紫草素逆转埃克替尼对肺癌EGFR-TKI 耐药及其机制的研究

目的:观察紫草素联合埃克替尼对肺腺癌耐药细胞H1975增殖的影响,探讨克服耐药可能的作用机制。方法:应用MTT法检测紫草素(1.25~20μmo/L)、埃克替尼(5~100μmol/L)及两药联合干预对H1975细胞生长的抑制作用;流式细胞术观察紫草素(1.25μmol/L)、埃克替尼(10μmol/L)及联合使用对H1975凋亡作用;Western blot检测不同干预对H1975细胞EGFR、p-EGFR、AKT、p-AKT、ERK、p-ERK和凋亡相关蛋白PARP表达水平的影响。结果:MTT检测结果显示,与单药组相比,联合用药组细胞H1975增殖能力明显减弱,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);流式细胞术结果显示,联合用药组细胞的凋亡率达到(52.45±3.04)%,较紫草素组细胞凋亡率(22±1.17)%和埃克替尼处理组细胞凋亡率(15.35±5.85)%明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。Western blot结果显示,单药组下调了p-EGFR、p-Akt蛋白水平的表达,而联合用药组显著抑制了p-ERK、PARP蛋白水平的表达,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),EGFR、AKT、ERK蛋白表达无差异(P0.05)。结论:紫草素联合埃克替尼能明显抑制H1975细胞增殖,促进肿瘤细胞凋亡;抗肿瘤机制可能与调节EGFR信号通路相关蛋白表达有关。     

纳武利尤单抗联合来那度胺对EGFR敏感性突变肺癌细胞的影响及机制

[目的]分析纳武利尤单抗联合来那度胺对EGFR敏感性突变肺癌细胞PD1/PD-L1信号通路表达及T细胞增殖的影响.[方法]常规复苏EGFR敏感性突变细胞株PC9、HCC827,野生型A549、H1299肺癌细胞,分离健康人群外周血的T细胞,建立共培养体系,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测PD-L1表达和T淋巴细胞增殖.[结果]来...     

肺癌EGFR突变与酪氨酸激酶抑制剂临床敏感性的关系

表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)是近年来在临床中使用的一类新的小分子靶向药物,主要用于晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的治疗,然而并非所有的NSCLC患者对TKI敏感。近期研究发现,在NSCLC治疗过程中,EGFR突变与TKI临床敏感性密切相关,通过检测肺癌EGFR突变状况可以预测TKI治疗的效果。     

桑树根中二苯乙烯类衍生物蛋白激酶C的抑制作用

桑树(Morus alba L.)根的乙醇浸膏具有抑制蛋白激酶C(PKC)的活性,从中分得的二种二苯乙烯类衍生物:oxyresveratrol和kuwanon Y对PKC的半抑制浓度IC_(50)分别为48μmol·L~(-1)和15μmol·L~(-1)。酶动力学研究显示,oxyresveratrol对PKC的抑制属于非竞争性抑制。     

EGFR基因在非小细胞肺癌、乳腺癌中突变的研究

表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因酪氨酸激酶域体细胞突变与非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者对酪氨酸激酶抑制剂吉非替尼敏感性密切相关。文章分析和检测本院75例非小细胞肺癌、10例乳腺癌患者石蜡包埋标本EGFR基因突变状况。采用PCR技术进行EGFR基因19和21外显子突变分析。结果显示:75例NSCLC患者中有13例(13/75,17.33%)酪氨酸激酶域存在体细胞突变。其中7例(7/75,9.33%)为19外显子缺失突变,6例(6/75,8%)为21外显子替代突变(2573T>G,L858R)。病理分型显示,腺癌突变率高于其他几种类型NSCLC。乳腺癌患者均为免疫组化HER-2阳性女性,EGFR基因的19、21外显子中未见突变发生。中国非小细胞肺癌患者总突变率高于高加索人种,女性患者较男性患者突变率高,提示肺腺癌的患者突变率高可能在吉非替尼的治疗中获益。     

