高脂膳食对肥胖易感和肥胖抵抗大鼠学习记忆能力的影响及机制北大核心CSCD

经过长期的高脂膳食后并非所有个体都会发生肥胖,还有些个体会产生肥胖抵抗现象。高脂膳食影响海马依赖的学习记忆等认知功能已被广泛证实,但目前关于高脂膳食对肥胖抵抗个体学习记忆能力影响的研究仍较少见。本文旨在对比研究高脂膳食对肥胖易感(obesity-prone,OP)和肥胖抵抗(obesity-resistant,OR)大鼠空间学习记忆能力的影响,并探讨其潜在的可能机制。Morris水迷宫结果显示,肥胖易感大鼠的学习能力显著低于对照大鼠和肥胖抵抗大鼠,但3组大鼠的记忆功能无显著性差异。Western印迹结果显示,与对照组相比,肥胖易感和肥胖抵抗大鼠海马内脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)和突触素(SYN)的含量均显著降低,丙二醛(MDA)和白介素1β(IL-1β)的含量均显著升高;且肥胖易感大鼠海马内上述蛋白质含量的变化更明显。免疫荧光染色和激光共聚焦显微镜扫描结果均显示,肥胖易感大鼠的海马神经发生水平显著低于肥胖抵抗大鼠和对照大鼠,但肥胖抵抗大鼠的海马神经发生水平与对照大鼠相比未见显著性变化。这些结果提示,高脂膳食可能是通过降低海马内突触可塑相关蛋白质的表达和神经发生,以及加剧炎症反应来损害肥胖易感大鼠的空间学习能力,而对肥胖抵抗大鼠的学习记忆能力影响不显著。     

运动对老年肥胖大鼠脂联素的影响

目的：探讨运动对老年肥胖大鼠内脏脂肪组织脂联素mRNA和蛋白质表达、血浆脂联素浓度及胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法：取雄性SD大鼠,鼠龄21 d,分青春期、壮年期和老年期三个阶段喂养高脂饲料（脂肪率为36.3%~40.0%）,建立老年肥胖模型。鼠龄达到60周后,取自然生长老年大鼠随机分为对照组（C）和老年运动组（AE）,n=6;取老年肥胖大鼠随机分为肥胖对照组（OC）和肥胖运动组（OE）,n=6。动物跑台坡度0°,运动速度及时间为（15 m/min×15 min）,4组/次,组间休息5 min,每次共运动60 min,5次/周,持续运动8周。8周后,检测内脏脂肪组织脂联素mRNA和蛋白质表达,测定血糖、血浆脂联素浓度和胰岛素浓度,计算胰岛素抵抗。结果：运动干预后,与对照组比较,肥胖对照组大鼠脂联素mRNA和蛋白质表达显著减低,血糖浓度和胰岛素抵抗明显增高;而老年运动组大鼠脂联素mRNA和蛋白质表达显著增高。与肥胖对照组大鼠比较,肥胖运动组大鼠脂联素mRNA和蛋白质表达显著增高、血浆脂联素水平增高,血糖浓度和胰岛素抵抗明显减低。结论：老年肥胖大鼠内脏脂肪组织脂联素mRNA和蛋白质表达均降低,伴随胰岛素抵抗、血糖升高。运动能显著增加其内脏脂肪组织脂联素mRNA和蛋白质表达,升高血浆脂联素水平,改善胰岛素抵抗,降低血糖。     

