CRRT治疗剂量对脓毒症休克合并急性肾损伤患者免疫功能及预后的影响

目的:探讨连续性肾脏替代治疗(Continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT)治疗剂量对脓毒症休克合并急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)患者免疫功能及预后的影响。方法:选择2016年3月到2017年12月我院ICU科收治的脓毒症休克合并急性肾损伤(AKI)患者120例,随机分为高剂量组、中剂量组、低剂量组和对照组四组,每组各30例。对照组采用常规治疗,低剂量组采用20 m L/kg CRRT治疗,中剂量组采用35 m L/kg CRRT治疗,高剂量组采用60 m L/kg CRRT治疗。比较4组治疗前后肾功能、免疫功能指标、APACHEⅡ(Acute Physiology and Chronic Health EvaluationⅡ, APACHEⅡ)评分和SOFA(sequential organ failure assessment)评分分数的变化。结果:治疗后,各组患者血尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)和血肌酐(Serum creatinine,Scr)水平、APACHEⅡ评分和SOFA评分均较治疗前显著降低(P0.05),且高剂量组BUN、Scr、APACHEⅡ评分和SOFA评分均显著低于其他3组(P0.05),中剂量组和低剂量组以上指标均显著低于对照组(P0.05),而低剂量组BUN和Scr明显低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后,各组患者CD3+、CD4+百分比及CD4+/CD8+比值均较治疗前显著升高(P0.05),且高剂量组CD3+、CD4+百分比及CD4+/CD8+比值高于其他3组(P0.05),中剂量组以上指标显著高于低剂量组和对照组(P0.05),低剂量组以上指标明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:连续性肾脏替代治疗能显著改善脓毒症合并急性肾损伤患者肾功能和免疫功能,且效果呈一定的剂量依赖性。     

NMRC-DHP联合CVVH治疗脓毒症并发急性肾功能损伤的疗效观察

目的:探讨中性大孔径树脂血液灌流联合连续性静脉-静脉滤过治疗脓毒症并发急性肾功能损伤的临床疗效。方法:120名脓毒症并发急性肾功能损伤的患者随机分成两组,每组60例。观察组采用中性大孔径树脂血液灌流联合连续性静脉-静脉滤过(NMRC-DHP+CVVH)治疗;对照组采用连续性静脉-静脉滤过(CVVH)治疗。使用ELISA方法对两组患者CRP、TNF-α、IL-6及IL-10水平进行检测,并对两组APACHEⅡ评分进行比较。结果:(1)治疗后3 d、7 d、14 d,两组CRP、TNF-α和IL-6较治疗前显著下降,P0.05,而IL-10水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05);同期比较,观察组CRP、TNF-α和IL-6水平均低于对照组,P0.05,而IL-10水平无显著变化(P0.05);(2)治疗后3 d、7 d、14 d,两组APACHE II评分较治疗前显著下降,P0.05;同期比较,观察组APACHE II评分均低于对照组,P0.05。结论:相对于单独采用CVVH,采用NMRC-DHP联合CVVH治疗脓毒症并发AKI能够更加有效清除炎症介质,促进肾功能的恢复,疗效确切,值得临床推广。     

