丹参素抑制RANKL诱导的破骨细胞分化

目的：研究丹参素对RANKL诱导的破骨细胞分化的影响。方法：运用冲洗法从股骨、胫骨中获得小鼠骨髓源性单核巨噬细 胞用于体外RANKL 诱导的破骨细胞分化,同时,施加不同剂量的丹参素干预,经TRAP染色法在形态学上观察观,蛋白印迹法检 测蛋白水平的变化,实时定量PCR 检测mRNA 水平变化来研究丹参素对RANKL诱导的骨髓源单核巨噬细胞破骨分化的影响。 结果：①不同剂量丹参素干预组与对照组相比,TRAP 阳性破骨细胞数量得到了明显抑制（P<0.05）。②不同剂量丹参素干预组与 对照组相比,磷酸化Akt的上调量被明显的降低。磷酸化p38 MAPK,JNK和ERK 的变化则不明显。③不同剂量丹参素干预组与 对照组相比,c-fos,TRAP,CTSK 等参与破骨细胞分化的重要基因表达减少,NFATc1 变化不明显。结论：丹参素通过下调磷酸化 Akt水平的途径抑制了RANKL诱导的破骨细胞分化。     

P60PLAD蛋白对超高分子量聚乙烯（UHMWPE）颗粒诱导的小鼠颅盖骨骨溶解模型以及小鼠卵巢切除骨质疏松模型的影响

目的:构建UHMWPE颗粒诱导的小鼠颅盖骨骨溶解模型以及小鼠卵巢切除骨质疏松模型,通过动物模型证实P60PLAD蛋白在体内具有破骨细胞抑制特性和骨保护作用。方法:用8周C57BL/6雄性小鼠实验。在小鼠颅盖骨沿正中线做一矢状切口,暴露0.5 cm×0.5 cm范围,保证骨膜完整性,将直径在0.1-10μm的超高分子量聚乙烯(Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene)颗粒20μg均匀撒在骨膜,构建小鼠颅盖骨骨溶解模型,在局部注射PBS或者P60PLAD蛋白溶液。2周后处死,将颅骨分离进行Micro-CT检查比较骨溶解区域变化。手术切除10周雌性小鼠卵巢构建小鼠去卵巢骨质疏松模型,腹腔注射PBS或P60PLAD蛋白溶液。12周后处死后分离股骨,经4%多聚甲醛固定后行Micro-CT检查比较骨密度等参数。结果:超高分子量聚乙烯(Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene)颗粒诱导的骨溶解模型中,加入P60PLAD蛋白后,颅骨局部骨溶解区域较对照组减少,骨量相关参数与对照组相比有统计学意义。在小鼠卵巢切除骨质疏松模型中,注射了P60PLAD蛋白的实验组,其骨密度(BMD)等与骨量相关参数较对照组有明显增加。结论:P60PLAD蛋白可有效抑制UHMWPE颗粒诱导的小鼠颅盖骨骨吸收模型局部的骨吸收,抑制局部破骨细胞的骨吸收作用,并可以部分逆转小鼠卵巢切除骨质疏松模型的骨质疏松,提高骨密度,在破骨细胞抑制活性和骨保护方面具有良好临床应用前景。     

小鼠破骨细胞诱导及成纤维生长因子受体表达检测

目的:检测成纤维生长因子受体(fibroblast growth factor receptors,FGFRs)在小鼠破骨细胞中的表达情况,为探讨FGFRs时破骨细胞的直接调控作用奠定基础.方法:采用巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(macrophage colony stimulating factor,M-CSF)和破骨细胞分化因子(receptor activator of nuclear factor-B ligand,RANKL)诱导小鼠骨髓单核细胞分化为破骨细胞.提取细胞总RNA后经逆转录获得小鼠破骨细胞cDNA,根据FGFRs基因编码区序列设计的引物进行PCR扩增并对PCR扩增产物进行测序.为进一步验证转录水平的结果,提取细胞总蛋白电泳后进行免疫印迹实验.结果:诱导5d后可见TRAP( )多核细胞出现,小鼠破骨细胞在转录水平和翻译水平均只可检测到FGFR1和FGFR3基因的表达产物.结论:M=CSF和RANKL可成功诱导出小鼠破骨细胞,FGFR1和FGFR3基因在小鼠破骨细胞中均有表达.     

