犬颈椎小关节脱位动物模型制作过程中的护理

为探讨犬颈椎小关节脱位动物模型制作过程中的护理特点,对20只犬建立颈椎小关节脱位模型,并于手术前积极准备,术中主动配合,术后及撞击伤后细致护理,密切观察.结果动物术后3日存活率达80%,满足了实验要求.认为术前不必禁食,术中可不作气管插管,术后保暖十分重要.     

犬获得性食管气管瘘模型建立及食管双瓣修补术实验研究

目的:1.建立犬食管气管瘘动物模型;2.观察食管壁双瓣修补气管缺损术局部组织病理学改变、愈合情况及该术式的治疗效果。方法:犬16只,随机分为2组,实验组(12只)建立犬食管气管瘘动物模型,行食管壁双瓣修补气管缺损术,对照组(4只)正常犬作为空白对照,术后支气管镜检查,术后1,2,8周处死动物,观察实验动物一般情况、修补局部的大体改变和组织病理学改变,测定气管狭窄指数。结果:成功建立了犬食管气管瘘动物模型;食管双瓣修补术后,实验组动物呛咳症状消失,均存活至预定时间,修补瓣和气管之间愈合良好,修补瓣血供良好,未出现气管狭窄情况,气管通畅度良好。结论:通过手术方式建立食管气管瘘模型方法可靠;食管双瓣修补术治疗TEF效果良好,值得进一步研究及推广。     

肺部感染对支气管封堵治疗影响的实验研究

目的:探讨肺部感染对支气管封堵治疗影响的动物实验性研究。方法:取健康杂种犬18条,分为3组(A、B、C组)(n=6),经支气管镜每只犬置入致密螺栓状支气管封堵器2枚,其中A、B组为肺部感染组,C组仅为单纯封堵(A、C组封堵后使用抗生素,而B组封堵后未使用抗生素)。观察实验动物的耐受性,定期复查血象、支气管镜、胸部CT扫描,8周后观察封堵器附近支气管组织及远端肺组织变化。结果:观察期内,除1例因给药管不慎封堵入靶支气管内而死亡外,其余犬耐受性良好;截至封堵第8周,36只封堵器中,脱落共有0只(0/36)。胸部CT扫描和组织病理学检查证实,部分封堵的肺叶有萎陷,封堵部位远端肺泡腔缩小,5例封堵部位及其周围有轻度阻塞性炎症改变,未出现肺脓肿及坏死。肺部感染因素对犬的恢复有延迟;而感染组术后肌注抗生素与否,并未能缩短实验动物的不适反应过程,亦未能预防或减少阻塞性炎症的发生。结论:试制的支气管封堵器置入方便,组织相容性好;无论单纯封堵还是肺部感染组的封堵,各组实验动物均有较好的耐受性,但是肺部感染因素对犬的恢复有延迟;肺部感染组术后肌注抗生素与否,对提高动物的耐受程度无明显作用。     

低剂量与常规剂量扫描在CT引导下经皮穿刺肺活检术中的临床应用价值对比研究

摘要 目的：比较低剂量与常规剂量扫描在CT引导下经皮穿刺肺活检术中的临床应用价值。方法：选择2018年1月至2019年12月我院行CT引导下经皮穿刺肺活检术的患者96例,采用随机数字表法分为低剂量组和常规剂量组,每组48例,两组分别在低剂量扫描、常规剂扫描下行CT引导下经皮穿刺肺活检术,比较两组扫描范围、X射线剂量、图像质量、穿刺成功率及并发症发生情况。结果：低剂量组CT吸收剂量加权指数（CTDIw）、平均剂量长度乘积（DLP）显著低于常规剂量组（P<0.05）,两组扫描范围比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。低剂量组图像质量1级1例、2级1例、3级46例;常规剂量组1级0例、2级1例、3级47例,两组图像质量比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。低剂量组穿刺成功率87.50%,常规剂量组穿刺成功率89.58%,两组穿刺成功率比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。低剂量组并发症发生率为12.50%,常规剂量组并发症发生率为10.42%,两组并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：与常规剂量扫描相比,在CT引导下经皮穿刺肺活检术中应用低剂量扫描可以有效降低辐射剂量,但不影响图像质量和穿刺成功率,患者并发症发生率也未增加,具有较好的临床价值。     

