全细胞催化法生产N-乙酰神经氨酸的研究进展北大核心CSCD

N-乙酰神经氨酸(N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid,Neu5Ac)及其衍生物不仅在人体内发挥重要的生理生化功能,且已经应用到流感的预防和治疗。但已有的N-乙酰神经氨酸生产方法产量低、成本高,限制了其大规模生产和广泛应用。随着分子生物学技术及糖组学研究的发展与成熟,一种新型的生物技术即全细胞催化法生产N-乙酰神经氨酸正成为研究的热点。旨在介绍全细胞催化技术合成N-乙酰神经氨酸的研究进展。     

染料木黄酮对大鼠体内N-羟乙酰神经氨酸含量的影响及其与唾液酸转移酶相互作用的探讨

本研究旨在研究染料木黄酮(Genistein,Gen)对大鼠体内N-羟乙酰神经氨酸(N-glycolylneuraminic acid,Neu5Gc)生物合成的影响。选取80只4周龄SD雄性大鼠,随机平均分为对照组和Gen组,分别灌胃5%的乙醇溶液和300 mg/(kg·d)的Gen溶液。利用荧光高效液相色谱(HPLC-FLD)检测大鼠后腿肌肉、肾脏、肝脏组织中Neu5Gc的含量,并采用Gen与唾液酸转移酶(Sialyltransferase,ST)分子对接,初步探讨了其抑制Neu5Gc合成的机理。结果表明:灌胃15 d时,后腿肌肉和肝脏组织中的Neu5Gc的含量分别降低了13.77%和15.45%,而肾脏组织中Neu5Gc的含量变化差异不显著;30 d时,在肌肉组织中未检出Neu5Gc,在肝脏组织中的Neu5Gc的含量降低了13.35%,肾脏组织中Neu5Gc的含量没有显著的变化;45 d时,在后腿肌肉、肾脏组织和肝脏组织中的Neu5Gc含量分别降低了32.65%、16.80%和32.78%;60d时,在后腿肌肉、肾脏组织和肝脏组织中Neu5Gc含量降低了12.72%、12.30%和11.42%。Gen与ST活性位点残基His319、Ser151、Gly293、Thr328形成氢键,且与残基His302、His301、Trp300、Ser271、Phe292、Thr328、Ser325、Ile274形成疏水作用。因此分子间弱相互作用是导致Gen抑制ST活性的主要原因。该研究结果为后续开展宰前降低红肉中Neu5Gc的方法提供了基础实验方法支撑。     

山奈酚和槲皮素对大鼠体内Neu5Gc合成的影响及分子机制探究

非人源性唾液酸N-羟乙酰神经氨酸(N-glycolylneuraminic acid, Neu5Gc)是红肉中潜在的致癌性因子。唾液酸转移酶是涉及转运其前体物质的关键酶之一。大鼠用不同浓度的山奈酚(kaempferol,KA)和槲皮素(quercetin,Qu)灌胃,并模拟宰前对Neu5Gc合成影响的结果表明,不同浓度的KA、Qu对大鼠体内肌肉组织、肝和肾中Neu5Gc的含量均有一定的影响,最大抑制率分别为36.44%±0.11%和33.37%±0.08%。为探究其抑制机制,采用唾液酸转移酶(sialyltransferase,ST)与KA、Qu进行分子对接和分子动力学模拟分析。分子对接复合物二维相互作用图表明:KA和Qu能有效占据ST特异性抑制剂5′-胞苷单磷酸的活性位点氨基酸残基;对最佳复合物进行200 ns的动力学模拟结果显示,ST和KA产生稳定氢键作用的氨基酸残基主要是His301和Gly298,与Qu产生氢键作用的氨基酸残基主要是Gly293、Glu324、Thr272和Ser276。结合自由能分析表明,范德华力、静电吸引作用对抑制过程具有重要作用。本研究为合成和筛选高效ST抑制剂提供了一定实验依据。     

来源于葡萄球菌的N-乙酰神经氨酸裂合酶的基因克隆及性质

葡萄球菌Staphylococcus hominis来源的N-乙酰神经氨酸裂合酶基因shnal(GenBank Accession No.EFS20452.1)构建至pET-28a质粒并在大肠杆菌中得到表达.通过目的蛋白的纯化和酶学性质研究发现,ShNAL是一个四聚体,裂解方向的最适反应pH为8.0;合成方向的最适反应pH为7.5,最适反应温度为45℃.在45℃下孵育2h对ShNAL的活力基本无影响,高于45℃时,活力迅速下降.该酶在pH 5.0～10.0的环境中比较稳定,4℃下放置24 h酶的残余活力在70％以上.ShNAL对N-乙酰神经氨酸(Neu5Ac)、N-乙酰甘露糖胺(Man)和丙酮酸(Pyr)的Km值分别是(4.0±0.2) mmol/L、(131.7±12.1)mmol/L和(35.14±3.2) mmol/L,kcat/Km值分别为1.9 L/(mmol·s)、0.08 L/(mmol·s)和0.08 L/(mmol·s).     