连续性血液净化治疗对脓毒症患者炎性因子及免疫功能的影响

目的:探究连续性血液净化(CBP)治疗对脓毒症患者炎性因子及免疫功能的影响,为临床治疗脓毒症提供参考。方法:选取2014年6月-2016年12月我院ICU收治的76例严重脓毒症患者,根据患者所采用的治疗方式分为常规组(n=36)与CBP组(n=40)。常规组患者采取目标针对性治疗和生命支持治疗,CBP组在目标针对性治疗的基础上采用CBP治疗。检测并比较治疗前和治疗3 d后两组患者白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-10(IL-10)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和C反应蛋白(CRP)水平。检测并比较治疗前和治疗3 d后两组患者CD3~+,CD4~+,CD8~+T细胞并计算CD4~+/CD8~+比值。结果:两组治疗前的血清炎性因子水平均无统计学差异(P0.05)。治疗3 d后两组的血清炎性因子水平均明显下降,且CBP组的IL-6、TNF-α和CRP水平均明显低于常规组(P0.05)。常规组与CBP组治疗前的免疫功能指标均无统计学差异(P0.05)。治疗3 d后两组患者CD3~+、CD4~+以及CD4~+/CD8~+比值均明显升高,且CBP组的CD4~+及CD4~+/CD8~+比值明显高于常规组(P0.05)。结论:CBP应用于脓毒症的治疗,可明显改善患者体内炎性因子的表达,并能明显改善患者的免疫功能,促进患者免疫功能的恢复。     

乌司他丁联合连续性血液净化治疗重症脓毒症临床研究

目的:研究连续性血液净化联合乌司他丁对重症脓毒症患者炎症反应的影响及其临床疗效。方法:70例重症脓毒症患者随机分为对照组(n=22例)、CBP组(n=23例)和CBP+乌司他丁组(n=25例),其中对照组采用经典治疗方案,CBP组在此基础上加用连续性血液净化,CBP+乌司他丁组在CBP组基础上加用乌司他丁治疗。观察比较患者病情发展,分别于治疗前后进行血液生化指标、凝血功能检测和动脉血气分析,ELISA法检测血清CRP水平。结果:①与对照组和CBP组相比,CBP+乌司他丁组患者病死率、ICU住院时间、MODS发生率均明显下降(P<0.05)。②经过治疗,CBP+乌司他丁组患者APACHE II评分降至15.46±3.96,与对照组(18.06±4.25)和CBP组(17.14±5.55)比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。③治疗后,患者BUN、HR降低程度依次为CBP+乌司他丁组>CBP组>对照组,组间比较差异有显著性(P<0.05),而治疗前后PH值、HCO3-、MAP比较差异不明显(P>0.05)。④CBP+乌司他丁组血清CRP含量下降,WBC数量减少,其变化程度明显大于CBP组和对照组(P<0.05)。⑤对照组、CBP组和CBP+乌司他丁组患者PT、TT和APTT时间延长,血小板数量下降,其中CBP+乌司他丁组PT、APTT时间短于CBP组和对照组(P<0.05)。结论:连续性血液净化联合乌司他丁可有效抑制脓毒症患者炎症反应,缓解病情,改善患者预后。     

连续性血液净化对重症胰腺炎患者炎症因子、内毒素及肠道黏膜屏障功能的影响

目的:研究连续性血液净化对重症胰腺炎患者炎症因子、内毒素及肠道黏膜屏障功能的影响。方法:选取2014年2月至2015年1月本院收治的86例重症胰腺炎患者,按照投硬币法分为观察组(43例)和对照组(43例)。对照组采取常规治疗,观察组在此基础上加以连续性血液净化治疗。比较两组患者治疗前后炎症因子、内毒素、肠道黏膜屏障功能变化情况,分析两组患者临床症状缓解时间。结果:治疗后,观察组血清白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-8(IL-8)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、内毒素、D-乳酸、二胺氧化酶水平明显低于对照组(P0.05),压痛、腹痛、腹胀症状缓解时间显著短于对照组(P0.05)。结论:连续性血液净化能有效改善重症胰腺炎患者炎症因子水平、内毒素及肠道黏膜屏障功能,促进患者临床症状快速恢复。     