阻塞性肺气肿模型的制作

目的在2周内对国际标准实验动物Beagle犬进行肺气肿模型的制作,建立较为标准的肺气肿模型,从而为治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）的方法提供良好的动物模型。方法Beagle犬8只,雌雄各半,2岁,体重13～18kg,雾化吸人木瓜蛋白酶12000U/kg,1次,周,共2周。实验前后测量试验动物肺功能,做胸部CT及病理学比较。结果实验前后动物肺功能,CT及病理学检查均显示较大的差异。8例实验动物的功能残气量（FRC）、肺总量（TLC）、功能残气量比肺总量（FRC/TLC％）、潮气量（VT）和呼吸频率（BR）,在肺气肿模型制作前后做两两比较,结果显示均有统计学差异P〈0.05,血氧饱和度（SpO2）0.05两者间无统计学差异。CT显示肺体积增大,局部肺野透亮度增加有肺大泡形成。试验后病理学检查显示肺泡壁破坏,肺泡间质断裂,肺泡融合,形成典型的全小叶型肺气肿改变。实验后动物出现肺气肿征表现,如气喘,咳嗽及上呼吸道分泌物增等。结论在标准实验动物身上可以较为准确、快速地复制出近似于人类阻塞性肺气肿病理改变的动物模型。     

猪创伤皮肤缺损修复实验中的麻醉研究

目的探索一种适合猪创伤皮肤缺损修复实验的麻醉方法。方法实验分两部分,一是创伤皮肤缺损和修复动物模型制作手术中的麻醉,将14只仔猪随机分为3组,分别采用气管插管呼吸机辅助呼吸氯胺酮、安定、芬太尼复合麻醉、氯胺酮肌注加水合氯醛静滴麻醉、氯胺酮加戊巴比妥钠腹腔注射麻醉。二是换药中的麻醉,将64次麻醉分为3组,分别采用单纯氯胺酮麻醉、单纯戊巴比妥钠腹腔、氯胺酮加戊巴比妥组肌注。观察显效时间、维持时间、呼吸频率、心跳频牢、麻醉效果。结果皮肤创伤缺损和修复动物模型制作手术中,3组麻醉比较结果显示气管插管呼吸机辅助呼吸氯胺酮、安定、芬太尼复合麻醉显效时间快,维持时间可以控制,麻醉效果最好,安全可靠。在换药的麻醉中,氯胺酮加戊巴比显组肌注显效时间比较快,麻醉时间较短,效果好,动物容易苏醒。结论创伤皮肤缺损和修复动物模型制作手术中,采用气管插管呼吸机辅助呼吸氯胺酮、安定、芬太尼复合麻醉是有效安全的麻醉方法;在换药的麻醉中,氯胺酮加戊巴比妥组肌注是较好的麻醉方法。     

铜绿假单胞菌家兔肺部感染模型的建立与评价

目的:建立铜绿假单胞菌(PA,又名绿脓杆菌)肺部感染动物模型,并从病理学及细菌学、影像学等方面进行评价,研究铜绿假单胞菌对肺组织的致病作用。方法:24只健康清洁级新西兰大白兔随机分成2组,实验组采用经皮气管穿刺法,隔日注入铜绿假单胞菌反复感染家兔,对照组施以生理盐水。接种后隔日一次行胸部CT扫描。比较二组家兔的体温、血象及肺组织匀浆菌落计数;观察病理组织改变及胸部CT影像学变化。结果:注菌组家兔白细胞总数显著升高,肺组织匀浆菌落计数显著高于对照组。CT表现为双侧多发斑片状模糊影,部分可见实变及脓肿灶。大体标本可见家兔肺部结节、脓肿及出血灶,病理学镜下观察发现注菌组家兔肺组织内多个脓肿灶形成,大量中性粒细胞浸润,肺泡腔内大量渗出,部分出血,肺泡壁充血及肺水肿。随着注菌次数增多及时间推移,逐渐出现如肺泡间隔增厚、肉芽肿形成、实变等慢性肺部炎症的病理表现。结论:使用经皮气道穿刺法接种铜绿假单胞菌至新西兰兔肺部,可成功建立兔铜绿假单胞菌肺部感染模型。     

