手术治疗摩洛哥儿童睡眠呼吸障碍的临床研究

目的:观察鼻内镜下腺样体切除术或联合扁桃体切除术对摩洛哥儿童睡眠呼吸障碍的疗效,探讨儿童睡眠呼吸障碍治疗的手术适应症。方法:136例病例分成2组,治疗组85例睡眠呼吸障碍伴慢性扁桃体炎、或扁桃体Ⅲ°肥大的儿童,行鼻内镜下腺样体切除加扁桃体切除术;对照组51例睡眠呼吸障碍伴单纯扁桃体扁桃体Ⅱ°肥大的儿童,采用鼻内镜下腺样体切除,术后随访3个月。结果:治疗组总有效率为100%(85/85),对照组84.31%(43/51),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患儿的Conners儿童行为量表评分较术前明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:鼻内镜下腺样体切除术联合扁桃体切除术,明显改善患儿睡眠和呼吸,生活质量明显提高,是治疗摩洛哥儿童睡眠呼吸障碍的一线治疗方案。     

三种腺样体手术方式治疗儿童OSAHS的临床观察

目的:探讨三种腺样体手术方式治疗儿童OSAHS临床疗效.方法:对86例经多导睡眠监测(PSG)确诊的OSAHS患儿(3-12岁)施行:全麻下经鼻内镜经口-鼻腺样体切除术、内镜辅助下射频消融术及传统的经口腺样体刮除术3术式,并对患儿进行术后的随访,观察术后夜间打鼾、鼻塞、张口呼吸等临床症状、腺样体残留等指标.结果:术后随访6-12个月.鼻内镜术后打鼾、鼻塞、张口呼吸等症状治愈率显著高于传统的腺样体刮除术(P＜0.01).传统的腺样体刮除术、鼻内镜下腺样体微波消融术,存在不同比例的腺样体残留,鼻内镜经口-鼻腺样体切除术,无腺样体残留.结论:手术切除肥大的腺样体是治疗儿童OSAHS的主要手段.鼻内镜辅助下腺样体切除术具有直视下操作、病变切除彻底、疗效明显、安全性高、创伤小及并发症少等优点.     

右美托咪定滴鼻对小儿扁桃体腺样体切除术苏醒期躁动及血流动力学的影响

目的:观察右美托咪定术前滴鼻对行扁桃体腺样体切除术患儿在围术期血流动力学和苏醒期躁动的影响。方法:择期行扁桃体腺样体切除术的患儿60例,随机分为右美托咪定组(D组)和生理盐水组(C组)。在麻醉诱导前30 min,D组患儿经鼻滴入右美托咪定,C组患儿经鼻滴入生理盐水。给药30 min后,进行静脉麻醉诱导。记录患儿的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SpO_2),患儿滴鼻接受程度、手术时间、拔管时间以及并发症的发生情况;根据麻醉苏醒期躁动量化评分表(PEAD)和改良加拿大东安大略儿童医院疼痛评分量表(m-CHEOPS)对患儿进行评分并记录术后苏醒期躁动发生率。结果:与C组相比,D组各个时间点的MAP、HR有统计学差异(P0.05),D组围术期生命体征变化相对平稳;两组患儿SpO_2、滴鼻接受程度、患儿手术时间比较均无统计学意义(P0.05);两组患儿拔管时间比较有差异(P0.05);D组患儿苏醒期PAED评分和m—CHEOPS评分均低于C组患儿(P0.05);两组患儿在围术期均无恶心呕吐,喉痉挛等不良反应的发生。结论:右美托咪定滴鼻可安全、有效的用于小儿患者,并且可使围术期血流动力学平稳及减少苏醒期躁动的发生。     