EGFR耐药突变及其小分子抑制剂研究进展

表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)是一种具有酪氨酸激酶活性的重要跨膜受体,在多种恶性肿瘤中异常表达,与肿瘤细胞增殖、分化、转移等生命活动密切相关。EGFR已成为治疗肿瘤的靶点,针对该靶点设计的药物主要分为单克隆抗体和小分子抑制剂两大类,小分子抑制剂易导致EGFR出现突变而产生耐药现象,从而影响其临床应用。突变主要发生在酪氨酸激酶区域ATP结合位点附近,主要为19号外显子上的缺失突变,18号和21号外显子上的点突变。针对近几十年来国内外研究者对EGFR出现的耐药突变类型,及其与小分子抑制剂的相互作用方式进行综述,以期为后续EGFR靶点药物的研发提供参考。     

梁氏异蝎毒素促进KYSE-510细胞凋亡的作用机制研究

为了研究蝎毒抑制肿瘤细胞生长的机理,提取梁氏异蝎Heterometrus liangi蝎毒干预人食管癌细胞(KYSE-510细胞),运用流式细胞术、电镜技术、逆转录PCR和Western blot方法分别检测蝎毒对KYSE-510细胞凋亡的影响以及对caspase-3基因表达。结果表明:经蝎毒处理的实验组KYSE-510活细胞数量显著减少,其原因是蝎毒引起细胞大量凋亡和坏死。经不同浓度(50μg·m L~(-1),100μg·m L~(-1),200μg·m L~(-1))蝎毒处理的KYSE-510细胞与对照组的caspase-3基因在mRNA水平表达相近,而在蛋白表达水平上,实验组细胞与对照组细胞相比,蝎毒促进了caspase-3的剪切活化,且以200μg·m L~(-1)蝎毒处理的KYSE-510细胞caspase-3的剪切活化最强,由此证明蝎毒导致KYSE-510细胞凋亡的机理之一可能是其促进了caspase-3的剪切活化。     

抗生素保存褐马鸡粪便分泌型免疫球蛋白A的时效性研究

粪便免疫球蛋白是衡量野生动物健康状况及生存状态的有效手段之一,其中粪便的保存问题是关键。为探索抗生素对粪便分泌型免疫球蛋白A(SIg A)的保存时效性,采用酶联免疫吸附法对4种常用抗生素(利福平、四环素、卡那霉素和庆大霉素)的3种不同浓度(1μg·m L~(-1)、25μg·m L~(-1)、50μg·m L~(-1))保存的褐马鸡Crossoptilon mantchuricum粪便SIg A的含量进行了测定。结果表明,25μg·m L~(-1)的利福平保存的褐马鸡粪便SIg A效果最佳,其次是50μg·m L~(-1)的四环素和50μg·m L~(-1)的卡那霉素,庆大霉素保存效果最差。     

橡胶树MSAP反应体系优化及其不同开割高度单株DNA甲基化分析

以‘热研7-33-97’橡胶树无性系幼嫩叶片为材料,通过利用单因素和正交试验相结合的方法,对酶切、预扩增和选择性扩增3个影响甲基化敏感扩增多态性(MSAP)分析的关键步骤的反应体系中关键影响因素进行了优化,建立橡胶树MSAP反应最佳体系,并用于高低割线橡胶树基因组DNA甲基化差异分析。结果表明:在50μL反应体系中,750 ng基因组DNA用EcoRⅠ20 U,HpaⅡ20 U或MspⅠ10 U于37℃恒温同步酶切10 h,酶切完全。最佳预扩增体系(20μL)为:连接产物4μL,Mg Cl_2(25 mmol·L~(-1))0.15μL,d NTPs(2.5 mmol·L~(-1))0.1μL,上下游引物E-00/HM-00(10μmol·L~(-1))各0.3μL,Taq酶(5 U·μL~(-1))0.1μL,10×PCR Buffer 2μL。最佳选择性扩增反应体系(20μL)为:稀释20倍的预扩增产物2μL,Mg Cl_2(25 mmol·L~(-1))0.1μL,d NTPs(2.5 mmol·L~(-1))0.125μL,上下游引物E+3/HM+3(10μmol·L~(-1))各0.4μL,Taq酶(5 U·μL~(-1))0.1μL,10×PCR Buffer 2μL。高低割线树DNA的甲基化比例分别为37.22%和36.43%,2种开割胶树基因组CCGG位点胞嘧啶全甲基化率明显高于半甲基化率,推测橡胶树基因组甲基化主要模式可能是Cp G型。综上表明,建立的MSAP反应体系稳定可靠且重复性好,为后续橡胶树不同胁迫(割胶)程度DNA甲基化的研究奠定了基础。     