激光肺组织轻创伤手术动物实验研究

为探讨ＣＯ２激光进行肺组织轻创手术效果，本实验采用１０只离体猪肺，１００ＷＣＯ２激光进行直接照射；另用１０只杂交犬在全麻、气管插管条件下进行激光照射，初步摸索出激光肺组织轻创伤手术步骤。实验犬饲养３￣６个月后处死，肺组织病理，ＨＥ染色，气化形成的空洞，８例空洞消失，２例有由纤维结缔组织增生形成腔壁的空腔。结果ＣＯ２激光肺组织轻创伤手术是一种安全、创伤小的手术，是一种可以融诊断、治疗；融激光直接气化     

建立小鼠心肌梗死模型的研究

目的建立心肌梗死小鼠模型。方法40只昆明小鼠,PTCA导丝逆行引导下气管插管,人工呼吸,采用开胸结扎左冠状动脉前降支方法造成心肌梗死。结果40只小鼠成功行左前降支结扎术;术后1天存活小鼠38只,术后2周存活32只。结论此方法可有效模拟心肌梗死的发生。     

改良气管插管法在小鼠心肌梗死模型制备中的应用

目的：小鼠心肌梗死模型制备中采用改良气管插管方法,提高模型制备成功率。方法：小切口暴露小鼠气管,直视下进行经口气管插管,左冠状动脉前降支结扎制备心肌梗死模型,观察、记录小鼠心脏颜色和心电图、术后14d存活情况和心肌组织病理学变化。结果：采用改良气管插管,成功完成40只小鼠心肌梗死模型制作,均可见冠状动脉结扎后,心室前壁颜色变暗,心电图Ⅱ导联ST段明显抬高。除去手术过程中意外死亡,术后14d存活27只,心肌梗死小鼠实际成活率达到87．1％。开胸后,肉眼可见模型组小鼠左室心腔明显扩大,心室壁变薄;病理切片HE染色,镜下可见心肌纤维断裂溶解,心肌细胞坏死,大量炎性细胞浸润。结论：在小鼠心肌梗死模型制备中,采用改良气管插管法,操作简单、易行、创伤小,模型制备成功率高。     

Heterogeneity of maximal lobar emptying rates in dogs with compensatory lung growth

Five dogs underwent left pneumonectomy at 10 wk of age, whereas four littermates underwent a sham operation. At 26 wk of age the postpneumonectomy dogs had total lung vital capacity (VC) and lung weight similar to controls, but maximum expiratory flow was reduced. Pressure capsules were glued to right lower (RLL) and right cardiac (RCL) lobes, and alveolar pressures (PA) were measured during forced expiration. In postpneumonectomy dogs RLL and RCL both emptied more slowly than in control dogs, and emptying was especially delayed in RCL, which underwent the most growth. When both lobes deflated together, PA in RCL and RLL were similar in control dogs, but in postpneumonectomy dogs PA in RCL exceeded that in RLL by approximately 3 cmH2O from 80 to 20% VC. Because the higher driving pressure in RCL compensated for the relatively high resistance of RCL, the pattern of lobar emptying was relatively uniform over these lung volumes. This result was compatible with interdependence of lobar maximum expiratory flows. In addition, at PA of 6-10 cmH2O in postpneumonectomy dogs, maximum emptying rates of RCL were less when RCL deflated alone than when RCL and RLL emptied together, again demonstrating interdependence of lobar maximum expiratory flow.     