低温等离子射频消融术治疗小儿阻塞性呼吸暂停综合征的临床疗效观察

目的:探究低温等离子射频消融术治疗小儿阻塞性呼吸暂停综合征的临床疗效。方法:收集2014年5月到2016年5月来我院就诊的小儿阻塞性呼吸暂停综合征患者72例,根据随机数字对照表分为对照组与试验组,各36例。对照组采用传统手术治疗切除患儿肥大的扁桃体及腺样体,试验组实施低温等离子射频消融术。比较两组患者临床疗效、行为状况及VAS评分。结果:治疗后,对照组的总有效率为91.67%;试验组的总有效率为94.45%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,两组患儿CBCL量表总评分均较治疗前明显降低(P0.05),抑郁、社交退缩、多动、违纪及攻击各项评分均明显降低(P0.05),但是试验组各项评分及总评分与对照组相比并无明显差异(P0.05);试验组手术后VAS评分明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:低温等离子射频消融术对小儿阻塞性呼吸暂停综合征患者有明显的治疗效果,且对患儿损伤较小。     

扁桃体部分切除术最新进展

扁桃体切除术是耳鼻咽喉科最常见的手术之一,临床上治疗由于扁桃体肥大所致的儿童睡眠阻塞性呼吸暂停综合征,最常用的手术方式为双侧扁桃体切除术。扁桃体在儿童生长发育过程中具有重要的免疫功能,完全切除扁桃体对儿童的免疫功能具有一定的影响。且扁桃体全部切除术后常见一些并发症如出血及疼痛,这使得许多学者提出了扁桃体部分切除术。扁桃体部分切除术较扁桃体全部切除术相比,手术时间短、术后并发症少,在缓解儿童阻塞症状的同时,保留了一部分扁桃体,对于免疫功能也有一定的保留。本文将从扁桃体部分切除术治疗儿童睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的临床疗效以及术后出血、术后疼痛方面作一综述,为扁桃体部分切除术应用于临床提供合理依据。     

七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼对扁桃体切除术患儿苏醒期躁动及术后镇痛的影响

目的:探究七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼对扁桃体切除术患儿苏醒期躁动及术后镇痛的影响。方法:选入我院择期行扁桃体切除术患儿39例,随机将患儿划分为实验组及对照组。对照组18例予七氟醚行吸入诱导及维持麻醉;实验组21例予七氟醚及瑞芬太尼静吸复合维持麻醉。记录两组血压心率,比较两组患儿苏醒期的躁动评分、术后镇痛、及是否发生恶心呕吐情况。结果:实验组总有效率高于对照组,差异存在统计学意义(P0.05);与对照组相比,实验组患儿的苏醒期躁动评分较低、发生率较低,镇静指数评分较高,呼吸功能恢复快、拔管时间短,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);实验组血压及心率较对照组平稳,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼在进行全身麻醉时,麻醉效果良好,能够明显减少苏醒期患儿躁动的发生,降低患儿术后疼痛,并且呼吸系统恢复快,较小影响心血管系统,值得推广。     

两种微创方法治疗颈椎间盘突出症的疗效比较

目的:比较经皮激光椎间盘减压术(PLDD)和经皮颈椎间盘等离子消融术治疗单节段突出的神经根型颈椎间盘突出症的临床疗效及安全性。方法:回顾2007年6月至2011年5月的颈椎间盘突出症住院患者36例。其中PLDD治疗17例(A组),等离子消融治疗19例(B组)。根据VAS评分和JOA评分,评价术前和术后一月内的疗效,同时记录两组患者的不良反应和并发症。结果:所有病例均成功穿刺并完成随访。两组手术后一月内各观察点的VAS评分和JOA评分均明显优于术前(P<0.05),其中B组患者术后3d和7d的VAS评分低于A组(P<0.05),而两组间术后JOA评分无明显差异。两组均未发生严重并发症。结论:与经皮激光椎间盘减压术相比,经皮椎间盘等离子消融术治疗颈椎间盘突出症患者症状消失更快。     