全细胞催化生产N-乙酰神经氨酸的条件优化

【目的】N-乙酰神经氨酸有多种生物学功能,其在治疗流感、神经性疾病、炎症和肿瘤等方面具有重要的医药价值。N-乙酰神经氨酸现有的生产方法产量低、成本高,难以满足医药工业大规模的需求,因而急需建立一种经济高效的生产方法。【方法】在前期研究中,构建了一株产N-乙酰神经氨酸的代谢工程菌(Escherichia coliΔnanTEK/pNA),本研究通过单因素试验对工程菌生物转化生产N-乙酰神经氨酸的过程进行优化,包括工程菌细胞培养条件(培养温度和时间)和全细胞生物转化的各种条件(转化温度、时间、表面活性剂等)。【结果】经过条件优化后,建立了全细胞催化法生产N-乙酰神经氨酸的工艺流程,使N-乙酰神经氨酸的产量提高到294.39 mmol/L。【结论】该方法具有操作简便、高效和经济的优势,为N-乙酰神经氨酸的规模化生产奠定了基础。     

全细胞催化法生产N-乙酰神经氨酸的研究进展

N-乙酰神经氨酸(N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid,Neu5Ac)及其衍生物不仅在人体内发挥重要的生理生化功能,且已经应用到流感的预防和治疗。但已有的N-乙酰神经氨酸生产方法产量低、成本高,限制了其大规模生产和广泛应用。随着分子生物学技术及糖组学研究的发展与成熟,一种新型的生物技术即全细胞催化法生产N-乙酰神经氨酸正成为研究的热点。旨在介绍全细胞催化技术合成N-乙酰神经氨酸的研究进展。     

毛细管电泳飞摩尔水平分析糖蛋白中唾液酸

利用毛细管电泳分析唾液酸2-氨基吖啶酮(AMAC)衍生物方法, 可在飞摩尔水平分析糖蛋白中唾液酸. 重组人促红细胞生成素(rhu-EPO)、人尿胰蛋白酶抑制剂(hu-UTI)中唾液酸分析结果与文献值符合较好; 而牛α₁-酸性糖蛋白(α₁-AGP)分析结果与早期文献值相比, 存在一定差异, 并发现该糖蛋白中除含有5-N-乙酰氨基唾液酸(Neu5Ac)外, 还含数量与Neu5Ac相当的5-N-乙醇酰氨基唾液酸(Neu5Gc).     

N-乙酰神经氨酸在离子交换树脂AD-1上的吸附热/动力学

主要研究了N-乙酰神经氨酸(Neu5Ac)在AD-1离子交换树脂上的吸附行为。通过静态摇瓶的方法,利用Langmuir模型对热力学平衡数据进行拟合,测得树脂的最大Neu5Ac吸附量为0.39 g/g,且不受温度影响。依次用大孔扩散模型、大孔微孔扩散模型对不同Neu5Ac初始质量浓度的动力学数据进行拟合,结果表明,在较低浓度和较高浓度下,Neu5Ac在AD-1树脂上的离子交换过程的限速步骤依次为大孔扩散和大孔微孔扩散,其中大孔扩散系数Dp为1.453×10-8m2/min,微孔扩散系数Dc为9.153×10-15m2/min。最后利用大孔微孔扩散模型研究了树脂颗粒度大小对Neu5Ac在AD-1树脂上的离子交换动力学的影响,发现选取较小颗粒度的树脂有利于提高离子交换速率,且模型与实验数据吻合较好,从而验证了模型的准确性。AD-1树脂对Neu5Ac有较大的吸附容量和较快的吸附速率。     