连续性血液净化对小儿脓毒症患者血清抗凝血酶Ⅲ, IL-6 及D- 二聚体水 平的影响

目的:探究连续性血液净化对小儿脓毒症患者血清抗凝血酶Ⅲ、IL-6及D-二聚体水平的影响。方法:收集我院收治的小儿脓毒症患儿48例,根据随机对照表分为对照组和试验组,每组各24例。两组均实施常规对症治疗,对照组患者予以低分子肝素钙治疗,试验组试验组在对照组的基础上采用床旁血滤机进行连续性血液净化治疗。治疗结束后,对比分析两组患儿临床疗效、血凝四项、T细胞亚群、抗凝血酶Ⅲ、白介素-6、D-二聚体水平以及不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,与对照组相比,试验组的临床总有效率较高(P0.05);两组血清活化部分凝血活酶时间、凝血酶原时间、凝血时间、血清白介素6及D-二聚体水平下降(P0.05),纤维蛋白原、抗凝血酶Ⅲ、CD_3~+、CD_4~+、CD_8~+、CD_4~+/CD_8~+水平升高(P0.05);与对照组相比,试验组血清活化部分凝血活酶时间、凝血酶原时间、凝血时间、血清白介素6及D-二聚体水平较低(P0.05),纤维蛋白原、抗凝血酶Ⅲ、CD_3~+、CD_4~+、CD_8~+、CD_4~+/CD_8~+水平较高(P0.05);两组组不良反应发生率相比无显著差异(P0.05)。结论:连续性血液净化对小儿脓毒症的临床疗效显著,可能与上调抗凝血酶Ⅲ,下调血清IL-6及D-二聚体水平有关。     

血清TNF-α、IL-6，8水平与复发性阿弗他溃疡患者免疫功能的关系研究

目的:探讨血清肿瘤坏死因子a(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-8(IL-8)水平与复发性阿弗他溃疡(RAU)患者免疫功能的关系。方法:收集我院于2015年6月~2016年6月间收治的82例RAU患者作为观察组,另取80例健康体检人员作为对照组,比较两组血清TNF-α、IL-6,8、CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+、CD4~+/CD8~+水平,并分析各指标的相关性。结果:观察组血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、CD8~+水平均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+水平低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);两组CD3~+水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。血清TNF-α、IL-6,8水平与CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+、CD4~+/CD8~+均呈负相关(P0.05)。结论:RAU疾病的发生与机体免疫功能障碍有关,检测患者TNF-α、IL-6,8水平可反映出患者免疫功能水平。     

血必净注射液联合持续血液净化治疗重症脓毒症的效果及对血清IL-6、TNF-α的影响

目的:研究血必净注射液联合持续血液净化治疗重症脓毒症的效果及对血清白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的影响。方法:将2012年1月至2013年12月我院收治124例重症脓毒症患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组62例。对照组给予常规抗感染、对症支持、脏器保护治疗,治疗组在此基础上加用血必净注射液联合持续血液净化治疗。于治疗前及治疗第7天记录并比较两组患者多器官功能障碍(MODS)发生率、脓毒症休克率、死亡率、好转率、氧合指数(动脉血氧分压(Pa O2)/吸入氧浓度(Fi O2))、血清IL-6、TNF-α水平以及急性生理和慢性健康评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)。结果:经7天治疗后,两组MODS发生率、IL-6、TNF-α水平以及APACHEⅡ评分较治疗前均显著降低,Pa O2/Fi O2水平较治疗前显著提高(均P0.05);治疗组脓毒症休克率较治疗前显著降低(P0.05);治疗组MODS发生率、脓毒症休克率、死亡率、IL-6、TNF-α水平以及APACHEⅡ评分均显著低于对照组,好转率以及Pa O2/Fi O2水平显著高于对照组(均P0.05)。结论:血必净注射液联合持续血液净化治疗重症脓毒症能维护多器官功能、降低MODS及脓毒症休克发生率,提高动脉血气氧合指数等疗效。     