两种微创方法治疗颈椎间盘突出症的疗效比较

目的:比较经皮激光椎间盘减压术( PLDD)和经皮颈椎间盘等离子消融术治疗单节段突出的神经根型颈椎间盘突出症的临床疗效及安全性.方法:回顾2007年6月至2011年5月的颈椎间盘突出症住院患者36例.其中PLDD治疗17例(A组),等离子消融治疗19例(B组).根据VAS评分和JOA评分,评价术前和术后一月内的疗效,同时记录两组患者的不良反应和并发症.结果:所有病例均成功穿刺并完成随访.两组手术后一月内各观察点的VAS评分和JOA评分均明显优于术前(P＜0.05),其中B组患者术后3d和7d的VAS评分低于A组(P＜0.05),而两组间术后JOA评分无明显差异.两组均未发生严重并发症.结论:与经皮激光椎间盘减压术相比,经皮椎间盘等离子消融术治疗颈椎间盘突出症患者症状消失更快.     

等离子射频消融术治疗儿童腺样体肥大的疗效观察及对患儿通气功能和炎症反应的影响

目的:探讨等离子射频消融术治疗儿童腺样体肥大的临床疗效及对患儿通气功能和炎症反应的影响。方法:选取我院2016年12月至2017年8月治疗的腺样体肥大患儿100例为研究对象,其中50例手术治疗者为等离子组,同期保守药物治疗者50例为对照组。对照组给予孟鲁司特钠、糠酸莫米松鼻喷雾剂治疗,等离子组行低温等离子射频消融术。比较两组治疗前后症状积分、通气功能、炎症因子水平的变化。结果:治疗前,两组症状积分、通气功能指标呼吸紊乱指数(apnea hypopnea index,AHI)、最长呼吸暂停时间(longest apnea time,LAT)、氧减指数(oxygen reduction index,ODI)、最低夜间血氧饱和度(lowest nocturnal oxygen saturation,LSaO_2)、血氧饱和度小于90%时间所占睡眠时间百分比(percentage of time when oxygen saturation lower than 90%,SLT90%)以及血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(inflammatory mediators of tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α)、白介素-4(interleukin,IL-4)、嗜酸细胞阳离子蛋白(eosinophil cationic protein,ECP)水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组打鼾、鼻塞、张口呼吸等症状积分与治疗前相比均显著降低(P0.05),且等离子组打鼾、鼻塞、张口呼吸各项积分均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后,两组AHI、LAT、ODI、SLT90%、血清TNF-α、ECP、IL-4水平均较治疗前显著降低(P0.05),LSaO_2水平均较治疗前显著升高(P0.05),且等离子组AHI、LAT、ODI、SLT90%、血清TNF-α、ECP、IL-4水平均显著低于对照组,LSaO_2水平显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:低温等离子射频消融术可显著缓解儿童腺样体肥大患儿的临床症状,改善机体通气功能,减轻炎症反应。     

瑞芬太尼、芬太尼对小儿扁桃体切除术中应激反应和苏醒期躁动的影响

目的:探讨瑞芬太尼、芬太尼对小儿扁桃体切除术中应激反应以及苏醒期躁动的影响。方法:选择2012年1月至2012年12月期间择期行扁桃体切除手术的患儿80例为研究对象,将其分随机为瑞芬太尼组(40例)和芬太尼组(40例),比较两组患者不同时间应激反应指标(ACTH、COR、IL-6)、苏醒时间、躁动评分、躁动发生率以及RamSay镇静评分,探讨两种麻醉药物的临床应用价值。结果:两组术前ACTH、COR、IL-6的基础应激指标比较,差别无统计学意义(P0.05)。瑞芬太尼组及芬太尼组术毕该三项指标较术前升高,术后1d较术毕有回落,差别有统计学意义(P0.05);瑞芬太尼组术毕﹑术后1d的各项指标均远远低于芬太尼组,差别有统计学意义(P0.05)。瑞芬太尼组苏醒时间明显少于芬太尼组,躁动评分明显低于芬太尼组,躁动发生率明显低于芬太尼组,RamSay镇静评分明显高于芬太尼组,差别有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:瑞芬太尼引起的应激反应明显弱于芬太尼组,且其苏醒期躁动情况明显优于芬太尼组,值得进一步推广应用。     

High rates of detection of respiratory viruses in tonsillar tissues from children with chronic adenotonsillar disease

