苦皮藤素V对东方粘虫中肠V-ATP酶AB亚基复合物水解ATP活性的抑制作用北大核心CSCD

苦皮藤素V是一种对昆虫具有毒杀活性的化合物,从植物苦皮藤(Celastrus angulatus Max)中分离出来。目前,已发现苦皮藤素V可与粘虫中肠液泡型ATP酶(V-ATPase)的H、B和a亚基结合,但是其具体作用机理还尚不清楚。本研究将大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中表达得到的东方粘虫中肠V-ATPase A亚基突变体TSCA和V-ATPase B亚基包涵体洗涤、溶解后进行复性,获得可溶性AB亚基复合物后采用亲和层析纯化。将纯化好的AB亚基复合物测定H^+K^+-ATPase活性,证明其有ATP水解活性。随后,测定苦皮藤素V对复合物ATPase的抑制活性,发现加入苦皮藤素后,复合物ATPase活性降低。因此,其可能是通过抑制了AB亚基复合物的ATPase活性,从而产生了杀虫效果,证明AB亚基复合物为苦皮藤素V的潜在靶点之一。这为了解苦皮藤素与VATPase相互作用机制打下了基础,也为进一步开发新型杀虫药物奠定了基础。     

苦皮藤素V对东方粘虫中肠细胞及其消化酶活性的影响

苦皮藤素V是从杀虫植物苦皮藤Celastrus angulatus Max.根皮中分离的一种对昆虫具有毒杀活性的新化合物。该文通过电镜观察和生化分析研究了其对东方粘虫Mythimnaseparata(walker)幼虫中肠组织及中肠主要消化酶活性的影响。电镜观察发现,中毒试虫的中肠细胞及其细胞器发生明显病变：柱状细胞顶膜微绒毛零乱、减少;线粒体肿胀,出现空白亮区,双层膜不完整;细胞质密度降低,细胞器排列紊乱;内质网池扩张,囊泡化,粗面内质网减少;杯状细胞杯腔变大,微绒毛减少。消化酶活性测定结果表明,中毒试虫中肠的蛋白酶、淀粉酶及脂肪酶的活性和正常虫相比,无显著变化。因此认为,苦皮藤素V主要作用于中肠细胞的质膜及其内膜系统。     

苦皮藤素Ⅴ对东方粘虫肌细胞的影响

苦皮藤素Ⅴ是从杀虫植物苦皮藤 Celustrus angulatus Max.根皮中分离的一种对昆虫具毒杀活性的新化合物.采用电子显微镜技术研究了苦皮藤素Ⅴ对东方粘虫 Mythimna separata (Walker)肌肉系统的作用.电镜观察发现,苦皮藤素Ⅴ对东方粘虫成虫飞行肌和幼虫体壁肌均具致毒作用,中毒试虫肌细胞特别是肌细胞的质膜及内膜系统发生明显病变:肌膜破坏,脱落;线粒体肿胀,空泡化,崩解;肌原纤维与线粒体间间隙增大;肌质网扩张,产生髓鞘样结构;细胞核肿胀,核质浓缩,核膜破坏;微气管与肌细胞之间间隙增大;肌小节弥散、排列紊乱.这些结果表明,肌细胞质膜及内膜系统可能是苦皮藤素Ⅴ的一个作用部位.     

苦皮藤素Ⅴ对东方粘虫肌细胞的影响

苦皮藤素Ⅴ是从杀虫植物苦皮藤Celustrus angulatus Max.根皮中分离的一种对昆虫具毒杀活性的新化合物。采用电子显微镜技术研究了苦皮藤素Ⅴ对东方粘虫Mythimna separata（Walker）肌肉系统的作用。电镜观察发现,苦皮藤素Ⅴ对东方粘虫成虫飞行肌和幼虫体壁肌均具致毒作用,中毒试虫肌细胞特别是肌细胞的质膜及内膜系统发生明显病变：肌膜破坏,脱落;线粒体肿胀,空泡化,崩解;肌原纤维与线粒体间间隙增大;肌质网扩张,产生髓鞘样结构;细胞核肿胀,核质浓缩,核膜破坏;微气管与肌细胞之间间隙增大;肌小节弥散、排列紊乱。这些结果表明,肌细胞质膜及内膜系统可能是苦皮藤素Ⅴ的一个作用部位。     