运动对肥胖大鼠胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的：探讨急、慢性游泳运动对胰岛素抵抗大鼠半乳凝素-3（galectin-3）表达的影响。方法：100只大鼠随机分为：普通膳食对照组（CON组,n=10）;高脂膳食组（HFD组,n=90）。分别喂养8周后,从高脂膳食组筛选出肥胖（即体重位于上游）大鼠30只用于后续实验。将肥胖大鼠随机分为3组（n=10）：①HFD-SED组：高脂膳食安静组;②HFD-CE组：高脂膳食慢性运动组,进行慢性游泳运动;③HFD-AE组：高脂膳食急性运动组,进行急性游泳运动。肥胖大鼠继续高脂膳食喂养8周,并进行运动干预;CON组大鼠继续普通饲料喂养8周。运动干预结束后,各组进行口服糖耐量和胰岛素释放实验,计算葡萄糖-胰岛素指数;测定体重;以ELISA分析大鼠血液中Gal-3含量。结果：HFD-SED组葡萄糖-胰岛素指数明显大于CON组（P<0.01）,HFD-CE组和HFD-AE组葡萄糖-胰岛素指数明显小于HFD-SED组（P<0.01）;HFD-SED组血液Gal-3含量明显高于CON组（P<0.01）,HFD-CE和HFD-AE组血液Gal-3含量明显小于HFD-SED组（P<0.01）。运动干预结束后,HFD-SED组和HFD-AE组大鼠体重明显高于CON组（P<0.01）;HFD-CE组大鼠体重明显低于HFD-SED组（P<0.01）,而与CON组无统计学差异。结论：急、慢性游泳运动均能改善胰岛素抵抗状态、降低胰岛素抵抗大鼠的Gal-3表达,但慢性游泳运动能明显改善机体超重状态。建议临床上采用长期、规律的慢性有氧运动对肥胖、胰岛素抵抗等代谢疾病进行干预。     

抑郁症模型大鼠学习记忆能力变化研究

为探讨抑郁症发生发展过程中学习记忆能力的变化模式及其可能机制．分别采用21天慢性非预见性刺激法和嗅球切除法建立的抑郁症模型大鼠．运用旷场行为实验（open—field behavior）检测大鼠主动性活动能力,用Morris水迷宫法检测大鼠空间学习记忆能力,HPLC—UV法测定大鼠血清皮质醇含量。电生理法记录海马CA1区LTP与LTD,观察海马神经元的突触可塑性。结果显示：与对照组相比,两种模型的自主活动性、空间探索兴趣和学习能力都明显降低,而记忆的反馈功能没有明显的变化。同时．两种模型大鼠海马神经细胞的突触可塑性显著下降,血清皮质醇的含量则明显上升。提示两种建模方法均导致大鼠产生抑郁症状和学习能力障碍．但对记忆反馈功能无明显影响。     

白藜芦醇对高脂膳食肥胖及肥胖抵抗小鼠抗氧化与淋巴细胞亚群免疫功能调节的研究

本文研究了白藜芦醇(R)对高脂膳食肥胖与肥胖抵抗小鼠抗氧化及淋巴细胞亚群免疫功能调节的影响。选取雄性C57BL/6小鼠,随机分成2组:即正常日粮(Control)组、高脂日粮(HFD)组,13周后HFD组小鼠根据体重分为肥胖(DIO)组、肥胖抵抗(DR)组,分别饲喂HFD、HFD+0.06%R 13周,并以正常日粮小鼠作为对照,测定各组小鼠体重,血脂,脾脏抗氧化酶活性及MDA含量,流式细胞仪测定小鼠淋巴细胞亚群比例。结果表明:白藜芦醇可降低DIO与DR小鼠体重、血脂水平,提高抗氧化能力,提高CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+细胞比例及CD4+CD25+Fox P3+Tregs细胞含量(P0.05),从而缓解高脂膳食小鼠特别是肥胖小鼠慢性炎性反应。     

慢性应激对大鼠学习记忆能力和海马LTP的影响

目的和方法：本研究采用一种多因素的２１ｄ慢性应激动物模型,以Ｙ迷宫和ＬＴＰ为指标,探讨慢性应激对运动学习记忆能力和海马神经突触可塑性的影响。结果：长期慢性应激使大鼠空间学习记忆能力下降,而且,使中枢海马齿状回ＬＴＰ的诱生受到抑制。结论：慢性应激可能使大鼠海马齿状回神经突触可塑性降低,并进一步影响到学习记忆的功能。     

