎(EE)(反流性食管炎(RE))和非糜烂性食管炎(NERD)。其中NERD最多见,约占60%。GERD远期危害较小,但其病情漫长且极易复发,严重影响了生活质量。主要表现为食管症状(包括典型的烧心和反流)和食管外症状(包括咽部异物感、咳嗽、声嘶、哮喘、咽喉炎等表现),还有增加发展为Barrett食管及食管癌的危险[2,3]。GERD的治疗目的是愈合食管炎,快速缓解症状、减少复发、提高生活质量,治疗方法主要包括以下4个方面:一般治疗,药物治疗,内镜下治疗和外科治疗。近年来已成为国内外研究的热点,本文就近年来对GERD的治疗进展做一综述。  相似文献   

12.
病毒性肝炎肝硬化合并脾功能亢进是临床上常见的肝脏疾病,其产生的脾脏肿大占位效应和血细胞过度消耗及伴随骨髓移植等临床综合症状,严重影响了针对病毒性肝炎肝硬化的抗病毒治疗。目前通过非手术治疗难以控制脾脏肿大,且无特异性药物有效遏制,极易造成重度贫血和血小板减少症导致的出血现象,此时外科和介入治疗手段则为首选方式,一般包括脾脏切除、脾脏部分切除、介入治疗(目前以脾动脉栓塞为主)等,其中又以脾脏切除术疗效最直接和确切。然而脾切除对人体免疫功能的损害使人们认识到保脾的重要性,但如何最大限度的保留脾组织和脾功能,至今争议仍然存在。因此,本文综述了肝硬化脾功能亢进的发病原因及机制,脾亢的诊断标准以及脾功能亢进的外科和介入治疗方法,为脾功能亢进的研究提供一定的理论基础。  相似文献   

13.
Sodium channel alpha subunit type 1 (SCN1A) is voltage gated ion channel which plays critical role in membrane excitability. A common SCN1A IVS5-91G>A (rs3812718) allele has been attributed to be a possible modifying factor for epilepsy susceptibility and therapeutic response. In the present study, we enrolled 485 epilepsy patients and 298 age-sex matched controls free of neurological deficits. Therapeutic response of carbamazepine/oxcarbamazepine (CBZ/OXC) and other antiepileptic drugs were observed in terms of drug responsiveness and drug resistance. Genotyping of SCN1A IVS5-91G>A is done by Taqman custom designed assay; in a real time7500HT System. We observe highly significant association [(P-values for GA (P = 6.58 × 10−5, OR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.47–3.09) and AA (P = 4.11 × 10−9, OR = 3.59, 95% CI = 2.35–5.50)] at variant genotypes as well as A allele (P = 6.92 × 10−11), OR = 1.99, 95%, CI = 1.62–2.45) in epilepsy patients versus control subjects. The relative risk for epilepsy susceptibility due to variant containing genotypes (GA + AA) was also significant (P = 1.64 × 10−5; OR = 2.56; 95% CI = 1.80–3.65) when compared with homozygous wild-type GG. The risk in recessive model (P = 1.34 × 10−5; OR = 2.12; 95% CI = 1.51–2.97) was also apparent when compared with GA + GG. In case-only analysis, we evaluated the effect of SCN1A IVS5-91G>A polymorphism with drug resistance of anti-epileptic drug therapies. However, we did not observe significant associations either with patients showing drug resistance to CBZ/OXC monotherapy or polytherapy. In conclusion, we report that SCN1AIVS5-91G>A polymorphism is associated with epilepsy susceptibility but not with drug responsiveness in epilepsy patients from North India.  相似文献   

14.
A large fraction of mutations causing cystic fibrosis impair the function of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel by causing reduced channel activity (gating defect) and/or impaired exit from the endoplasmic reticulum (trafficking defect). Such defects need to be treated with separate pharmacological compounds termed potentiators and correctors, respectively. Here, we report the characterization of aminoarylthiazoles (AATs) as compounds having dual activity. Cells expressing mutant CFTR were studied with functional assays (fluorescence-based halide transport and short circuit current measurements) to assess the effect of acute and chronic treatment with compounds. We found that AATs are effective on F508del, the most frequent cystic fibrosis mutation, which is associated with both a gating and a trafficking defect. AATs are also effective on mutations like G1349D and G551D, which cause only a gating defect. Evaluation of a panel of AAT analogs identified EN277I as the most effective compound. Incubation of cells expressing mutant CFTR with EN277I caused a strong stimulation of channel activity as demonstrated by single channel recordings. Compounds with dual activity such as AATs may be useful for the development of effective drugs for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.  相似文献   

15.
脊髓损伤(spinalcordinjury,SCI)是一种严重的损伤,它对患者的影响是相当持久的,SCI治疗的难点主要是由于损伤后脊髓中的微环境不利于神经细胞的再生、轴突的生长和新突触的形成,从而影响了脊髓组织的修复。现在SCI治疗的策略就是要改善损伤脊髓微环境,减少不利因素,从而促进脊髓结构修复和功能重建。本研究综述近年来逐渐发展起来的药物及靶向治疗方法,为SCI的新治疗提供参考依据,真正提高患者的生活质量。  相似文献   

16.
    