多细胞耦合转化N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖和乳糖生产唾液酸乳糖

唾液酸乳糖是母乳寡糖(human milk oligosaccharides, HMOs)中含量最丰富的唾液酸化低聚糖之一，对婴幼儿的健康发育有重要作用，但是其目前缺乏高效、廉价的生产工艺。针对该问题，本研究建立了多菌株两步法耦合生物合成唾液酸乳糖方法。第一步构建2株工程菌，大肠杆菌JM109(DE3)/pET28a-BT0453和JM109(DE3)/pET28a-nanA，用于耦合合成中间产物N-乙酰神经氨酸，在2株工程菌株细胞生物量比为1:1，反应时间为32 h的条件下，得到的N-乙酰神经氨酸最高产量为20.4 g/L。第二步向上述发酵液中添加大肠杆菌JM109(DE3)/pET28a-neuA、JM109(DE3)/ pET28a-nst和面包酵母，通过三菌株耦合发酵合成3ʹ-唾液酸乳糖(3ʹ-sialyllactose, 3ʹ-SL)。在底物N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖、乳糖浓度均为200 mmol/L，面包酵母细胞生物量为150 g/L，辅因子Mg²⁺浓度为20 mmol/L的优化条件下，发酵24 h，发酵液中3ʹ-唾液酸乳糖的最高产量达到55.04 g/L，底物N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖的转化率为43.47%。研究结果为低成本生产3ʹ-唾液酸乳糖提供了一条新的技术路线。     

高效液相色谱法测定17AA氨基酸注射液中N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸和N-乙酰-L-酪氨酸

建立了一种用高效液相色谱测定 17AA氨基酸注射液中N 乙酰 L 半胱氨酸和N 乙酰 L 酪氨酸含量的方法。样品经稀释后 ,直接上机测定 ,其色谱条件为 :WatersSymmetryC18色谱柱 ,流动相为 8.5mmol/LNaAc - 5 %CH3 OH (pH =4.0 ) ,柱温36℃ ,流速 1.0ml/min ,检测波长 195nm ,N 乙酰 L 半胱氨酸在 5 .4mg/L到 5 40mg/L、N 乙酰 L 酪氨酸在 4.9mg/L到 490mg/L之间 ,标准曲线呈良好的线性关系 (r2 >0 .9999)。该方法具有良好的重现性 ,日内相对标准偏差小于 3% ,日间相对平均误差小于 7% ,样品回收率在 90 %～ 110 %之间。该方法与测定氨基酸注射液的其它高效液相色谱法相结合 ,能够对 17AA氨基酸注射液中所有氨基酸成分进行全面检测。     

The tumor suppressor RECK interferes with HER-2/Neu dimerization and attenuates its oncogenic signaling

Our previous study demonstrates that HER-2/Neu oncogene inhibits a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor and tumor metastasis suppressor RECK to promote metastasis. Conversely, the effect of RECK on the oncogenic function of HER-2/Neu is unknown. Ectopic expression of RECK in 293T cells and HER-2/Neu-overexpressing breast cancer cells shows that RECK and HER-2/Neu are co-localized and these two proteins can be co-immunoprecipitated. RECK inhibits HER-2/Neu receptor dimerization and autophosphorylation, which causes reduction of ERK and AKT kinase activity and down-regulation of HER-2/Neu target genes. RECK expression is reduced in 58.8% of breast cancer tissues and is associated with lymph node invasion supporting its anti-metastatic role. Collectively, we provide the first evidence that RECK can negatively regulate oncogenic activity of HER-2/Neu by inhibiting receptor dimerization.

Structured summary

HER-2/Neuphysically interacts with HER-2/Neu by blue native page (View interaction)HER-2/Neuphysically interacts with RECK by coimmunoprecipitation (View interaction)HER-2/Neu and RECKcolocalize by fluorescence microscopy (View Interaction 1, 2)HER-2/Neuphysically interacts with RECK by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (View interaction)     

Effects of culture conditions on N‐glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) content of a recombinant fusion protein produced in CHO cells

CHO cells express glycoproteins containing both the N‐acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and minor amounts of the N‐glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) forms of sialic acid. As Neu5Gc is not expressed in humans and can be recognized as a foreign epitope, there is the potential for immunogenicity issues for glycoprotein therapeutics. During process development of a glycosylated fusion protein expressed by CHO cells, a number of culture conditions were identified that affected the Neu5Gc content of the recombinant glycoprotein. Sodium butyrate (SB), a well‐known additive reported to enhance recombinant protein productivity in specific cases, minimally affected product titers here, but did decrease Neu5Gc levels by 50–62%. A shift in culture temperature to a lower value after the exponential growth phase was used to extend the culture period. It was found that the Neu5Gc levels were 59% lower when the temperature shift occurred later near the stationary phase of the culture compared to an early‐temperature shift, near the end of the exponential growth phase. Studies on the effects of pCO₂ with this product showed that the Neu5Gc levels were 46% lower at high pCO₂ conditions (140 mmHg) compared to moderate pCO₂ levels (20–80 mmHg). Finally, a comparison of sodium carbonate versus sodium hydroxide as the base used for pH control resulted in a reproducible 33% decrease in Neu5Gc in bioreactors using sodium hydroxide. These results are of practical importance as SB is a commonly tested additive, and the other factors affecting Neu5Gc can conveniently be used to reduce or control Neu5Gc in processes for the manufacture of glycoprotein therapeutics. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;105: 1048–1057. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