高脂膳食对大鼠血液内糖脂代谢相关激素水平的影响

目的：探讨高脂膳食对大鼠血液内瘦素（leptin）、胰岛素（insulin）、胰高血糖素（glucagon）、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1）、胰多肽（PP）和酪酪肽（PYY）水平的影响。方法：将SD大鼠随机分为高脂饲料组（H组）和普通饲料组（C组）。8周后将H组中大鼠根据体重情况再分为肥胖易感组（OS组）和肥胖抵抗组（OR组）。使用ELISA方法检测激素水平。结果：OS组大鼠血leptin、insulin和MCP-1水平均显著高于C组;OS组和OR组大鼠血glucagon水平均显著高于C组;OR组大鼠血PYY水平显著低于C组。结论：高脂膳食可导致OS组和OR组大鼠血glucagon水平升高,并可导致OS组大鼠血leptin、insulin和MCP-1水平升高,以及OR组大鼠血PYY水平的下降。     

Orexin-A在肥胖大鼠摄食和自由活动中的调控

目的:探讨Orexin-A对肥胖大鼠摄食和自由活动的影响。方法:雄性SD大鼠下丘脑外侧区(LH)置管,预先测量体重(BW),脂体重(FM)和瘦体重(LM),据此对大鼠分组并分别提供高脂(HF)和低脂(LF)饮食饲喂,通过置管向大鼠LH注射人工合成脑脊液(a CSF)或orexin-A(OXA)。在饲喂前后监测OXA对大鼠自发动态运动(SPA)以及摄食量,体重(BW),脂体重(FM)和瘦体重(LM)的影响,以及每日LH注射OXA是否能够抵抗高脂饮食引起的摄食诱导肥胖(DIO)。结果:高脂饮食饲喂之后,高摄食诱导肥胖(DIO)大鼠和低DIO大鼠间体重增加量(ΔBW)、摄食量和高脂饮食饲喂后的体重无差异(P0.05),但与低脂饮食组大鼠相比,上述各指标均显著增加(P0.05)。低DIO大鼠的24 h SPA和活跃期SPA显著高于高DIO大鼠(P0.05)。LH注射OXA可使严重DIO降低而轻微DIO增加,DIO程度对LH注射OXA后的SPA的影响呈非线性的。每日双侧LH注射OXA可抑制早期DIO但并不改变大鼠摄食量。LH注射OXA使大鼠SPA增加,影响能量消耗,有助于DIO抵抗。结论:Orexin-A可通过增加大鼠活动量,调控肥胖大鼠的摄食和DIO抵抗作用。     

运动和低脂膳食对胰岛素抵抗大鼠肿瘤坏死因子α表达的影响

目的：研究长期运动和低脂膳食等生活方式的干预对胰岛素抵抗大鼠肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）表达的影响。方法：130只大鼠随机分为：CON组,10只,低脂膳食喂养;HFD组,120只,高脂膳食喂养。喂养8周后,选取HFD组体重上游1/3的大鼠作为肥胖大鼠。进行一次口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTr）和胰岛素释放试验。整体胰岛素敏感性以葡萄糖一胰岛素指数评价。将肥胖的HFD大鼠再分为以下4组,每组10只,喂养8周：HFD-SED：高脂膳食;IHFD-EX：高脂膳食,跑台运动;LFD-sED：低脂膳食;LFD-EX：低脂膳食,跑台运动。CON组继续低脂膳食喂养。再进行一次OGTr和胰岛素释放试验。以ELISA技术分析脂肪组织和比目鱼肌中TNF-α。结果：I-IFD组葡萄糖．胰岛索指数显著大于CON组。8周干预后,HFD-SED组葡萄糖一胰岛素指数显著大于CON组。3个干预组葡萄糖．胰岛素指数均显著小于HFD-SED组。HFD-SED组脂肪组织和比目鱼肌中TNF-α含量显著大于CON组,3个干预组均显著小于HFD-SED组。结论：运动和低脂膳食干预均能降低胰岛素抵抗大鼠组织中TNF-α的表达,从而缓解炎症应激,改善胰岛素抵抗。     