家蚕V型ATP酶B亚基的克隆及表达特征

V型ATP酶(Vacuolar-type ATPase)是一种定位于细胞膜和细胞器膜上的氢离子转运酶。它利用ATP水解的能量将氢离子转运到液泡、囊泡或者胞外,从而维持细胞内正常的酸碱环境。V型ATP酶B亚基(V-ATPase B)作为ATP的催化位点,也有着非常重要的作用。为了探讨家蚕V-ATPase B(Bm V-ATPase B)的功能,首先从家蚕五龄幼虫的中肠c DNA中克隆了Bm V-ATPase B基因并构建原核表达载体进行原核表达,获得了重组蛋白,经质谱鉴定正确后,通过镍柱亲和层析的方法纯化了该蛋白并制备了多克隆抗体;最后分析了该蛋白在家蚕丝腺中的表达特征并利用免疫荧光对其在丝腺中的表达位置进行了定位。结果显示Bm V-ATPase B基因序列全长1 473 bp,预测蛋白分子量55 k Da,预测等电点5.3。通过Western blotting对家蚕5龄第3天和上蔟第1天幼虫丝腺的不同区段进行Bm V-ATPase B蛋白的表达特征分析,发现在两个时期该蛋白均在前部丝腺高量表达,而在中部丝腺和后部丝腺表达量相对较低。进一步对两个时期丝腺的不同区段进行免疫荧光定位,发现该蛋白在两个时期的前部丝腺、中部丝腺和后部丝腺均定位于细胞层。利用激光共聚焦显微镜对该蛋白进行进一步的定位,发现该蛋白主要在丝腺的细胞膜表达。研究结果明确了该蛋白在丝腺中的表达模式,为深入研究该蛋白在蚕丝纤维形成中的作用奠定了基础。     

粘虫不同发育期体内储存蛋白的检测及苦皮藤素Ⅴ对其含量的影响

采用PAGE和SDS-PAGE以及Western blot 的方法,分析了粘虫Mythimna separata幼虫、蛹及成虫体内的储存蛋白。结果表明,粘虫体内存在两种储存蛋白,其中一种为SP-1,即幼虫特异性储存蛋白,从6龄粘虫幼虫的2日龄开始出现在血淋巴中,到末日龄时达到峰值,停止取食后从血淋巴中消失;另一种为SP-3,在化蛹时开始出现在脂肪体中,一直到成虫期仍可持续表达,因此属于持续性储存蛋白。SP-1为分子量约94 kD和100 kD的2种亚基组成的蛋白质,而SP-3为分子量约94 kD的1种亚基组成的蛋白质。SP-1含8.16%的芳香类氨基酸,3.06%的甲硫氨酸。经苦皮藤素Ⅴ亚致死剂量处理5龄粘虫幼虫后的6龄2、3、4日龄粘虫幼虫体内储存蛋白的含量明显低于对照组,对5日龄后粘虫处理组和对照组体内储存蛋白的含量及雌性成虫产卵量没有明显影响。     

粘虫不同发育期体内储存蛋白的检测及苦皮藤素Ⅴ对其含量的影响

采用PAGE和SDS-PAGE以及Western blot 的方法,分析了粘虫Mythimna separata幼虫、蛹及成虫体内的储存蛋白。结果表明,粘虫体内存在两种储存蛋白,其中一种为SP-1,即幼虫特异性储存蛋白,从6龄粘虫幼虫的2日龄开始出现在血淋巴中,到末日龄时达到峰值,停止取食后从血淋巴中消失;另一种为SP-3,在化蛹时开始出现在脂肪体中,一直到成虫期仍可持续表达,因此属于持续性储存蛋白。SP-1为分子量约94 kD和100 kD的2种亚基组成的蛋白质,而SP-3为分子量约94 kD的1种亚基组成的蛋白质。SP-1含8.16%的芳香类氨基酸,3.06%的甲硫氨酸。经苦皮藤素Ⅴ亚致死剂量处理5龄粘虫幼虫后的6龄2、3、4日龄粘虫幼虫体内储存蛋白的含量明显低于对照组,对5日龄后粘虫处理组和对照组体内储存蛋白的含量及雌性成虫产卵量没有明显影响。     