Chronic tonsillar diseases are an important health problem, leading to large numbers of surgical procedures worldwide. Little is known about pathogenesis of these diseases. In order to investigate the role of respiratory viruses in chronic adenotonsillar diseases, we developed a cross-sectional study to determine the rates of viral detections of common respiratory viruses detected by TaqMan real time PCR (qPCR) in nasopharyngeal secretions, tonsillar tissues and peripheral blood from 121 children with chronic tonsillar diseases, without symptoms of acute respiratory infections. At least one respiratory virus was detected in 97.5% of patients. The viral co-infection rate was 69.5%. The most frequently detected viruses were human adenovirus in 47.1%, human enterovirus in 40.5%, human rhinovirus in 38%, human bocavirus in 29.8%, human metapneumovirus in 17.4% and human respiratory syncytial virus in 15.7%. Results of qPCR varied widely between sample sites: human adenovirus, human bocavirus and human enterovirus were predominantly detected in tissues, while human rhinovirus was more frequently detected in secretions. Rates of virus detection were remarkably high in tonsil tissues: over 85% in adenoids and close to 70% in palatine tonsils. In addition, overall virus detection rates were higher in more hypertrophic than in smaller adenoids (p = 0.05), and in the particular case of human enteroviruses, they were detected more frequently (p = 0.05) in larger palatine tonsils than in smaller ones. While persistence/latency of DNA viruses in tonsillar tissues has been documented, such is not the case of RNA viruses. Respiratory viruses are highly prevalent in adenoids and palatine tonsils of patients with chronic tonsillar diseases, and persistence of these viruses in tonsils may stimulate chronic inflammation and play a role in the pathogenesis of these diseases.     

Tonsillolithiasis and orofacial pain

Tonsilloliths are rare calcified structures that usually result from chronic inflammation of the tonsils. Concretions show differences in size, shape and colour. They are usually asymptomatic but can be associated with halitosis, foreign body sensation, dysphagia and odynophagia, otalgia, and neck pain. A patient was referred because panoramic radiography performed by a general dentist revealed radiopaque shadows over the ascending rami of the mandible, located bilaterally: a solitary structure on the higher portion of the right side and two small structures on the left side. Paroxysmal attacks of orofacial pain and symptoms such as dysphagia and swallowing pain on the left side distributed within the tonsillar fossa and pharynx and the angle of the lower jaw were present. The computed tomography images revealed bilateral tonsilloliths. Clinically, there was no sign of inflammation, and the patient's past history revealed an approximately 2-year history of dysphagia, swallowing pain and left-sided neck pain. At the request of the patient, no surgical intervention was carried out. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia is a rare entity, and the aim of this report was to indicate the importance of tonsilloliths as a cause of orofacial pain.     

Electrocardiographic signs of pulmonary hypertension in children who snore.

Two children presented with sleep disturbances due to enlarged tonsils and adenoids. One child died during induction of anaesthesia, and postmortem examination showed hypertrophy of the right ventricle and atrium. As a result a prospective survey was carried out of children undergoing tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy, or both. During a nine-month period an electrocardiogram was taken in 92 children. Three electrocardiograms (3.3%) showed evidence of right heart strain. The children with abnormal electrocardiograms had symptoms of sleep disturbance with apnoea, snoring, and daytime somnolence. These symptoms and the electrocardiographic changes were reserved by adenotonsillectomy. The prevalence of pulmonary hypertension in children with enlarged tonsils and adenoids is still underestimated. When signs and symptoms of sleep disturbance, particularly snoring, are present an electrocardiogram should be obtained and a cardiologist''s opinion sought before embarking on routine surgery in view of the potentially fatal consequences.     

Comparative Effects of Snoring Sound between Two Minimally Invasive Surgeries in the Treatment of Snoring: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background

Minimally invasive surgeries of the soft palate have emerged as a less-invasive treatment for habitual snoring. To date, there is only limited information available comparing the effects of snoring sound between different minimally invasive surgeries in the treatment of habitual snoring.

