器壁固定化脂肪酶Pseudomonas cepacia lipase的非水活性与稳定性

许多脂肪酶在有机体系中表现出催化作用,可用于绿色有机合成. 但其催化活性和稳定性明显低于水/油（有机相）界面上的表现. 为了提高脂肪酶在有机反应体系中的活性和稳定性,依据脂肪酶的界面活化机制,以水为酶蛋白构象优化剂、羧甲基纤维素为赋形剂,通过物理吸附的方式,将典型的假单胞菌脂肪酶（Pseudomonas cepacia lipase）固定在锥形瓶的内壁上,形成简易的生物反应器. 为方便检测器壁固定化酶促反应动力学,选择特征吸收为640 nm的生化指示剂2,6-二氯靛酚为反应底物,乙酸乙烯酯为酰化试剂,丙酮为溶剂. 光谱检测表明,催化反应0.5 h后,器壁固定化脂肪酶转化底物的能力是脂肪酶粉的6倍. 在每次催化5 h共10次的循环催化中,器壁固定化脂肪酶的催化活性平均每次仅降低3.2%,而酶粉降低11.8%. 结果表明,该器壁固定化脂肪酶的活性和稳定性相对于酶粉明显提高,这将为通过固定化有效提高脂肪酶的非水催化作用提供重要的参考.     

微生物脂肪酶的固定化及其在非水相催化中的应用研究

论述了应用于非水相酶催化反应的脂肪酶的固定化方法,载体与溶剂对固定化脂肪酶活力的影响,以及非水相中固定化脂肪酶催化反应的形式。     

非水相中脂肪酶催化甘油三酯转酯反应动力学

本文研究了脂肪酶在己烷中催化甘油三丁酸酯与硬脂酸之间的转酯反应动力学。转酯反应分为二个连续的反应步骤:由酯生成的酰基酶复合物的水解和由酸生成的酰基酶复合物的醇解,整个反应符合乒乓反应机制,动力学参数为:K_m(酯)=3.2×10~(-2)mol/L,K_m(酸)=6.9×10~(-2)mol/L,V_m=1.7×10~(-4)mol/L·min。     

非水介质中脂肪酶催化的手性拆分研究进展

脂肪酶催化的外消旋体动力学拆分是不对称催化领域中极具吸引力且发展非常迅速的重要技术。对这一领域的最新研究进展进行了调研,并将注意力集中于脂肪酶在非水溶剂中的应用。引用最近五年中的一些文献案例,说明了脂肪酶作为立体选择性生物催化剂在外消旋体拆分中的多样化功能和应用。     

荧光标记脂肪酶的固定化及其稳定性

将标记有荧光探针FITC(异硫氰基荧光素)的脂肪酶固定化,通过测定活性和荧光光谱,探究各种因素对固定化后荧光标记脂肪酶性质的影响,并分析活性、构象和荧光光谱三者之间的联系。研究结果表明:在固定化脂肪酶过程中,聚乙二醇400二丙烯酸酯能形成合理的网格结构,使酶活较高;配体诱导酶的催化构象,使酶活性提高到未诱导酶的2倍以上;配体抽提能使脂肪酶活性中心得到释放从而提高催化活力。固定化脂肪酶的稳定性大大提高,在90℃、强酸强碱下固定化酶仍保有原酶70%、60%以上的活性;用盐酸胍、脲等溶解变性剂浸泡15d后,酶活性仍然可以保持初始活性的70%以上。荧光光谱能较好地反映脂肪酶的活性和构象变化,最适pH和温度下脂肪酶的荧光强度最低,在溶解变性剂中,荧光强度随时间延长而逐渐降低,这表明不同条件下脂肪酶构象经历的去折叠过程不同。     

微水相超声波协同固定化脂肪酶催化酯交换过程优化

超声波协同固定化脂肪酶催化制备生物柴油的最佳工艺条件为：超声波功率70W、叔丁醇为反应介质、叔丁醇用量3％（v／v）、醇油比3：1且甲醇分三批加入、反应温度40℃、水含量为2％（v／v）。副产物甘油对固定化脂肪酶使用寿命影响最大,使用后的固定化脂肪酶用丙酮洗去表面的甘油,进行酯交换反应,酶的稳定性大为提高,可连续使用16批次。     

脂肪酶固定化及其稳定性研究

目的:研究脂肪酶的固定化工艺及其稳定性。方法:以四甲氧基硅烷(TMOS)和甲基三甲氧基硅烷(MTMS)为前驱体的溶胶-凝胶法(sol-gel)固定化黑曲霉属脂肪酶。结果:最优固定化条件是:TMOS 0.5mmol、MTMS 2.5mmol,水与硅烷前驱体摩尔比(R)12,PEG400 120μL,给酶量120mg。酶的固定化效率为93.7%,比活力为游离酶的2.2倍。固定化酶和游离酶在60℃处理2h,其残余酶活分别为91.8%和0;在pH 11的缓冲液中处理2h,其残余酶活分别为95.2%和82%。结论:酶经固定化后其活力、热稳定性和pH稳定性均有提高。     