Benzodiazepine (BZD) dependence poses a significant challenge in mental health, prompting the exploration of treatments like repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). This research aims to assess the impact of rTMS on alleviating symptoms of BZD dependence. A randomized control trial was employed to study 40 BZD-dependent inpatients. Their symptoms were quantified using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Participants were divided into a conventional treatment group (daily diazepam with gradual tapering) with supportive psychotherapy and another group receiving the same treatment supplemented with rTMS (five weekly sessions for 2 weeks). Significant improvements were observed in both groups over baseline in MADRS, HAMA and PSQI scores at the 2nd, 4th, 8th and 12th week assessments (p < 0.05). The group receiving rTMS in addition to conventional treatment exhibited superior improvements in all measures at the 8th and 12th weeks. The addition of rTMS to conventional treatment methods for BZD dependence significantly betters the recovery in terms of depression, anxiety and sleep quality, highlighting the role of rTMS as an effective adjunct therapy.  相似文献   

17.
Structured Treatment Interruptions (STI) during HIV drug therapy were thought to potentially reduce side effects and toxicity, boost immune involvement, and possibly lower the viral set-point. Clinical trials of STI regimens, however, have had mixed results. We use an established mathematical model of HAART to estimate possible therapeutic outcomes for STI and for other, similar patterns in HIV combination therapy. We perform an exhaustive search of patterns of up to 60 days, for triple-drug combinations involving accurate pharmacokinetics for 12 specific antiviral drugs. The results of this analysis are consistent with recent clinical trials which have demonstrated that STI-type patterns, involving therapy interruption of weeks or months, are rarely optimal. Our analysis predicts, however, that the benefit of treatment can often be improved by including very short drug-free periods, during which the patient effectively “coasts” for a day or two on adequate drug concentrations due to the long half-life of some pharmaceuticals. Our analysis predicts many cases in which this may be achieved without increasing the risk of drug-resistance. This suggests that “drug coasting” patterns, significantly shorter than STI patterns, may merit further clinical investigation in efforts to find drug-sparing regimens for HIV. Electronic Supplementary Material The online version of this article () contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   

18.
    
Native Americans have some of the highest rates of marijuana use and abuse, yet neurobiological measures associated with addiction to marijuana in this population remain unknown. The present investigation evaluated associations between the P350 and P450 components of the event‐related potential (ERP) elicited by affective stimuli, and marijuana dependence in a population of Southwest California (SWC) Indian adults. Three hundred and seventeen participants with a mean age of 30 years who were free of major Axis I and psychiatric diagnoses and antisocial personality disorder were categorized as: (1) no marijuana use disorders or other drug dependence diagnoses; (2) marijuana dependence and no other drug dependence diagnoses; and (3) marijuana dependence and other drug dependence diagnoses. ERPs were collected using a facial discrimination task that generated a late positive component with two peaks at approximately P350 and P450 milliseconds. Multivariate analyses of variance was used to detect associations between the two component peaks and the three participant groups taking into consideration age, gender and the presence of a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol dependence. Increases in the latency of both the P350 and P450 component peaks were found to be associated with the diagnosis of marijuana dependence and marijuana dependence co‐morbid with other drug dependence. Women appeared to be more impacted than men are. A diagnosis of marijuana dependence was not associated with any changes in late component amplitudes. Taken together these studies suggest that marijuana dependence may be associated with delays in the evaluation and identification of emotional stimuli in SWC Indians.  相似文献   

19.
目的:探讨高负荷剂量氯吡格雷联合替罗非班在高危非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征(acute coronarysyndrome,ACS)患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)中的作用及安全性。方法:入选208例高危非ST段抬高型ACS患者,根据PCI术前氯吡格雷负荷量不同,随机分为观察组和对照组。对照组:112例,以氯吡格雷300 mg+替罗非班(用法同观察组)治疗,观察组:96例,以氯吡格雷600 mg+替罗非班0.4μg/(kg·min)在30 min内静脉注射。继以0.1 g/(kg·min)由微量泵静脉持续泵入至手术后36 h,分别测定两组最大血小板聚集率(MPAR)变化、PCI术后TIMI心肌灌注分级(TMPG);随访住院期间和30 d内不良心血管事件和出血事件。结果:两组临床情况、PCI前负荷剂量氯吡格雷给药时间、支架置入数目比较差异无统计学意义(P〉0.05);用药后2 h、6 h、术后24 h两组MPAR均较用药前明显降低(P〈0.05);用药后6 h两组MPAR均低于用药后2 h(P〈0.05);用药后2 h时观察组MPAR低于对照组(P〈0.05)。PCI术后TMPG 3级获得率观察组高于对照组(P〈0.05);30 d内复合心血管事件发生率、出血并发症两组比较差异均无统计学意义(P〉0.05)。结论:PCI术前负荷氯吡格雷600 mg可以更有效、更迅速地抑制患者的MPAR,联合应用替罗非班时仍可改善心肌灌注,且安全可行。  相似文献   

20.
This mini-review outlines the opioid systems and their roles primarily as related to reward and compulsive drug/alcohol intake. The central role is taken by the mu-opioid receptor, target for opiate analgesics and also a central target in compulsive alcohol abuse, alcoholism. The mu-opioid receptor and the cognate opioid neuropeptides from proenkephalin and proopiomelancortin are members of a superfamily of opioid systems, each with unique and still to be defined roles in the central nervous system.  相似文献   

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