自发性气胸患者术后并发胸腔积液与肺部感染、胸水葡糖糖水平的相关性分析

目的:探讨自发性气胸患者术后并发胸腔积液与肺部感染、胸水葡糖糖(Glu)水平的相关性,为自发性气胸患者术后并发胸腔积液的预防诊治提供参考。方法:选择我院2016年6月至2018年3月收治的96例行胸腔镜手术的自发性气胸患者作为研究对象,按照术后是否并发胸腔积液将其分为对照组和观察组两组,其中对照组患者56例,术后无并发症,观察组患者40例,术后并发胸腔积液。采用单因素分析法对两组患者的一般资料进行分析,并通过Pearson分析法对上述资料进行相关性分析。对术后肺部感染患者的病原菌分布及构成比进行分析,观察两组患者手术前后外周血炎症因子变化。结果:观察组患者感染率、住院时间、术后恢复时间、胸水Glu水平明显高于对照组,差异显著具有统计学意义(P0.05);对上述具有显著性差异的一般资料进行Pearson分析显示,肺部感染与SP患者术后并发胸腔积液呈现正相关,胸水Glu与SP患者术后并发胸腔积液呈现负相关(P0.05)。17例感染病例中,革兰氏阴性菌为11例,构成比64.71%,革兰氏阳性菌为6例,构成比35.29%,无真菌感染病例发生。两组患者治疗前各外周血炎症因子水平差异不具有统计学意义,具有可比性(P0.05);两组患者治疗后降钙素原(PCT)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)以及白细胞介素-10(IL-10)水平均明显升高,且观察组患者上述指标升高更为显著,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:自发性气胸患者术后并发胸腔积液与胸水Glu水平呈现负相关,与肺部感染呈现正相关,且肺部感染患者中革兰氏阴性菌相对较多,对自发性气胸患者术后并发胸腔积液临床诊治具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Computed tomography or necropsy diagnosis of multiple bullae and the treatment of pneumothorax in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Pulmonary bullae and pneumothorax have various etiologies in veterinary medicine. We diagnosed multiple pulmonary bullae combined with or without pneumothorax by computed tomography (CT) or necropsy in seven rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) imported from China. Two of seven rhesus macaques accompanied by pneumothorax were cured by fixation of ruptured lung through left or right 3rd intercostal thoracotomy. Pneumonyssus simicola, one of the etiologies of pulmonary bullae, was not detected from tracheobronchiolar lavage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report on the CT‐aided diagnosis of pulmonary bullae and the successful treatment of combined pneumothorax by thoracotomy in non‐human primates (NHPs).     

Pleural stress pressure as a force to control liquid accumulation and maintain lung expansion

Total gas pressure in the pleural space is more subatmospheric than that in the alveolar cavity. This pressure difference minus elastic recoil pressure of the lung was termed stress pressure. We investigated the relationship between stress pressure and a force that would hold the lung against the chest wall to prevent accumulation of liquid. The condition was a pleural space with an enlarged pleural surface pressure. Dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium were placed in a box maintained subatmospherically at approximately -30 cmH2O and breathed atmospheric air for 4 h. Liquid volume in the pleural space of the dogs was measured under conditions of thoracotomy. In the normal group, the volume of the pleural liquid was within the normal range of approximately 2.0 ml and the visceral and the parietal pleura made contact. In the pneumothorax group, established by injecting 50 ml of air into the pleural space, the liquid increased significantly in all cases by a mean value of approximately 12 ml. Thus pleural stress pressure seems to be an important force holding the lung against the chest wall and aiding in the control of accumulation of liquid in a more subatmospheric pleural space.     

Topography of pleural epithelial structure enabled by en face isolation and machine learning

Pleural epithelial adaptations to mechanical stress are relevant to both normal lung function and parenchymal lung diseases. Assessing regional differences in mechanical stress, however, has been complicated by the nonlinear stress–strain properties of the lung and the large displacements with ventilation. Moreover, there is no reliable method of isolating pleural epithelium for structural studies. To define the topographic variation in pleural structure, we developed a method of en face harvest of murine pleural epithelium. Silver-stain was used to highlight cell borders and facilitate imaging with light microscopy. Machine learning and watershed segmentation were used to define the cell area and cell perimeter of the isolated pleural epithelial cells. In the deflated lung at residual volume, the pleural epithelial cells were significantly larger in the apex (624 ± 247 μm²) than in basilar regions of the lung (471 ± 119 μm²) (p < 0.001). The distortion of apical epithelial cells was consistent with a vertical gradient of pleural pressures. To assess epithelial changes with inflation, the pleura was studied at total lung capacity. The average epithelial cell area increased 57% and the average perimeter increased 27% between residual volume and total lung capacity. The increase in lung volume was less than half the percent change predicted by uniform or isotropic expansion of the lung. We conclude that the structured analysis of pleural epithelial cells complements studies of pulmonary microstructure and provides useful insights into the regional distribution of mechanical stresses in the lung.     