固定化脂肪酶性质及其应用研究

利用以四甲氧基硅烷(TMOS)和甲基三甲氧基硅烷(MTMS)为前驱体的溶胶-凝胶法(sol-gel)固定洋葱假单胞菌属脂肪酶,考查了固定化酶和游离酶的酶学性质及催化不同油脂酯交换合成生物柴油的情况。结果表明,80℃以下固定化酶能保持80%以上的酶活,而游离酶在50℃以后活力急剧下降,到80℃残余酶活约为10%;固定化酶在体积分数50%的甲醇中处理48 h能保持85%的酶活,在体积分数90%的乙醇中处理48h能保持31%的酶活,而游离酶残余酶活只有69%和0;在酯交换反应中固定化酶的催化效率比游离酶高10%~20%,且固定化酶重复使用11次后仍能保持60%的酶活。结果显示,酶经过固定化后稳定性和催化活性显著提高。     

微生物脂肪酶稳定性研究进展

脂肪酶广泛应用于食品、药物、生物燃料、诊断、生物修复、化学品、化妆品、清洁剂、饲料、皮革和生物传感器等工业领域,微生物脂肪酶是商品化脂肪酶的重要来源。高温、酸性、碱性和有机溶剂等恶劣的工业生产环境使得脂肪酶的进一步工业应用受到限制,获取稳定性好的脂肪酶成为打破这一限制的关键环节。本文重点对提高微生物脂肪酶稳定性的策略进行了综述:挖掘极端微生物脂肪酶资源;利用定向进化、理性设计和半理性设计等蛋白质工程策略改造脂肪酶;利用物理吸附、封装、共价结合和交联等酶的固定化技术提高脂肪酶的稳定性;利用物理/化学修饰、表面展示以及多种改良策略相结合提高脂肪酶的稳定性。结合作者前期对酶工程的研究发现,新型酶催化剂的获得应该基于明确的设计思路,结合多种改造方法,基于定向进化-理性设计、定向进化-半理性设计、蛋白质工程-酶的固定化、蛋白质工程-物理/化学修饰、酶的固定化-物理/化学修饰等组合改造,比单一的改造方法具有更高的效率。     

非水相酶促合成癸酸偏甘油酯的研究

对无溶剂非水相中癸酸与甘油的酶促酯化反应进行了研究,发现Pseudomonas fluoresces脂肪酶（PFL）、Mucor miehei脂肪酶（MML）和Candida antarictica脂肪酶（CAL）均有较好的催化活性。CAL酶促转化癸酸的最适反应条件为：60℃,加酶量为20～100u/g,初始加水量为甘油质量的12%。CAL的1,3位置专一性在最终产物中未表达。CAL酶催化剂的失活主要与机械磨损有关,反应5批次后酶活残留量为96.4%。敞开物系、真空脱水或分子筛脱水均为有效脱水方式。敞开物系中反应物量比不影响平衡转化率而会影响单甘酯平衡产率。用碳酸氢钠水溶液萃取可有效脱除产品中的残余癸酸,终产品酸价为0.68mg KOH/g。提高甘油比例并使用非脱水原料,无外加水结合部分流加癸酸的工艺,可以减少减压脱水或敞开反应的时间,5h后癸酸最高转化率可达96.9%。      

聚乙二醇修饰对酶活性和稳定性的影响

经氰尿酰氯和对硝基苯碳酸酯活化过的甲氧基聚乙二醇分别用来对枯草杆菌蛋白酶进行化学修饰．修饰后的酶在水溶液和有机溶剂中均保持活性．酶在水溶液里的k_cat增加,K_m不变.酶对温度和pH的稳定性都显著升高,但最佳反应温度不变．     

疏棉状嗜热丝孢菌(Thermomyces lanuginosus)脂肪酶的理性设计提高其活性和温度稳定性

目的:通过对疏棉状嗜热丝孢菌(Thermomyces lanuginosus)脂肪酶的理性设计,获得高酶活与耐高温的脂肪酶品种,为脂肪酶在饲料、油脂加工和生物柴油等领域的应用奠定基础.方法:对脂肪酶典型结构域lid和loop区域的系统发育分析,找到候选的位点,理性设计并通过实验验证,获得脂肪酶活性和耐高温特性显著提高的...     