紫萼玉簪花总皂苷的纯化及抗肿瘤活性研究

本文旨在研究紫萼玉簪花总皂苷的纯化工艺及抗肿瘤活性。以比吸附量和比洗脱量为指标,筛选大孔树脂型号,进一步优化工艺条件。通过体外实验(MTT法)对紫玉簪花总皂苷进行抗肿瘤活性研究。实验结果显示AB-8型大孔树脂适合富集纯化紫萼玉簪花总皂苷,最佳纯化条件为药材量与树脂用量比小于1∶15,分别用4 BV水和20%乙醇除杂,6 BV 70%乙醇在2 BV·h~(-1)流速下洗脱,在此条件下得到的紫萼玉簪花总皂苷(纯度57.49%)对SGC-7901、MCF-7、HepG-2肿瘤细胞有较强的抑制作用,IC_(50)分别为15.47μg·L~(-1)、28.08μg·L~(-1)、17.37μg·L~(-1),表明具有良好的抗肿瘤活性。     

ATP/ADP exchange activity of gastric (H+ + K+)-ATPase

The ATP/ADP exchange is shown to be a partial reaction of the $\text{(}\text{H}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ by the absence of measurable nucleoside diphosphokinase activity and the insensitivity of the reaction to $\text{P}{}^1$, $\text{P}{}^5$ -di(adenosine-5′) pentaphosphate, a myokinase inhibitor. The exchange demonstrates an absolute requirement for Mg²⁺ and is optimal at an ADP/ATP ratio of 2. The high ATP concentration ($\text{K}{}_{0.5}\text{= 116 μ}\text{M}$) required for maximal exchange is interpreted as evidence for the involvement of a low affinity form of nucleotide site. The ATP/ADP exchange is regarded as evidence for an ADP-sensitive form of the phosphoenzyme. In native enzyme, pre-steady state kinetics show that the formation of the phosphoenzyme is partially sensitive to ADP while modification of the enzyme by pretreatment with 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) in the absence of Mg²⁺ results in a steady-state phosphoenzyme population, a component of which is ADP sensitive. The ATP/ADP exchange reaction can be either stimulated or inhibited by the presence of K⁺ as a function of pH and Mg²⁺.     

Characterization of cytochrome P-450SCC-containing liposomes

Purified cytochrome $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria was incorporated into liposomes by the cholate-dilution method utilizing either dialysis or Sephadex gel filtration. Among synthetic phospholipids tested, dioleoylglycerophosphocholine showed the best stability during the incorporation of $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ into liposomes. A maximum amount of heme was incorporated into liposomes at a molar ratio of phospholipid to the cytochrome of approx. 200. When $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was incorporated into the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes by the cholate-filtration method, the $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}\text{-}\text{containing liposomes}$ showed two major populations on the elution pattern of the Sepharose 4B gel filtration, and were seen at a diameter of 200–600 Å and its aggregated forms. When the cytochrome was incorporated into dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes or cholesterol-free adrenocortical mitochondrial liposomes, $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was less stable than $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ in aqueous solution. Cholesterol or adrenodoxin markedly stabilized the liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$. Liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ required cholesterol for its optimum reduction with adrenodoxin, adrenodoxin reductase, and NADPH in the presence of CO. About 70% of the total heme in the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes was reduced by the enzymatic reduction in the presence of cholesterol, indicating that 70% of the total molecules are exposed to the surface of the outer monolayer. In order to see the location of the heme in membrane, the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine-liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was subjected to $\text{p-}\text{chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid}$ treatment. This reagent destroyed the liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$. These results suggest that the heme is located in the proximity of the $\text{p-}\text{chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid}$ reacting sites which are exposed to the surface, or located on the vincinity of polar heads of the membrane.     