茶多酚对营养性肥胖大鼠肝脏自由基代谢的影响

目的:探讨茶多酚对营养性肥胖大鼠肝脏自由基代谢的影响。方法:采用高脂饲料喂养,体重(200±20)g的雄性SD大鼠32只,随机分为4组(n=8),测定各组大鼠肝脏细胞O自由基和N自由基。结果:高脂饲料组大鼠肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著提高,茶多酚补充组丙二醛(MDA)含量比对照组及高脂饲料组显著下降;高脂饲料组大鼠肝脏TNOS、iNOS活性及NO含量显著升高,茶多酚降低了总-氧化氮合酶(TNOS)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)活性及NO含量。结论:高脂饲料诱导了大鼠肝脏细胞的氧化应激状态,茶多酚提高了营养性肥胖大鼠肝脏的抗氧化能力,对营养性肥胖大鼠肝脏有一定的保护作用。     

Trafficking of dietary fat in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats

The trafficking of dietary fat was assessed in obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR) male and female rats. Test meals containing [1-(14)C]palmitate were delivered through gastric feeding tubes while rats consumed a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) or after 5 days of a high-fat diet (HFD). Over the subsequent 24 h, the appearance of (14)C was followed in the GI tract, skeletal muscles (SM), liver, adipose tissues (AT), and expired CO(2). There was no difference in the production of (14)CO(2) between OP and OR rats consuming a HCD. However, after 5 days on HFD, OR rats produced significantly more (14)CO(2) after the test meal than OP rats (P < 0.001 females, P = 0.03 males). The differential oxidation of dietary fat between OP and OR rats on HFD was not due to differences in absorption but rather was associated with preferential disposition of tracer to AT in OP rats. Measurements of lipoprotein lipase in part explained increased tracer uptake by AT in OP rats but were not consistent with increased SM tracer uptake in OR rats. Surprisingly, female rats oxidized more tracer than male rats irrespective of phenotype or diet. These results are consistent with the notion that differences in the partitioning of dietary fat between storage in AT and oxidation in SM and liver that develop shortly after the introduction of a HFD may in part underlie the differential tendency for OR and OP rats to gain weight on this diet.     

Postnatal environment overrides genetic and prenatal factors influencing offspring obesity and insulin resistance

There is growing evidence that the postnatal environment can have a major impact on the development of obesity and insulin resistance in offspring. We postulated that cross-fostering obesity-prone offspring to lean, obesity-resistant dams would ameliorate their development of obesity and insulin resistance, while fostering lean offspring to genetically obese dams would lead them to develop obesity and insulin resistance as adults. We found that obesity-prone pups cross-fostered to obesity-resistant dams remained obese but did improve their insulin sensitivity as adults. In contrast, obesity-resistant pups cross-fostered to genetically obese dams showed a diet-induced increase in adiposity, reduced insulin sensitivity, and associated changes in hypothalamic neuropeptide, insulin, and leptin receptors, which might have contributed to their metabolic defects. There was a selective increase in insulin levels and differences in fatty acid composition of obese dam milk which might have contributed to the increased adiposity, insulin resistance, and hypothalamic changes in obesity-resistant cross-fostered offspring. These results demonstrate that postnatal factors can overcome both genetic predisposition and prenatal factors in determining the development of adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and the brain pathways that mediate these functions.     

Orosensory detection of fatty acids by obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats: strain and sex differences

A series of brief-access (15s) behavioral assays following the formation of a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) to linoleic acid were performed in order to follow up on observations showing differences in the chemosensory responses to dietary fat in obesity-prone (Osborne-Mendel [O-M]) and obesity-resistant (S5B/Pl) rat strains. Strong aversions to linoleic acid (conditioned stimulus 100 microM) were generated in both O-M and S5B/Pl rats to concentrations as low as 2.5 microM. Observed strain differences were in contrast to expectations based upon electrophysiological studies previously showing greater fatty acid-induced inhibition of delayed rectifying K+ channels in S5B/Pl rats. In the CTA assays, the O-M rats showed aversions at lower fatty acid concentrations with more resistance to extinction in brief-access orosensory tests, suggesting that the obesity-prone strain may be more sensitive in the detection and subsequent avoidance of linoleic acid than the obesity-resistant strain. The independent variable of sex produced even greater differences in the avoidance of linoleic acid following conditioning than the effects of strain. Female rats of both strains were significantly more sensitive to fatty acids, showed greater cross-generalization from linoleic to oleic acid, and showed greater avoidance of linoleic acid than male counterparts. These findings suggest genetic influences on yet to be identified mechanisms potentially within the gustatory system that affect the sensitivity to detect the fatty acid chemicals found in dietary fat during brief-access orosensory testing.     