连续性血液净化治疗联合乌司他丁对急性胰腺炎患者TLR4、血浆炎症因子及白介素的影响

目的:探究连续性血液净化联合乌司他丁对急性胰腺炎患者TLR4、白介素及血浆炎症因子的影响。方法:选择2014年1月至2016年1月我院接诊的72例急性胰腺炎患者,并采用随机的方法分为实验组与对照组各36例。实验组与对照组均进行基础治疗和乌司他丁治疗,而实验组还要进行连续性血液净化治疗。记录治疗后APACHEⅡ评分、住院时间、腹痛消失时间、血清淀粉酶恢复时间,测量患者治疗前和治疗一周后的TLR4、血浆炎症因子及白介素水平。结果:(1)实验组患者治疗后住院时间、血清淀粉酶恢复时间、APACHEⅡ评分、腹痛消失时间均显著低于或少于对照组患者(P0.05)。(2)相较于治疗前,两组患者治疗一周后的TLR4、CRP、IL-6和TNF-α水平均显著降低(p0.05);实验组患者治疗一周后的TLR4、CRP、IL-6和TNF-α的水平均显著低于对照组(p0.05)。(3)实验组的治愈率(34.29%)和总有效率(74.29%)均显著高于对照组的治愈率(14.29%)和总有效率(48.57%)。结论:连续性血液净化治疗联合乌司他丁对急性胰腺炎患者的抗炎效果相较于单独使用乌司他丁疗效显著,能更好地降低炎症反应,使得TLR4、血浆炎症因子及白介素等炎症因子降低。     

脓毒症患者血清HMGB1、IGF-1水平变化及与T淋巴细胞亚群、预后的关系研究

目的:探讨脓毒症患者血清高迁移率族蛋白1(HMGB1)、胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)水平变化及与T淋巴细胞亚群、预后的关系。方法:选取2016年2月～2018年12月期间我院收治的脓毒症患者139例,根据Sepsis 3.0定义,将脓毒症患者分成一般脓毒症组(n=73)及脓毒症休克组(n=66),根据患者进入重症监护室28d后的转归资料,将其分为存活组和死亡组。比较不同预后、不同病情严重程度的脓毒症患者血清IGF-1、HMGB1水平、急性病生理与慢性健康评价系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分以及T淋巴细胞亚群;采用Pearson相关分析血清HMGB1、IGF-1水平与T淋巴细胞亚群、APACHEⅡ评分的关系。结果:一般脓毒症组CD3~+、CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+高于脓毒症休克组,CD8~+低于脓毒症休克组(P0.05)。脓毒症休克组血清HMGB1水平、APACHEⅡ评分均高于一般脓毒症组,血清IGF-1水平则低于一般脓毒症组(P0.05)。存活组CD8~+低于死亡组,CD3~+、CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+高于死亡组(P0.05)。存活组血清HMGB1水平、APACHEⅡ评分低于死亡组,血清IGF-1水平高于死亡组(P0.05)。Pearson相关分析显示,脓毒症患者血清HMGB1水平与CD8~+、APACHEⅡ评分呈正相关,与CD3~+、CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+呈负相关(P0.05);血清IGF-1水平与CD8~+、APACHEⅡ评分呈负相关,与CD3~+、CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+呈正相关(P0.05)。结论:脓毒症血清HMGB1、T淋巴细胞亚群、IGF-1均存在异常变化,可用于评估脓毒症患者的病情和预后。     

Flavonoids and cognitive function: a review of human randomized controlled trial studies and recommendations for future studies

Evidence in support of the neuroprotective effects of flavonoids has increased significantly in recent years, although to date much of this evidence has emerged from animal rather than human studies. Nonetheless, with a view to making recommendations for future good practice, we review 15 existing human dietary intervention studies that have examined the effects of particular types of flavonoid on cognitive performance. The studies employed a total of 55 different cognitive tests covering a broad range of cognitive domains. Most studies incorporated at least one measure of executive function/working memory, with nine reporting significant improvements in performance as a function of flavonoid supplementation compared to a control group. However, some domains were overlooked completely (e.g. implicit memory, prospective memory), and for the most part there was little consistency in terms of the particular cognitive tests used making across study comparisons difficult. Furthermore, there was some confusion concerning what aspects of cognitive function particular tests were actually measuring. Overall, while initial results are encouraging, future studies need to pay careful attention when selecting cognitive measures, especially in terms of ensuring that tasks are actually sensitive enough to detect treatment effects.     