PEG修饰的辣根过氧化物酶及其在非水介质中的性质

酶的化学修饰可以明显提高酶在有机相中的活力。通过氧化过氧化物酶（ＨＲＰ）的糖链后引入氨基再连接甲氧基聚乙醇（ＰＥＧ）５０００和在酶的肽链上连接ＰＥＧ５０００,发现ＨＲＰ多肽链上修饰后的酶在水相中的活力几乎没有变化,但通过氧化糖链连接ＰＥＧ的酶在水相中的活力下降近２倍。在甲苯及二氧六环含量较高的体系中,修和均呈上升趋势。特别在甲苯体系中两种修饰酶活力都比未经修饰的酶提高了近２倍。稳定性研究表明,不论     

Lipase catalyzed esterification of glycidol in nonaqueous solvents: solvent effects on enzymatic activity

We studied the effect of organic solvents on the kinetics of porcine pancreatic lipase (pp) for the resolution of racemic glycidol through esterification with butyric acid. We quantified ppl hydration by measuring water sorption isotherms for the enzyme in the solvents/mixtures tested. The determination of initial rates as a function of enzyme hydration revealed that the enzyme exhibits maximum apparent activity in the solvents/mixtures at the same water content (9% to 11% w/w) within the associated experimental error. The maximum initial rates are different in all the media and correlate well with the logarithm of the molar solubility of water in the media, higher initial rates being observed in the solvents/mixtures with lower water solubilities. The data for the mixtures indicate that ppl apparent activity responds to bulk property of the solvent. Measurements of enzyme particle sizes in five of the solvents, as function of enzyme hydration, revealed that mean particle sizes increased with enzyme hydration in all the solvents, differences between solvents being more pronounced at enzyme hydration levels close to 10%. At this hydration level, solvents having a higher water content lead to lower reaction rates; these are the solvents where the mean enzyme particle sizes are greater. Calculation of the observable modulus indicates there are no internal diffusion limitations. The observed correlation between changes in initial rates and changes in external surface area of the enzyme particles suggests that interfacial activation of ppl is only effective at the external surface of the particles. Data obtained for the mixtures indicate that ppl enantioselectivity depends on specific solvent-enzyme interactions. We make reference to ppl hydration and activity in supercritical carbon dioxide. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

超声对酶的影响

超声对酶的影响与超声的强度和介质的性质有关。适宜的超声可提高酶促反应速度,较低强度的超声可提高酶的活性,而较高强度的超声会降低酶促反应速度甚至使酶失活。介质性质不同时,超声对酶活力的促进效果与稳定性不同。非极性介质中酶对于超声的抗性要优于水溶液。在较低强度的超声作用下,超声增加了底物的传质作用,并可导致酶分子的构象发生变化。     

交联酶晶体制备及其稳定性的研究

酶制剂已经广泛应用在化学工艺、医学、农业、食品工业和化学分析等各个领域中,但酶的明显弱点是稳定性差,特别是应用于有机合成的酶还要耐受有机溶剂的变性作用等,所以酶的稳定化研究越来越引起重视。脂肪酶由于其在疏水环境的特殊催化作用,被广泛应用于有机合成中。...     

Lipase in aqueous‐polar organic solvents: Activity,structure, and stability

Studying alterations in biophysical and biochemical behavior of enzymes in the presence of organic solvents and the underlying cause(s) has important implications in biotechnology. We investigated the effects of aqueous solutions of polar organic solvents on ester hydrolytic activity, structure and stability of a lipase. Relative activity of the lipase monotonically decreased with increasing concentration of acetone, acetonitrile, and DMF but increased at lower concentrations (upto ～20% v/v) of dimethylsulfoxide, isopropanol, and methanol. None of the organic solvents caused any appreciable structural change as evident from circular dichorism and NMR studies, thus do not support any significant role of enzyme denaturation in activity change. Change in 2D [15N, 1H]‐HSQC chemical shifts suggested that all the organic solvents preferentially localize to a hydrophobic patch in the active‐site vicinity and no chemical shift perturbation was observed for residues present in protein's core. This suggests that activity alteration might be directly linked to change in active site environment only. All organic solvents decreased the apparent binding of substrate to the enzyme (increased K_m); however significantly enhanced the k_cat. Melting temperature (T_m) of lipase, measured by circular dichroism and differential scanning calorimetry, altered in all solvents, albeit to a variable extent. Interestingly, although the effect of all organic solvents on various properties on lipase is qualitatively similar, our study suggest that magnitudes of effects do not appear to follow bulk solvent properties like polarity and the solvent effects are apparently dictated by specific and local interactions of solvent molecule(s) with the protein.     

Activity and Stability Studies Of Mucor miehei Lipase Immobilized in Novel Microemulsion-based Organogels

Lipase from Mucor miehei was immobilized in bis-(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) as well as lecithin water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsion-based organogels (MBGs) formulated with biopolymers such as agar and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), respectively. These lipase-containing MBGs prove to be novel solid-phase catalysts for use in organic media. Using these organogels at 25°C, various esterification reactions in non-polar solvents as well as in solvent free systems were possible. Apparent lipase activity was influenced to some extent by the nature and the concentration of biopolymers used. Lipase stability in such MBGs is much higher than that observed in w/o microemulsions. MBGs containing lipase functioned effectively in repeated batch syntheses of fatty esters. Kinetic studies have shown that ester synthesis catalyzed by immobilized lipase occurs via the Ping-Pong bi-bi mechanism in which only inhibition by excess of alcohol has been identified. Values of all kinetic parameters were determined.