BTK在粪肠球菌介导的炎症环境中的 破骨作用

目的在粪肠球菌脂磷壁酸(LTA)作用的炎症环境下,研究布鲁顿酪氨酸激酶(BTK)在破骨细胞中的作用,从而为根尖周炎的治疗提供实验依据。方法 PCR检测粪肠球菌LTA刺激破骨细胞后BTK基因水平的表达情况。以浓度300ng/mL的人重组蛋白BTK(recombinant human BTK,rhBTK)刺激破骨细胞,用CCK8法检测破骨细胞增殖和RT-PCR检测破骨细胞分化标志因子TRAP基因水平表达情况。结果破骨前体细胞5d诱导成功。PCR结果发现粪肠球菌LTA刺激后BTK和TRAP的mRNA表达量明显增高;免疫荧光可见LTA刺激后BTK在破骨细胞中的定位情况;300ng/mL rhBTK组可以促进破骨细胞增殖;PCR结果显示,加入rhBTK后,破骨细胞分化标志因子TRAP的mRNA水平升高。结论在粪肠球菌LTA作用的炎症环境下,BTK表达升高;增高BTK后,可以促进破骨细胞的增殖及分化。研究发现BTK参与了破骨细胞的炎症反应进程。     

原花青素对磷酸三钙磨损颗粒所致小鼠颅骨溶解的干预作用及其机制

目的:研究原花青素对磷酸三钙(TCP)磨损颗粒诱导小鼠颅骨溶解的保护作用,并探讨其机制。方法:48只雄性ICR小鼠,随机分为假手术(Sham)组、TCP磨损颗粒(TCP)组、原花青素(0.2mg/kg,1mg/kg,5mg/kg)组,每组12只。将TCP磨损颗粒30mg包埋于小鼠颅骨顶部构建假体周围模型,于术后第2日颅顶局部注射原花青素,隔日1次。2周后处死小鼠采血、取颅骨。抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色和HE染色观察假体周围骨溶解和破骨细胞生成情况;实时荧光定量PCR检测假体周围骨组织中破骨细胞调控基因TRAP、capthesinK、c-Fos和NFATc1的mRNA水平;化学比色法检测血清中丙二醛(MDA)和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;Westernblot法检测小鼠假体周围骨组织中自噬标志蛋白Beclin-1和微管相关蛋白1轻链3(LC-3)表达变化。结果:与Sham组比较,TCP组假体周围骨溶解面积、破骨细胞生成及其调控基因mRNA水平显著增加(P<0.05),血清MDA含量均明显升高、T-AOC水平和SOD活性明显降低(P<0.05),假体周围骨组织中Beclin-1和LC-3均表达显著上调、LC-3I向LC-3II转换明显增加(P<0.05)。与TCP组比较,原花青素组假体周围骨溶解面积、破骨细胞生成及其上述调控基因、血清MDA含量明显减少(P<0.05),血清T-AOC含量和SOD活性显著增加(P<0.05)且Beclin-1和LC-3等蛋白表达及LC-3I向LC-3II转换也明显下调。结论:原花青素对TCP磨损颗粒所致的假体周围骨溶解具有明显保护作用,其机制可能与减轻氧化应激反应和自噬的活化密切相关。     