唾液酸酶Neu1及其相关信号通路研究进展

唾液酸广泛存在于生物体内,常存在于糖复合物的糖链末端,对组织器官特别是脑神经的发育至关重要,并且与多种疾病的发生和发展过程密切相关.唾液酸被唾液酸酶水解后,可改变糖复合物的构象从而调控相关因子的生物学功能.在目前发现的4种唾液酸酶中,对Neu1的研究较为深入.研究表明,Neu1的剪切底物具有多样性,其与细胞表面受体的结构和功能调节密切相关.随着研究的深入,Neu1逐渐被认为是唾液酸介导的调控疾病发生过程中的重要因子,Neu1在人类疾病中的作用比预想的还要深远.本篇综述了在已有总结的唾液酸酶性质和生理病理学功能的基础上,概述了近年来Neu1的研究进展,并对其作用及与不同细胞表面受体的相互作用机制做了总结.     

Multiplexed quantification of estrogen receptor and HER2/Neu in tissue and cell lysates by peptide immunoaffinity enrichment mass spectrometry

Access to a wider range of quantitative protein assays would significantly impact the number and use of tissue markers in guiding disease treatment. Quantitative mass spectrometry-based peptide and protein assays, such as immuno-SRM assays, have seen tremendous growth in recent years in application to protein quantification in biological fluids such as plasma or urine. Here, we extend the capability of the technique by demonstrating the application of a multiplexed immuno-SRM assay for quantification of estrogen receptor (ER) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) levels in cell line lysates and human surgical specimens. The performance of the assay was characterized using peptide response curves, with linear ranges covering approximately four orders of magnitude and limits of detection in the low fmol/mg lysate range. Reproducibility was acceptable with median coefficients of variation of approximately 10%. We applied the assay to measurements of ER and HER2 in well-characterized cell line lysates with good discernment based on ER/HER2 status. Finally, the proteins were measured in surgically resected breast cancers, and the results showed good correlation with ER/HER2 status determined by clinical assays. This is the first implementation of the peptide-based immuno-SRM assay technology in cell lysates and human surgical specimens.     

Induction of axonal differentiation by silencing plasma membrane-associated sialidase Neu3 in neuroblastoma cells

A reduction of 70% of the plasma membrane-associated sialidase Neu3 activity, due to a corresponding reduction of the enzyme expression by transducing cells with a short hairpin RNA encoding a sequence target (complementary messenger of mouse Neu3), caused neurite elongation in Neuro2a murine neuroblastoma cells. The differentiation process was accompanied in parallel by an increase of the acetylcholinesterase activity, a moderate increase of the c-Src expression and by the presence of the axonal marker tau protein on the neurites. The sphingolipid pattern and turnover in transduced and control cells were characterized by thin layer chromatography, mass spectrometry and metabolic radiolabeling after feeding cells with tritiated sphingosine. Control cells contained about 2 nmol of gangliosides/mg cell protein. GM2 was the main compound, followed by GD1a, GM3 and GM1. In Neu3 silenced cells, the total ganglioside content remained quite similar, but GM2 increased by 54%, GM3 remain constant, and GM1 and GD1a decreased by 66% and 50%, respectively. Within the organic phase sphingolipids, ceramide decreased by 50%, whereas the sphingomyelin content did not change in Neu3 silenced cells.     