Objective

To compare the efficacy of palatal implant and radiofrequency surgery, in the reduction of snoring through subjective evaluation of snoring and objective snoring sound analysis.

Patients and Method

Thirty patients with habitual snoring due to palatal obstruction (apnea-hypopnea index ≤15, body max index ≤30) were prospectively enrolled and randomized to undergo a single session of palatal implant or temperature-controlled radiofrequency surgery of the soft palate under local anesthesia. Snoring was primarily evaluated by the patient with a 10 cm visual analogue scale (VAS) at baseline and at a 3-month follow-up visit and the change in VAS was the primary outcome. Moreover, life qualities, measured by snore outcomes survey, and full-night snoring sounds, analyzed by a sound analytic program (Snore Map), were also investigated at the same time.

Results

Twenty-eight patients completed the study; 14 received palatal implant surgery and 14 underwent radiofrequency surgery. The VAS and snore outcomes survey scores were significantly improved in both groups. However, the good response (postoperative VAS ≤3 or postoperative VAS ≤5 plus snore outcomes survey score ≥60) rate of the palatal implant group was significantly higher than that of the radiofrequency group (79% vs. 29%, P = 0.021). The maximal loudness of low-frequency (40–300 Hz) snores was reduced significantly in the palatal implant group. In addition, the snoring index was significantly reduced in the radiofrequency group.

Conclusions

Both palatal implants and a single-stage radiofrequency surgery improve subjective snoring outcomes, but palatal implants have a greater effect on most measures of subjective and objective snoring. Multi-stage radiofrequency surgery was not tested.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01955083","term_id":"NCT01955083"}}NCT01955083     

CONTROVERSIAL PROBLEMS IN ADENOTONSILLECTOMY

It is doubtful that the tonsils or adenoids contribute sufficiently to immunity or to hematopoiesis to warrant withholding adenotonsillectomy when there is need for the operation. Focal infection, rheumatic fever and allergic disease must be evaluated in the individual case. A seldom discussed reason for operation is the prophylaxis or treatment of malformation of the nose, sinuses, mouth and jaw. Well defined indications for adenotonsillectomy include frequent occurrence of infection, peritonsillar abscess, cervical lymph node disease believed caused by tonsillar infection, otitis media, and hypertrophy sufficient to embarrass swallowing or breathing. The operation may also be indicated in certain cases of impaired hearing, halitosis, or anorexia, and sometimes for carriers of diphtheria.Psychic trauma can be obviated by proper preparation of a child for the operation he is to undergo.There is a good evidence of evidence of relationship between recent adenotonsillectomy and infection with poliomyelitis—and a good deal of evidence to the contrary. Nationwide rules cannot be established on the basis of the evidence presented thus far. Since in many cases it is unwise to put off adenotonsillectomy, each case in each community in each season must be evaluated separately.     

膝周神经射频热凝治疗顽固性膝骨关节炎疼痛的临床效果

目的:探讨膝周神经射频热凝治疗顽固性膝骨关节炎疼痛的疗效。方法:收集2013年1月至2014年1月,我院收治的顽固性膝骨关节炎疼痛患者62例,随机分为观察组与对照组,各31例。观察组予以膝周神经射频热凝联合关节腔内注射玻璃酸钠治疗,对照组单纯行关节腔内玻璃酸钠注射治疗,比较两组的临床疗效。结果:观察组治疗后VAS评分及OKS评分均显著低于对照组(P0.05);两组均未见明显并发症。结论:膝周神经射频热凝辅助治疗顽固性膝关节炎疼痛疗效显著,创伤较小,可促进关节功能的康复,值得推广应用。     

Expression and function of tight junctions in the crypt epithelium of human palatine tonsils.