三种植物源杀虫活性成分对东方粘虫中肠细胞的毒力测定

采用MTT([3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2)-2,5-二苯基]四氮唑溴盐)比色法、中性红摄取法和台盼蓝拒染法,分别测定植物源杀虫活性成分苦皮藤素Ⅴ、白鲜碱和梣皮酮对中肠细胞的毒力。结果表明:急性分离的东方粘虫中肠细胞能在Grace’s昆虫细胞培养基中维持生长;3种供试药剂对中肠细胞均有明显的细胞毒性。MTT比色法、中性红摄取法和台盼蓝拒染法测得苦皮藤素Ⅴ对中肠细胞的LC50依次为9.0,7.79和10.94μg/mL;白鲜碱为27.85,31.77和36.42μg/mL;梣皮酮为186.66,164.00和192.34μg/mL。     

杠柳新苷P和E对东方粘虫和小地老虎幼虫中肠蛋白酶活性的影响

从杀虫植物杠柳Periploca sepium Bunge根皮中分离得到的杠柳新苷P具有很高的杀虫活性, 为了探索其杀虫机理, 采用经典的昆虫蛋白酶活性测定方法, 比较研究了杠柳新苷P和无杀虫活性的杠柳新苷E对东方粘虫Mythimna separata与小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon 6龄幼虫中肠类胰蛋白酶和类胰凝乳蛋白酶活性的影响。结果表明： 对东方粘虫弱碱性类胰蛋白酶, 杠柳新苷P表现出强激活作用（酶活性为对照的3.43倍）, 激活时间可长达8 h, 而杠柳新苷E则无明显激活作用。杠柳新苷P和E对东方粘虫弱碱性类胰蛋白酶活性的影响二者差异显著（P=0.01）, 杠柳新苷P药后2, 4和8 h, 东方粘虫中肠弱碱性类胰蛋白酶的活性分别是杠柳新苷E药后的15.4, 106.8和242.7倍。酶活性测定结果还表明, 与东方粘虫相比, 小地老虎中肠类胰蛋白酶活性相对较低, 且杠柳新苷P的激活作用也较弱, 这可能是杠柳新苷P对东方粘虫具杀虫活性, 而小地老虎对其不敏感的原因之一; 另外, 杠柳新苷P和E对试虫中肠类凝乳胰蛋白酶活性均无明显影响。据此推测, 杠柳活性成分新苷P对东方粘虫中肠弱碱性类胰蛋白酶的激活作用可能是造成试虫中毒的机理之一。     

Systematic Analysis of the Expression of the Mitochondrial ATP Synthase (Complex V) Subunits in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

Mitochondrial dysfunction is common in cancer and the mitochondrial electron transport chain is often affected in carcinogenesis. To date, little is known about the expression of the ATP synthase subunits in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). The NextBio database was used to determine an expression profile of the ATP synthase subunits based on published microarray studies. We observed down-regulation of 23 out of 29 subunits of the ATP synthase. Differential expression was validated exemplarily for 12 genes (ATP5A1, ATP5B, ATPAF1, ATP5C1, ATP5D, ATP5O, ATP5F1, ATP5G1, ATP5G2, ATP5G3, ATP5I, ATP5S; screening cohort ccRCC n = 18 and normal renal tissue n = 10) using real-time PCR. Additional eight genes (ATP5A1, ATP5B, ATPAF1, ATP5F1, ATP5G1, ATP5G2, ATP5G3, ATP5S) were internally validated within an enlarged cohort (ccRCC n = 74; normal renal tissue n = 36). Furthermore, down-regulation of ATP5A1, ATPAF1, ATP5G1/G2/G3 was confirmed on the protein level using Western Blot and immunohistochemistry. We observed that altered expression of ATPAF1 and ATP5G1/G2/G3 was correlated with overall survival in patients with ccRCC. In conclusion, down-regulation of many ATP Synthase subunits occurs in ccRCC and is the basis for the reduced activity of the mitochondrial electron chain. Alteration of the expression of ATP5A1, ATPAF1, and ATP5G1/G2/G3 is characteristic for ccRCC and may be prognostic for ccRCC patients' outcome.     