Characterization of partially purified (Na+ + K+)-ATPase from porcine lens

The partial purification of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ from pig lens has been achieved by treatment with deoxycholate followed by density gradient centrifugation. The specific activity of the final preparation, ranging from 300 to 500 nmol/h per mg protein, is increased approx. 100-fold compared to the homogenate. A parallel increase in $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activity is also observed. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis reveals six major protein bands, one of which is the 93 kDa α subunit of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ which can be phosphorylated by reaction with [γ-³²P]ATP. A second band contains a glycoprotein which displays an apparent molecular weight of 51 000 and thus appears to be the β subunit of the enzyme. The enzyme is sensitive to ouabain with the $\text{I}{}_{50}$ for $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ and $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ inhibition being 1.2 and 1.3 μM, respectively. Several agents which inhibit $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ from other tissues such as oligomycin, Ca²⁺, vanadate, $\text{N-}\text{ethylmaleimide}$, $\text{p-}\text{chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid}$ (PCMBS) and 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) also inhibit the lens enzyme. Monovalent cations other than K⁺ are partially effective in activating the ($\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$)-ATPase and $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activities. The K⁺ congeners were relatively more effective in supporting $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ compared to $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activity. Other kinetic properties of the lens enzyme are also comparable to those of the enzyme from other tissues. Utilizing the partially purified membrane bound enzyme, discontinuities in Arrhenius plots of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ activity, $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activity and fluoresence polarization of the fluidity probe, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), are observed near the physiological temperature of lens. The possible significance of these observations for the mechanism of cataract formation are discussed.     

An electron spin probe study of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase-Containing membranes

The modulating effect of membrane lipids on enzyme function has been described by several investigators. We have used the spin probe $\text{N-}\text{oxyl}\text{-4′,4′-}\text{dimethyloxazolidine}\text{-12-}\text{keto}$ methyl stearate (M 12-NSE) to study this interaction in ox brain membranes enriched with $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$. This methyl ester of stearic acid is practically insoluble in aqueous media, and consequently spectra of M 12-NSE-labelled preparations are free of “liquid lines”.At least two types of spectra may be obtained when ox brain microsomes are spin labelled with M 12-NSE, indicating the presence of two distinct binding sites. At one site the spin label is relatively unrestricted and gives rise to an isotropic spectrum. A second spectrum, which is obtained from spin label at another site, is similar to that which is observed after incorporation of M 12-NSE into phospholipid bilayers. This suggests that this latter site is within the core of the microsomal membrane.The two binding sites differ in their affinity for the spin probe. The low affinity site is both more abundant in crude preparations and is more easily removed by detergent treatment; spin labels at this site produce isotropic spectra. The high affinity sites are fewer in number and produce broad spectra. In addition these high affinity sites increase in concentration as the enzyme undergoes purification.The two sites are quite distinct in their sensitivity to ascorbic acid, the low affinity site showing a considerably greater rate of reduction by this agent.This study also demonstrates that the delipidation effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium deoxycholate on $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase-enriched}$ microsomes from ox brain are not identical.It is suggested that the two spin probe binding sites represent two different lipid domains, one of which is very closely associated with the $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ enzyme and may reflect a protein-directed phospholipid specificity for this enzyme.     

Ligand-dependent reactivity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase with showdomycin

Showdomycin inhibited pig brain ($\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ with pseudo first-order kinetics. The rate of inhibition by showdomycin was examined in the presence of 16 combinations of four ligands, i.e., Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP, and was found to depend on the ligands added. Combinations of ligands were divided into five groups in terms of the magnitude of the rate constant; in the order of decreasing rate constants these were: (1)$\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, (2) $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}$, $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$, $\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ and none, (3) $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{,}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$, $\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ and $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}$, (4) $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}\text{,}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$ and $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}\text{, (5)}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$ and ATP. The highest rate was obtained in the presence of Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP. The apparent concentrations of Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP for half-maximum stimulation of inhibition ($\text{K}{}_{0.5}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>s</mtext>}}$) were 3 mM, 0.13 mM and 4μM, respectively. The rate was unchanged upon further increase in Na⁺ concentration from 140 to 1000 mM. The rates of inhibition could be explained on the basis of the enzyme forms present, including E₁, E₂, ES, E₁-P and E₂-P, i.e., E₂ has higher reactivity with showdomycin than E₁, while E₂-P has almost the same reactivity as E₁-P. We conclude that the reaction of ($\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ proceeds via at least four kinds of enzyme form (E₁, E₂, E₁ · nucleotide and EP), which all have different conformations.     