Pulmonary rapidly adapting receptors reflexly increase airway secretion in dogs

We attempted to determine whether stimulation of pulmonary rapidly adapting receptors (RARs) increase tracheal submucosal gland secretion in anesthetized open-chest dogs. Electroneurographic studies of pulmonary afferents established that RARs but not lung C-fibers were stimulated by intermittent lung collapse during deflation, collapse being produced by removing positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP, 4 cmH2O) or by applying negative end-expiratory pressure (NEEP, -4 cmH2O). We measured tracheal secretion by the "hillocks" method. Removing PEEP or applying NEEP for 1 min increased secretion from a base line of 6.0 +/- 1.1 to 11.8 +/- 1.7 and 22.0 +/- 2.8 hillocks.cm-2.min-1, respectively (P less than 0.005). After PEEP was restored, dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn) was 37% below control, and secretion remained elevated (P less than 0.05). A decrease in Cdyn stimulates RARs but not other pulmonary afferents. Hyperinflation, which restored Cdyn and RAR activity to control, returned secretion rate to base line. Secretory responses to lung collapse were abolished by vagal cooling (6 degrees C), by pulmonary vagal section, or by atropine. We conclude that RAR stimulation reflexly increases airway secretion. We cannot exclude the possibility that reduced input from slowly adapting stretch receptors contributed to the secretory response.     

Evaluation of the findings of computed tomography of the lungs in patients with nonspecific pneumothorax in late periods after surgical treatment

By using the results of examination of 54 patients operated on for nonspecific spontaneous pneumothorax (NSP), the authors conclude that X-ray computed tomography (CT) is of high value. In addition to external respiratory function that identifies pulmonary functional changes, it is recommended that a comprehensive examination should include X-ray CT with parenchymal densitometry of the upper, middle and lower lung to reveal lung tissue structural changes. The examination of patients should be performed as soon as possible when the disease is detected and in the late postoperative period for early surgical correction of an emphysematous process in the lung.     

Effects of lung inflation on pulmonary arterial blood volume in intact dogs.

The isolated effects of alterations of lung inflation and transmural pulmonary arterial pressure (pressure difference between intravascular and pleural pressure) on pulmonary arterial blood volume (Vpa) were investigated in anesthetized intact dogs. Using transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation, changes in transmural pulmonary arterial pressure (Ptm) at a fixed transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) were produced by the Mueller maneuver, and increases in Ptp at relatively constant Ptm by a quasi-Valsalva maneuver. Also, both Ptm and Ptp were allowed to change during open airway lung inflation. Vpa was determined during these three maneuvers by multiplying pulmonary blood flow by pulmonary arterial mean transit time obtained by an ether plethysmographic method. During open airway lung inflation, mean (plus or minus SD) Ptp increased by 7.2 (plus or minus 3.7) cmH2O and Ptm by 4.3 (plus or minus 3.4) cmH2O for a mean increase in Vpa by 26.2 (plus or minus 10.7) ml. A pulmonary arterial compliance term (Delta Vpa/Delta Ptm) calculated from the Mueller maneuver was 3.9 ml/cmH2O and an interdependence term (Delta Vpa/Delta Ptp) calculated from the quasi-Valsalva maneuver was 2.5 ml/cmH2O for a 19% increase in lung volume, and 1.2 ml/cmH2O for an increase in lung volume from 19% to 35%. These findings indicate that in normal anesthetized dogs near FRC for a given change in Ptp and Ptm the latter results in a greater increase of Vpa.