枇杷花茶水提物的镇咳、抗炎与抗氧化作用研究

采用小鼠氨水致咳法研究枇杷花茶水提物镇咳效果,以二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀法研究其抗炎效果,并从枇杷花茶的还原能力及对超氧阴离子和羟自由基的清除作用分析枇杷花茶水提物的抗氧化效果。结果表明,枇杷花茶的水提物高剂量组(3000 mg·kg-1)、低剂量组(700 mg·kg-1)均有镇咳抗炎效果,水提物的浓度越高,效果越好。各浓度枇杷花茶水提物均表现出一定的还原能力,对于羟基自由基和超氧阴离子都有一定的清除效果。其中,20 mg·mL-1水提物还原效果最好(吸光值0.903),超过0.2 mg·mL-1抗坏血酸(吸光值0.814);10 mg·mL-1的水提物对超氧阴离子的清除率为47.32%;20 mg·mL-1水提物对于羟基自由基的清除效果非常明显,清除率为91.62%。枇杷花茶水提物镇咳、抗炎、抗氧化效果明显。     

正加速度应激致心脑损伤的动物实验研究综述

正加速度（ positive acceleration ,＋Gz）作用下机体的心脑功能防护是航空航天医学领域重点关注的课题。＋Gz作用致机体心脑等重要生命脏器损伤的特点和机制有待深入研究。本文就国内外有关＋Gz作用致实验动物心脑损伤及其机制的研究文献进行综述。     

Stress and psychophysiological dysregulation in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a prevalent musculoskeletal pain disorder characterized by diffuse pain and associated psychophysiological symptoms. Despite extensive research in the past 3 decades, the etiology and pathophysiology of FMS and effective treatment approaches are yet to be delineated. Recently, it has been suggested that FMS may be related to hypofunctional stress systems, particularly in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Studies have demonstrated that patients with FMS exhibit lowered sympathoadrenal reactivity to stress. These findings seem to be consistent with the large volume of research indicating the inverse relationship between pain sensitivity and sympathetic reactivity. In this paper, we discuss the role of stress in the pain experience in general, stress in patients with FMS, and review the studies evaluating the ANS and HPA functions in response to various stressors.     

Haemodynamics using transthoracic echocardiography in healthy pregnant and non-pregnant baboons (Papio hamadryas)

Background To determine systolic and diastolic function using transthoracic echocardiography in the baboon (Papio hamadryas). Methods Transthoracic echocardiography was performed in eight non‐pregnant female and six pregnant baboons according to American Society of Echocardiography recommendations. Results Haemodynamic measurements were obtained from fourteen baboons. Compared to non‐pregnant baboons, pregnant baboons demonstrated: (mean ± SD, pregnant vs. healthy) increased cardiac output (1615 ± 121 ml/minutes vs. 1317 ± 134 ml/minutes P = 0.001) due to an increased heart rate [120 ± 11 beats per minute (BPM) vs. 105 ± 6 BPM P = 0.018]. The inter‐observer and intra‐observer variability (mean difference ± SD) for the left ventricular outflow tract diameter was 0.05 ± 0.07 cm and 0.01 ± 0.03 cm respectively. There was minimal impact to the animal’s daily activities. Conclusions Transthoracic echocardiography was applicable and reproducible for the assessment of haemodynamics in baboons thus enabling translation of animal results to human studies.     