Influence of ATP and ADP on dissociation of the V-ATPase into its V(1) and V(O) complexes

Although the reversible dissociation of the V(1)V(O) holoenzyme into its V(1) and V(O) complexes is a general mechanism for the regulation of V-ATPases, important aspects are still not understood. By analyzing the endogenous nucleotide content of the V(1)V(O) holoenzyme and of the V(1) complex, both purified from Manduca sexta larval midgut, we found that the V(1) complex contained 1.7 molec. of ADP, whereas only 0.3 molec. of ADP were bound to the V(1)V(O) holoenzyme. By contrast, both proteins contained only negligible amounts of ATP. Incubation of the V(1)V(O) holoenzyme with various adenine nucleotides revealed that ATP hydrolysis, leading to a state containing tightly bound ADP is necessary for its dissociation.     

Reconstitution in vitro of V1 complex of Thermus thermophilus V-ATPase revealed that ATP binding to the A subunit is crucial for V1 formation

Vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase or V-type ATPase) is a multisubunit complex comprised of a water-soluble V(1) complex, responsible for ATP hydrolysis, and a membrane-embedded V(o) complex, responsible for proton translocation. The V(1) complex of Thermus thermophilus V-ATPase has the subunit composition of A(3)B(3)DF, in which the A and B subunits form a hexameric ring structure. A central stalk composed of the D and F subunits penetrates the ring. In this study, we investigated the pathway for assembly of the V(1) complex by reconstituting the V(1) complex from the monomeric A and B subunits and DF subcomplex in vitro. Assembly of these components into the V(1) complex required binding of ATP to the A subunit, although hydrolysis of ATP is not necessary. In the absence of the DF subcomplex, the A and B monomers assembled into A(1)B(1) and A(3)B(3) subcomplexes in an ATP binding-dependent manner, suggesting that ATP binding-dependent interaction between the A and B subunits is a crucial step of assembly into V(1) complex. Kinetic analysis of assembly of the A and B monomers into the A(1)B(1) heterodimer using fluorescence resonance energy transfer indicated that the A subunit binds ATP prior to binding the B subunit. Kinetics of binding of a fluorescent ADP analog, N-methylanthraniloyl ADP (mant-ADP), to the monomeric A subunit also supported the rapid nucleotide binding to the A subunit.     

Coupling of Proteolysis to ATP Hydrolysis upon Escherichia coliLon Protease Functioning: II. Hydrolysis of ATP and Activity of the Enzyme Peptide Hydrolase Sites

The absence of direct correlation between the efficiency of functioning of ATPase and peptide hydrolase sites of Lon protease was revealed. It was shown that Lon protease is an allosteric enzyme, in which the catalytic activity of peptide hydrolase sites is provided by the binding of nucleotides, their magnesium complexes, and free magnesium ions in the enzyme ATPase sites. It was revealed that the ADP–Mg complex, an inhibitor of the native enzyme, is an activator of the Lon-K362Q (the Lon protease mutant in the ATPase site). Variants of functional contacts between different sites of the enzyme are considered. It was established that two ways of signal transduction from the ATPase sites to peptide hydrolase ones exist in the Lon protease oligomer--intra- and intersubunit ways. The enzyme ATPase sites are suggested to be located in the areas of the complementary surfaces of subunits. It is hypothesized that upon degradation of protein substrates by the E. coliLon protease in vivoATP hydrolysis acts as a factor of limitation of the enzyme degrading activity.     

Effect of Insect Larval Midgut Proteases on the Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry Toxins

To test the possibility that proteolytic cleavage by midgut juice enzymes could enhance or inhibit the activity of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal toxins, once activated, the effects of different toxins on the membrane potential of the epithelial cells of isolated Manduca sexta midguts in the presence and absence of midgut juice were measured. While midgut juice had little effect on the activity of Cry1Aa, Cry1Ac, Cry1Ca, Cry1Ea, and R233A, a mutant of Cry1Aa from which one of the four salt bridges linking domains I and II of the toxin was eliminated, it greatly increased the activity of Cry1Ab. In addition, when tested in the presence of a cocktail of protease inhibitors or when boiled, midgut juice retained almost completely its capacity to enhance Cry1Ab activity, suggesting that proteases were not responsible for the stimulation. On the other hand, in the absence of midgut juice, the cocktail of protease inhibitors also enhanced the activity of Cry1Ab, suggesting that proteolytic cleavage by membrane proteases could render the toxin less effective. The lower toxicity of R233A, despite a similar in vitro pore-forming ability, compared with Cry1Aa, cannot be accounted for by an increased susceptibility to midgut proteases. Although these assays were performed under conditions approaching those found in the larval midgut, the depolarizing activities of the toxins correlated only partially with their toxicities.     