A/California/7/2009与A/California/4/2009病毒感染力比较

目的甲型H1N1流感病毒A/California/7/2009与A/California/4/2009病毒序列比较同源性在99%以上,本实验旨在比较两株病毒感染BALB/c小鼠研究感染力强弱。方法分别将A/California/7/2009（CA7）与A/California/4/2009（CA4）两株病毒分别连续10倍稀释后,对4~6周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠经乙醚麻醉后进行滴鼻攻毒,每个稀释度接种10只实验小鼠,测定CA7 MLD50为101.24/0.05 mL,检测小鼠感染、致病的多项指标,观察期为14 d。结果相同TCID50的CA7和CA4病毒感染小鼠,CA4感染小鼠后14 d内死亡率为20%,而CA7感染小鼠后8 d内死亡率为100%。CA7 106TCID50感染的小鼠病理表现为重度弥漫性间质性肺炎,CA4 106TCID50感染的小鼠病理表现为中度-重度间质性肺炎。结论在相同条件下,CA7感染力明显强于CA4。     

AutoFACT: AnAutomaticFunctionalAnnotation andClassificationTool

Background  

Assignment of function to new molecular sequence data is an essential step in genomics projects. The usual process involves similarity searches of a given sequence against one or more databases, an arduous process for large datasets.     

Comparative study of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Escherichiacoli, Lactobacilluscasei and Saccharomycesboulardii probiotic properties

The present work investigates some probiotic properties of four different microorganisms (Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii). In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to compare cell wall hydrophobicity, production of antagonistic substances, survival capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice without pathological consequence, and immune modulation by stimulation of Küpffer cells, intestinal sIgA and IL-10 levels. In vitro antagonism against pathogenic bacteria and yeast was only observed for the probiotic bacteria B. animalis and L. casei. The hydrophobic property of the cell wall was higher for B. animalis and E. coli EMO, and this property could be responsible for a better ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice. Higher levels of sIgA were observed mainly for S. boulardii, followed by E. coli EMO and B. animalis, and only S. boulardii induced a significant higher level of IL-10. In conclusion, for a probiotic use, S. boulardii presented better characteristics in terms of immunomodulation, and B. animalis and L. casei for antagonistic substance production. The knowledge of the different probiotic properties could be used to choice the better microorganism depending on the therapeutic or prophylactic application.     

Annular and non-annular binding sites on the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase

Quenching of the fluorescence of the $\text{(}\text{Ca}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ purified from muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum can be used to measure relative binding constants of hydrophobic compounds to the phospholipid-protein interface. We show that the binding constant for cholesterol is considerably less than that for phosphatidylcholine, so that cholesterol is effectively excluded from the phospholipid annulus around the ATPase. However, dibromocholestan-3β-ol causes quenching of the fluorescence of the ATPase, and so has access to other, non-annular sites. We suggest that these non-annular sites could be at protein/protein interfaces in ATPase oligomers. Oleic acid can bind at the phospholipid/protein interface, although its binding constant is less than that for a phosphatidylcholine, and it can also bind at the postulated non-annular sites. The effects of these compounds on the activity of the ATPase depend on the structure of the phospholipid present in the systems.     

Comparison of parameters estimated from A/Ci and A/Cc curve analysis

The parameters estimated from traditional A/C _i curve analysis are dependent upon some underlying assumptions that substomatal CO₂ concentration (C _i) equals the chloroplast CO₂ concentration (C _c) and the C _i value at which the A/C _i curve switches between Rubisco- and electron transport-limited portions of the curve (C _i-t) is set to a constant. However, the assumptions reduced the accuracy of parameter estimation significantly without taking the influence of C _i-t value and mesophyll conductance (g _m) on parameters into account. Based on the analysis of Larix gmelinii’s A/C _i curves, it showed the C _i-t value varied significantly, ranging from 24 Pa to 72 Pa and averaging 38 Pa. t-test demonstrated there were significant differences in parameters respectively estimated from A/C _i and A/C _c curve analysis (p<0.01). Compared with the maximum ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) carboxylation rate (V_cmax), the maximum electron transport rate (J_max) and J_max/V_cmax estimated from A/C _c curve analysis which considers the effects of g _m limit and simultaneously fits parameters with the whole A/C _c curve, mean V_cmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis (V_cmax-C _i) was underestimated by 37.49%; mean Jmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis (J_max-C _i) was overestimated by 17.8% and (J_max-C _i)/(V_cmax-C _i) was overestimated by 24.2%. However, there was a significant linear relationship between V_cmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis and V_cmax estimated from A/C _c curve analysis, so was it J_max (p<0.05).