Ablating Adult Neurogenesis in the Rat Has No Effect on Spatial Processing: Evidence from a Novel Pharmacogenetic Model

The function of adult neurogenesis in the rodent brain remains unclear. Ablation of adult born neurons has yielded conflicting results about emotional and cognitive impairments. One hypothesis is that adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus enables spatial pattern separation, allowing animals to distinguish between similar stimuli. We investigated whether spatial pattern separation and other putative hippocampal functions of adult neurogenesis were altered in a novel genetic model of neurogenesis ablation in the rat. In rats engineered to express thymidine kinase (TK) from a promoter of the rat glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ganciclovir treatment reduced new neurons by 98%. GFAP-TK rats showed no significant difference from controls in spatial pattern separation on the radial maze, spatial learning in the water maze, contextual or cued fear conditioning. Meta-analysis of all published studies found no significant effects for ablation of adult neurogenesis on spatial memory, cue conditioning or ethological measures of anxiety. An effect on contextual freezing was significant at a threshold of 5% (P = 0.04), but not at a threshold corrected for multiple testing. The meta-analysis revealed remarkably high levels of heterogeneity among studies of hippocampal function. The source of this heterogeneity remains unclear and poses a challenge for studies of the function of adult neurogenesis.     

Fat oxidation, lipolysis, and free fatty acid cycling in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats

Defects in fat metabolism may contribute to the development of obesity, but what these defects are and where they occur in the feeding/fasting cycle are unknown. In the present study, basal fat metabolism was characterized using a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced model of obesity development. Male rats consumed a HFD (45% fat, 35% carbohydrate) ad libitum for either 1 or 5 wk (HFD1 or HFD5). After 1 wk on the HFD, rats were separated on the basis of body weight gain into obesity-prone (OP, > or =48 g) or obesity-resistant (OR, 相似文献   

proNGF Inhibits Neurogenesis and Induces Glial Activation in Adult Mouse Dentate Gyrus

Recent studies have shown that the precursor of nerve growth factor (proNGF) is highly elevated in aging brains and in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s Disease. proNGF accumulates in hippocampus which is an important neurogenic region related to learning and memory. However, it remains unclear whether proNGF has an influence on hippocampal neurogenesis. In this study, we demonstrated that the high-affinity receptor of proNGF, p75 neurotrophic factor (p75NTR), was expressed both on cells undergoing mitosis and postmitotic mature cells in mouse hippocampus. proNGF infusion into adult mouse hippocampus significantly reduced the density of BrdU-incorporating cells and the density of BrdU/Doublecortin double positive cells in the subgranular zone of hippocampus, indicating an inhibitory effect of proNGF on hippocampal neurogenesis. proNGF infusion also induced prominent cell apoptosis and activated residential astrocyte and microglia, which might further impair the hippocampal neurogenesis. These results implied that proNGF played a pivotal role in regulating the hippocampal neurogenesis and might account for the memory deficit and cognitive impairment.     