Enhanced H Transport Capacity and ATP Hydrolysis Activity of the Tonoplast H-ATPase after NaCl Adaptation

Tonoplast enriched membrane vesicle fractions were isolated from unadapted and NaCl (428 millimolar) adapted tobacco cells (Nicotiana tabacum L. var Wisconsin 38). Polypeptides from the tonoplast enriched vesicle fractions were separated by SDS-PAGE and analyzed by Western blots using polyclonal antibodies to the 70 kilodalton subunit of the red beet tonoplast H⁺-ATPase. These antibodies cross-reacted exclusively to a tobacco polypeptide of an apparent molecular weight of 69 kilodaltons. The antibodies inhibited ATP-dependent, NO₃⁻ sensitive H⁺ transport into vesicles in tonoplast enriched membrane fractions from both unadapted and NaCl adapted cells. The relative H⁺ transport capacity per unit of 69 kilodalton subunit of the tonoplast ATPase of vesicles from NaCl adapted cells was fourfold greater than that observed for vesicles from unadapted cells. The increase in specific H⁺ transport capacity after adaptation was also observed for ATP hydrolysis.     

三种维药提取物对蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B抑制作用的研究

蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B(PTP1B)是胰岛索增敏的新靶点之一.本文研究了芳香新塔花、沙生蜡菊、驱虫斑鸠菊等3种维药石油醚提取物对PTP1B活性的影响及其对酶的抑制类型.结果表明,所构建的原核表达系统能高表达重组PTP1B(his-PTP1B1-321),分子量为40.8 kDa.3种维药提取物对PTP1B均表现出不同程度...     

蜕皮激素和有效霉素对粘虫几丁质合成酶B基因表达的影响

【目的】克隆粘虫Mythimnaseparata几丁质合成酶B基因的全长cDNA序列,研究该基因的时空表达特性,分析蜕皮激素(20-hydroxy ecdysone, 20 E)和有效霉素(Validamycin)对该基因表达水平的影响。【方法】本试验通过高通量测序法获得粘虫几丁质合成酶B基因的cDNA全长序列,利用RT-qPCR技术分析粘虫几丁质合成酶B基因在不同发育阶段和不同组织的特异性表达及蜕皮激素和有效霉素对其表达的影响。【结果】基因cDNA全长4 617 bp,包含一个完整开放阅读框,编码1个1 538个氨基酸组成的多肽,分子量为175.629 ku,理论等电点为5.96,包含17个跨膜螺旋,4个几丁质合成酶的标签序列CATMWHET,DGD,EDR和QRRRW及1个催化结构域。该基因命名为MsCHSB,GenBank登录号为KY348776。氨基酸序列比对表明,该基因与其他昆虫的几丁质合成酶B基因同源性高于52%,其中与蓓带夜蛾Mamestra configurata和棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的几丁质合成酶B基因同源性最高,分别为92%和83%。RT-qPCR技术表明粘虫在不同发育阶段和组织中均有mRNA的特异性表达,其中3龄第1天和中肠中MsCHSB基因相对表达量最高。注射10μg/μL浓度的蜕皮激素6 h和12 h后,表现为对该基因的诱导效应,与对照组差异显著;有效霉素处理后该基因相对表达量均被显著抑制,其中注射20μg/μL浓度的有效霉素48h后,抑制作用最为明显。【结论】本试验得到了一条新的粘虫几丁质合成酶B基因cDNA序列全长。蜕皮激素对MsCHSB基因的表达有一定的诱导作用,有效霉素对MsCHSB基因的表达有一定的抑制作用,该结果为进一步研究昆虫几丁质合成酶B打下了基础。