The human palatine tonsils have surface and crypt stratified epithelium and may be initiated via the epithelium to mount immune responses to various presenting antigens. Here we investigated the expression and function of tight junctions in the epithelium of human palatine tonsils from patients with tonsillar hypertrophy or recurrent tonsillitis. Occludin, ZO-1, JAM-1, and claudin-1, -3, -4, -7, -8, and -14 mRNAs were detected in tonsillar hypertrophy. Occludin and claudin-14 were expressed in the uppermost layer of the tonsil surface epithelium, whereas ZO-1, JAM-1, and claudin-1, -4, and -7 were found throughout the epithelium. In the crypt epithelium, claudin-4 was preferentially expressed in the upper layers. In freeze-fracture replicas, short fragments of continuous tight junction strands were observed but never formed networks. In the crypt epithelium of recurrent tonsillitis, the tracer was leaked from the surface regions where occludin and claudin-4 disappeared. Occludin, ZO-1, JAM-1, and claudin-1, -3, -4, and -14, but not claudin-7, mRNAs were decreased in recurrent tonsillitis compared with those of tonsillar hypertrophy. These studies suggest unique expression of tight junctions in human palatine tonsillar epithelium, and the crypt epithelium may possess an epithelial barrier different from that of the surface epithelium.     

Differentiated S100A7 expression in infected tonsils and tonsils from allergic individuals

Palatine tonsils are continuously exposed to microorganisms and antigens and secrete antimicrobial peptides as a first line of defense. S100A7 is a protein with antimicrobial and chemotactic properties. Our aim was to investigate how the expression of S100A7 in human palatine tonsils is affected by inflammatory processes. Tonsils obtained from 109 patients undergoing tonsillectomy were divided into groups of infected and noninfected as well as allergic and nonallergic, based on the results from tonsillar core culture tests and Phadiatop analysis, respectively. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to assess protein expression and real-time PCR was used to quantify mRNA levels. To explore the induction of S100A7, tonsils were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide in vitro. The immunohistochemical staining for S100A7 was most intense in the tonsillar epithelium, but the protein was also detected in B- and T-cell regions, which was confirmed with Western blot on isolated B and T cells. The S100A7 expression appeared to be the highest in CD8+ T cells. Reduced mRNA levels of S100A7 were detected in infected tonsils as well as in tonsils from allergic individuals. In vitro stimulation of tonsils with lipopolysaccharide did not have any effect on the expression. The results suggest a role for S100A7 in recurrent tonsillitis and allergic disease.     

Identical TCR beta-chain rearrangements in streptococcal angina and skin lesions of patients with psoriasis vulgaris

Tonsillar infection with Streptococcus pyogenes may induce several nonsuppurative autoimmune sequelae. The precise pathogenetic mechanisms behind this clinically well-established association are still unresolved. Using TCR analysis, we sought to identify a link between streptococcal tonsillitis and the T cell-mediated autoimmune response in psoriasis. Three patients with streptococcal-induced psoriasis underwent tonsillectomy. Using size spectratyping and sequencing of TCR beta-chain variable region gene (TCRBV) rearrangements, we compared the TCR usage of psoriatic skin lesions, blood, tonsils, and tonsillar T cells fractionated according to the expression of the skin address in "cutaneous lymphocyte-associated Ag" (CLA). TCRBV-size spectratype analysis of the blood lymphocytes, tonsils, and the CLA-negative tonsillar T cells revealed largely unselected T cell populations. Instead, TCRBV gene families of the psoriatic lesions and skin-homing CLA-positive tonsillar T cells displayed highly restricted spectratypes. Sequencing of TCRBV cDNA identified various clonal TCRBV rearrangements within the psoriatic lesions that indicated Ag-driven T cell expansion. Several of these clonotypes were also detected within the tonsils and, in one of the patients, within the small subset of CLA-positive tonsillar T cells, suggesting that T cells from the same T cell clones were simultaneously present within skin and tonsillar tissue. Because after tonsillectomy psoriasis cleared in all three patients our observations indicate that T cells may connect psoriatic inflammation to streptococcal angina. They suggest that the chronic streptococcal immune stimulus within the tonsils could act as a source for pathogenic T cells in poststreptococcal disorders, and they may help to explain why eliminating this source with tonsillectomy may improve streptococcal-induced sequelae.