胎次、性别对成年小鼠海马齿状回神经发生及学习记忆的影响

目的探讨胎次、性别是否对成年小鼠海马齿状回神经发生及学习记忆产生影响。方法运用Morris水迷宫系统检测第1～3胎成年小鼠的学习记忆能力,腹腔注射BrdU,标记神经干细胞,检测不同胎次、性别小鼠海马齿状回中的神经发生的差异。结果 （1）在同性别、不同胎次成年小鼠间,第2胎的学习记忆能力（LMA）均显著地高于第1、3胎的,其影响规律为LMA2〉LMA1〉LMA3,且P〈0.05;在同胎次、不同性别成年小鼠间,雌性小鼠的LMA均高于雄性小鼠的,但其差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。（2）在同性别、不同胎次成年小鼠间,第2胎海马DG新生神经细胞的数量（N）均高于第1、3胎的,其影响规律分别为NF2〉NF3〉NF1和NM2〉NM1〉NM3,但其差异无显著性（P〉0.05）;在同胎次、不同性别成年小鼠间,雌性小鼠的N均高于雄性小鼠的,但其差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论胎次、性别对实验动物神经发生及学习记忆等方面产生的影响是肯定的。因此,在使用实验动物时,应予以充分考虑,尽量使用胎次、性别相同的。     

Hippocampal neurogenesis and dendritic plasticity support running-improved spatial learning and depression-like behaviour in stressed rats

Exercise promotes hippocampal neurogenesis and dendritic plasticity while stress shows the opposite effects, suggesting a possible mechanism for exercise to counteract stress. Changes in hippocampal neurogenesis and dendritic modification occur simultaneously in rats with stress or exercise; however, it is unclear whether neurogenesis or dendritic remodeling has a greater impact on mediating the effect of exercise on stress since they have been separately examined. Here we examined hippocampal cell proliferation in runners treated with different doses (low: 30 mg/kg; moderate: 40 mg/kg; high: 50 mg/kg) of corticosterone (CORT) for 14 days. Water maze task and forced swim tests were applied to assess hippocampal-dependent learning and depression-like behaviour respectively the day after the treatment. Repeated CORT treatment resulted in a graded increase in depression-like behaviour and impaired spatial learning that is associated with decreased hippocampal cell proliferation and BDNF levels. Running reversed these effects in rats treated with low or moderate, but not high doses of CORT. Using 40 mg/kg CORT-treated rats, we further studied the role of neurogenesis and dendritic remodeling in mediating the effects of exercise on stress. Co-labelling with BrdU (thymidine analog) /doublecortin (immature neuronal marker) showed that running increased neuronal differentiation in vehicle- and CORT-treated rats. Running also increased dendritic length and spine density in CA3 pyramidal neurons in 40 mg/kg CORT-treated rats. Ablation of neurogenesis with Ara-c infusion diminished the effect of running on restoring spatial learning and decreasing depression-like behaviour in 40 mg/kg CORT-treated animals in spite of dendritic and spine enhancement. but not normal runners with enhanced dendritic length. The results indicate that both restored hippocampal neurogenesis and dendritic remodelling within the hippocampus are essential for running to counteract stress.     

Dominance-related changes in spatial memory are associated with changes in hippocampal cell proliferation rates in mountain chickadees

It is well established that spatial memory is dependent on the hippocampus in both mammals and birds. As memory capacity can fluctuate on a temporal basis, it is important to understand the mechanisms mediating such changes. It is known that early memory-dependent experiences in young animals result in hippocampal enlargement and in increased neurogenesis, including cell proliferation and neuron survival. It is less clear, however, whether temporal changes in spatial memory are also associated with changes in hippocampal anatomy and cell proliferation in fully grown and experienced adult animals. In a previous study, we experimentally demonstrated that socially subordinate mountain chickadees (Poecile gambeli) showed inferior spatial memory performance compared to their dominant group mates, in the absence of significant differences in baseline corticosterone levels. Here we investigated whether these differences in memory between dominant and subordinate birds were associated with changes in the hippocampus. Following memory tests, chickadees were injected with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine to label dividing cells and sacrificed 2 days after the injections. We found no significant differences in volume or the total number of neurons in the hippocampal formation between dominant and subordinate chickadees, but subordinate birds had significantly lower cell proliferation rates in the ventricular zone adjacent to both the hippocampus and mesopallium compared to the dominants. Individuals, which performed better on spatial memory tests tended to have higher levels of cell proliferation. These results suggest that social status can affect cell proliferation rates in the ventricular zone and support the hypothesis that neurogenesis might be involved in memory function in adult animals.