Specific expression of Neu2 type B in mouse thymus and the existence of a membrane-bound form in COS cells

Neu2 mRNA from the mouse thymus, as we have reported [K. Kotani, A. Kuroiwa, T. Saito, Y. Matsuda, T. Koda, S. Kijimoto-Ochiai, Cloning, chromosomal mapping, and characteristic 5′-UTR sequence of murine cytosolic sialidase, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 286 (2001) 250-258], has a novel sequence at the 5′ terminus that shows the ability to encode 6 extra amino acids in the N-terminus than that of the muscle. In this paper, we analyzed the cDNA and EST database and found the five types of alternative splicing of Neu2 mRNA: A, B, C, D and N. We studied the expression of these types in the immune tissues and found that the thymus expressed only type B. We constructed 2 types of plasmid that encode long (B) or short (C) form of Neu2 protein, and transfected them into COS7 cells to study them under the same conditions. We found that 30-40% of the both forms of Neu2 activity was located in the crude membrane-fraction, and hydrolyzed ganglioside effectively, while both soluble fraction showed particular behavior with substrate specificity. Microscopic study by active staining with X-NANA showed that they located not only in the cytoplasm but also in areas surrounding the nucleus and in the peripheral ruffled spot.     

The transmembrane domain of Neu in a lipid bilayer: molecular dynamics simulations

The results of full-atom molecular dynamics simulations of the transmembrane domains (TMDs) of both native, and Glu⁶⁶⁴-mutant (either protonated or unprotonated) Neu in an explicit fully hydrated dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) lipid bilayer are presented. For the native TMD peptide, a 10.05 ns trajectory was collected, while for the mutant TMD peptides 5.05 ns trajectories were collected for each. The peptides in all three simulations display stable predominantly -helical hydrogen bonding throughout the trajectories. The only significant exception occurs near the C-terminal end of the native and unprotonated mutant TMDs just outside the level of the lipid headgroups, where -helical hydrogen bonding develops, introducing a kink in the backbone structure. However, there is no indication of the formation of a bulge within the hydrophobic region of either native or mutant peptides. Over the course of the simulation of the mutant peptide, it is found that a significant number of water molecules penetrate the hydrophobic region of the surrounding lipid molecules, effectively hydrating Glu⁶⁶⁴. If the energy cost of such water penetration is significant enough, this may be a factor in the enhanced dimerization affinity of Glu⁶⁶⁴-mutant Neu.     

Defective myogenic differentiation of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells is characterized by sialidase Neu2 loss of expression

Sialidase Neu2 is a glycohydrolytic enzyme whose tissue distribution has been detected principally in differentiated skeletal muscle. In this study we show that Neu2 expression is absent in different embryonal and alveolar human tumor rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) cells, which are genetically committed myoblasts characterized by delayed differentiation. Forced myogenic differentiation of an embryonal RMS cell line, as obtained via pharmacological and genetic p38 activation or via follistatin overexpression, was characterized by Neu2 loss of expression despite the significant rise of different muscle-specific markers, suggesting therefore that the defective myogenic program of RMS cells is accompanied by Neu2 suppression.     

The Breeding of Mutant p53 and Neu/erb B2 Dual transgenic Mice: Both of the Genes were Over expressed Specifically in the Mammary Gland

为了研究乳腺癌发生与发展过程中突变型ｐ５３和Ｎｅｕ基因之间的相互作用,我们构建了ｐ５３／Ｎｅｕ双转基因鼠。用５只成年雄性Ｎｅｕ转基因鼠与１０只成年雌性ｐ５３转基因鼠交配,对１５０只雌性杂交后代鼠进行ｐ５３／Ｎｅｕ双转基因鼠的筛选。为此,本实验建立了ＰＣＲ一步鉴定法。即：在同一个反应管内能同时满足小鼠β酪蛋白基因、ｐ５３基因和Ｎｅｕ基因上三个片段（分别为０．５ｋｂ、１．２ｋｂ、１．７ｋｂ）的扩增反应者被断定为双转基因鼠（Ｆｉｇ．１）。传统的Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ分析（Ｆｉｇ．２）与ＰＣＲ一步法鉴定结果相吻合。证明：该法的准确率为１００％。进一步、随机取样,Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ分析（Ｆｉｇ．３）表明：双转基因鼠（２号）在哺乳笫二天即出现了ｐ５３基因的高表达。继而、在姓娠笫１０、１７天,哺乳笫１０、２１天也检测到该基因的表达。另外,免疫组化染色也检测到了ｐ５３和Ｎｅｕ蛋白（未展示结果）。     

Identification by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of 4-O-acetyl-9-O-lactyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid,a new sialic acid from horse submandibular gland

The novel sialic acid 4-O-acetyl-9-O-lactyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid has been identified as a constituent of horse submandibular gland glycoproteins in addition to the already know equine sialic acids, N-acetylneuraminic acid, 4-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid, 9-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid, 4,9-di-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid, N-glycolylneuraminic acid, 4-O-acetyl-N-glycolylneuraminic acidand 9-O-acetyl-N-glycolylneuraminic acid. The structure has been established by combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.