动态调节Rad GTPase可以控制骨形成的平衡

小GTP结合蛋白Rad (Ras-related associated with diabetes)是小GTPases的RGK亚家族成员,其在心脏之外的细胞和生理功能仍有待阐明,本研究旨在探讨Rad对小鼠骨密度、破骨细胞分化和骨量的调节作用。本研究以Rad基因敲除小鼠为动物模型,野生(WT)小鼠为对照,通过微计算机断层摄影术(microscopic computed tomography,μCT)分析雄性和雌性小鼠的股骨小梁骨体积分数和骨小梁数量,以抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(tartrate resistant acid phosphatase, TRAP)染色和抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)+多核细胞(multinucleated cell, MNC)计数检测破骨细胞的分化和表面积,使用组织形态计量学来考察骨形成速率。结果显示,与WT野生型小鼠相比,雌性Rad基因敲除小鼠的股骨表现出显著较低的小梁骨体积分数(BV/TV)。Rad缺失使小鼠股骨的皮质骨面积明显低于WT小鼠。抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色和TRAP+MNCs计数表明Rad的缺失显著增强了体外破骨细胞的分化。与正常野生小鼠相比,Rad缺失使小鼠的破骨细胞表面积减少。在Rad基因敲除小鼠中矿物沉积率(MAR)显著降低,矿化表面百分比(MS/BS)升高,骨形成速率/骨表面(BFR/BS)下降。本研究初步结论表明,Rad GTPase在骨代谢的调节中起着重要的作用,在小鼠中敲除Rad可导致骨密度降低,对Rad作用和调节机制的研究可能会找到骨质疏松症治疗的潜在靶点。     

MiR-216b通过靶向ABCG1促进破骨细胞形成并减少胆固醇流出

目的 研究miR-216b在破骨细胞分化中的功能和靶基因,探讨其对破骨细胞胆固醇外流的影响.方法 建立RANKL刺激诱导RAW 264.7破骨细胞前体细胞分化的细胞模型.进行抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色测定以评估破骨细胞分化.通过生物信息学分析和双荧光素酶报告基因预测和分析miR-216b与其靶基因ABCG13'...     

抑制RANKL诱导破骨细胞分化的DNA适配子的筛选

目的:筛选能高特异性、高亲和力结合RANKL蛋白并有效抑制RANKL对破骨细胞诱导分化作用的DNA适配子。方法:首先,采用原核系统表达并纯化RANKL蛋白,通过SELEX(Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential)技术从人工合成的单链随机寡核苷酸文库中筛选能高特异性、高亲和力结合RANKL蛋白的DNA适配子。然后,用RNAfolding sever software分析适配子空间结构,以ELISA检测DNA适配子和RANKL亲和力大小并筛选出亲和力最高的一组DNA适配子用以验证DNA适配子对RANKL诱导破骨细胞分化的抑制作用。结果:(1)成功在原核系统表达并纯化RANKL蛋白;(2)筛选出能高特异性、高亲和力结合RANKL蛋白的12个DNA适配子。(3)与对照组相比,不同浓度DNA适配子能明显抑制TRAP阳性破骨细胞数量(P0.05),且浓度越高抑制效果越明显。结论:成功筛选出的DNA适配子能特异性结合RANKL蛋白并有效抑制RANKL对破骨细胞的诱导分化功能。     

羊骨髓肽-钙螯合物对诱导分化的破骨细胞形成和吸收的影响

目的探讨羊骨髓肽(sheep bone marrow peptides,MP)及其钙螯合物(MP-Ca)对诱导分化的OC形成和活性的影响。方法将MP与CaCl_2螯合制备MP-Ca,以RAW264.7为破骨前体细胞模型,建立OC的RANKL诱导体系,以MP和MP-Ca干预诱导过程,确定二者在最适作用浓度下对诱导曲线、TRAP活性和骨吸收陷窝数的影响。结果诱导后第5天,细胞呈现OC典型形态,TRAP染色呈阳性并在共培养的骨片上形成骨吸收陷窝,MTT检测时OD_(490)达到峰值;以第5天作为检测时间,MP与MP-Ca均以10~3μg/mL时OD_(490)最低;以10~3μg/mL MP和MP-Ca干预诱导体系,除第1天外,干预组OD_(490)均显著低于空白组(P0.05);在第5天,MP-Ca组的OD_(490)和TRAP活性均显著低于MP组(P0.05);各干预组的骨吸收陷窝数均显著低于空白组,且MP组显著低于MP-Ca组(P0.05);17β-雌二醇(10μg/mL)的各检测指标均显著低于干预组(P0.05)。结论虽效果不及雌激素,MP和MP-Ca均可抑制OC的诱导形成及其破骨活性,MP-Ca对OC诱导形成的抑制作用强于MP。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.