Enamel microstructure and molar wear in the greater galago,Otolemur crassicaudatus (mammalia,primates)

This study describes the molar enamel microstructure of the greater galago, based on SEM study of four individuals. Galago molar enamel consists primarily of radially oriented Pattern 1 prisms. However, the most superficial enamel is characterized by regions of poorly developed prisms or nonprismatic enamel, and Pattern 3 prisms can be found at depths intermediate and deep to the enamel surface. Orientations of prism long axes relative to wear surfaces differ among functionally distinct regions (cuspal facets, Phase I/II facets, and crushing basins). Consequently, orientations of enamel crystallites relative to these surfaces also differ. Because crystallites are the structural unit involved in enamel abrasion, these differences in orientation may have important effects on molar wear patterns. Crystallite orientations differ most between cuspal facets and Phase I/II facet surfaces. Cuspal facets are characterized by near surface-parallel interprismatic and surface-oblique prismatic crystallites. Previous experimental studies suggest that this arrangement is most resistant to wear when surface-normal (compressive) loads predominate. In contrast, prismatic and interprismatic crystallites intercept Phase I/II facet surfaces obliquely, an arrangement expected to resist abrasion when surface-parallel (shearing) loads predominate. Superficial enamel is preserved at most basin surfaces, indicating that these regions are subject to comparatively little abrasive wear. These results support the hypothesis that galago occlusal enamel is organized so as to resist abrasion of different functional regions, a property that may prove important in maintaining functional efficiency. However, this largely reflects constraints of occlusal topography on a microstructure typical of many mammals and thus does not appear to represent a structural innovation. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

脓毒症大鼠肝肾功能、凝血功能和炎症指标的变化及意义

摘要 目的：研究脓毒症大鼠肝肾功能、凝血功能和炎症指标的变化及意义。方法：选取SPF级雄性SD大鼠20只,以随机数字表法将其分成实验组与假手术组,每组各10只。其中实验组通过盲肠穿刺结扎制备脓毒症大鼠模型,假手术组大鼠仅翻动盲肠,不作结扎处理。分别采集所有大鼠术后0 h、6 h、12 h、24 h时的尾静脉血3 mL,检测并比较上述时间点两组大鼠的肝肾功能、凝血功能和炎症指标水平的差异。结果：实验组术后6 h、12 h、24 h的谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、尿素氮（BUN）以及肌酐（Cr）水平均高于假手术组（P＜0.05）。实验组术后24 h的活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶原时间（PT）、纤维蛋白原（FIB）水平均高于假手术组（P＜0.05）。实验组大鼠术后6 h、12 h、24 h的血清白细胞计数（WBC）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、降钙素原（PCT）水平均高于假手术组（P＜0.05）。结论：脓毒症大鼠肝肾功能存在明显的受损,凝血功能障碍明显,且机体内会释放大量的炎症因子。     

Survival and hazard functions for progressive diseases using saddlepoint approximations

Saddlepoint approximations for the computation of survival and hazard functions are introduced in the context of parametric survival analysis. Although these approximations are computationally fast, accurate, and relatively straightforward to implement, their use in survival analysis has been lacking. We approximate survival functions using the Lugannani and Rice saddlepoint approximation to the distribution function or by numerically integrating the saddlepoint density approximation. The hazard function is approximated using the saddlepoint density and distribution functions. The approximations are especially useful for consideration of survival and hazard functions for waiting times in complicated models. Examples include total or partial waiting times for a disease that progresses through various stages (convolutions of distributions).     

癫痫与认知功能

癫痫是神经系统最常见的疾病之一,以反复的自发发作为特征,还伴随着对认知,心理以及社交的影响。相比一般人群,癫痫患者更容易罹患认知和行为的障碍,认知障碍在新诊断的部分或者全面性癫痫发作的成人癫痫患者中均有报道。癫痫发作类型、病因、神经病理、发作类型、发作年龄、社会心理问题等一系列因素都和认知功能障碍相关,而且目前癫痫主要的治疗方法（如抗癫痫药物治疗和外科手术）也和认知及行为障碍相关。对于这些与治疗相关的副作用,临床治疗应该警惕并且尽量避免或者缩小负面的影响。本文从生物学因素、心理社会学因素及治疗相关的因素三个方面综述了癫痫与认知障碍之间的关系,为临床治疗和预防癫痫提供指导。