GSTs在植物非生物逆境胁迫中的作用

植物在生长过程中会面临各种各样的胁迫,为了自我保护,植物进化出了多种抵御胁迫的策略。植物谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（glutathione-S-transferases,GSTs,EC2.5.1.18）可以催化亲核性的谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）与各种亲电子外源化学物的结合反应,降低细胞体内活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）水平,从而减轻非生物胁迫对植物的损伤。本文主要概述了GSTs在植物抗非生物胁迫的作用。     

一氧化氮对适应性免疫系统功能的调控及在相关疾病中的作用

一氧化氮(NO)是心血管系统、免疫系统和中枢神经系统中重要的信号分子。适应性免疫系统由T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞组成,其主导的细胞免疫应答和体液免疫应答是机体清除病原、维持免疫稳态的核心。NO在适应性免疫细胞的发育、分化、激活等多种过程中发挥重要作用,同时对适应性免疫反应参与的肿瘤、自身免疫病、心血管疾病、病毒感染等多种病理过程具有重要的调控作用。因此,认识NO信号在适应性免疫中的作用; NO对适应性免疫系统相关疾病的研究和干预靶点的寻找至关重要。本文将从NO的来源和多种作用机制出发,集中介绍NO在适应性免疫系统及自身免疫病等多种相关疾病中的研究进展。     

植物体内一氧化氮合成途径研究进展

一氧化氮(NO)作为一种气体信号分子,在植物生理过程中发挥重要作用,它参与调节植物的生长、发育及对外界环境的应激反应.植物体内主要通过酶催化途径和非酶催化途径合成NO.酶催化途径合成NO的主要酶包括一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)和硝酸还原酶(nitrate reductase,NR),以及在某些植物的特定组织或器官或在特殊环境条件下存在的一氧化氮氧化还原酶(nitric oxide oxidoreductase,Ni-NOR)和黄嘌呤氧化还原酶(xanthine oxidoreductase,XOR).非酶催化合成途径主要是在酸性和还原剂存在条件下将亚硝酸盐还原成NO.该文主要结合研究方法,综述了植物体内NO合成途径的研究进展,为植物体内NO信号的作用机理的深入研究提供信息资料.     

取食不同寄主植物的灰飞虱对药剂敏感性和解毒酶活性的影响

为了探索取食不同寄主植物的灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus对药剂敏感性和体内解毒酶活性的影响,本研究在室内采用稻苗浸渍法分别测定了4种杀虫剂对取食水稻、小麦和稗草后的灰飞虱3龄若虫的毒力,同时比较了灰飞虱体内酯酶(ESTs)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)和多功能氧化酶(MFO)的活性.结果表明,用...     

雌性动物生殖系统中的一氧化氮

一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)属于无机自由基气体,作为一种特殊的生物传递信号分子,日益受到生命科学各领域的普遍重视。机体内的NO是由三种一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)合成的。NOS在体内的分布极为广泛,几乎遍布机体的每一个系统。研究表明,生殖系统中的NO参与了卵泡的发育和成熟、胚胎的植入、妊娠的维持、分娩等许多生理过程。现就NO在雌性生殖系统中的作用进行阐述。     

一氧化氮在心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的调节作用 及相关治疗药物研究进展

一氧化氮 ( NO ) 是体内调节心血管系统功能的重要信号分子,在血管收舒、血小板活性调节、细胞增殖凋亡、氧化应激及炎症反 应等过程中发挥了不可或缺的作用。在心肌缺血再灌注过程中,随着一氧化氮合成酶表达和 NO 底物水平的动态变化,NO 生成的时间和 产量均会发生变化,导致其作用具有两面性。综述 NO 的产生与作用、在心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用和影响因素以及相关治疗药物及作 用机制的研究进展,为心肌缺血再灌注损伤的有效治疗和进一步研究提供参考     

谷胱甘肽S-转移酶与昆虫抗药性的关系

谷胱甘肽S -转移酶 (GSTs)是一种对杀虫剂产生代谢抗性的重要酶系 ,参与许多分子的解毒机制 ,并可转运一些重要的亲脂性化合物。GSTs在保护组织以抵御氧化侵害及氧化压力中起重要的作用。GSTs是昆虫及螨类对有机磷类杀虫剂产生抗生的重要因素     

蛋白质巯基亚硝基化与帕金森病

巯基亚硝基化(S-nitrosylation,SNO),即蛋白质中半胱氨酸的巯基与亚硝基基团(NO基团)形成共价键,是一氧化氮(NO)在体内发挥细胞信号转导作用的机制之一。NO通过使某些蛋白质发生SNO,进而可能参与神经退行性疾病如帕金森病(PD)发生的病理机制。深入认识帕金森病发病机制,对人们探索此类神经退行性疾病的新疗法具有重要意义。     

一氧化氮的抗感染免疫作用及其机制

一氧化氮在机体抗感染免疫防御体系中的重要作用被发现之后,各国学者进行了大量的相关研究。这些研究证明：一氧化氮作为活化巨噬细胞的一种细胞毒效分子,在抑制和杀伤病毒,细菌,寄生虫等的免疫应答中起重要作用。一氧化氮抗感染的作用机制十分复杂,它通过调节Th1/Th2的平衡来促进机体的免疫应答,并可直接与含铁酶的Fe-S基团结合,破坏酶的活性,进而杀伤病原体及其宿主细胞。     

一氧化氮的功能及其作用机制(Ⅰ)——性质与功能

一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)是第一个被发现的参与细胞信号转导的气体信号分子。NO参与的生命活动非常广泛,在神经、免疫、呼吸等系统中发挥着重要作用。很久以来,一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)被认为是人体内合成NO的主要途径,其活性受到严格的调控。直到最近,人们才发现亚硝酸盐(nitrite,NO2-)也可以参与体内NO的合成。本综述总结NO的相关性质与功能,并简介亚硝酸盐的研究进展。     

PDT诱导的凋亡细胞对巨噬细胞NO合成的影响

NO作为细胞间信息传递的重要调节因子,在肿瘤的发生、发展以及转移过程中被广泛研究。一氧化氮合酶是合成NO的关键酶,诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)通常在应激、荷瘤等病理状态下被激活,产生大量NO。NO具有细胞毒性,与机体免疫反应及细胞凋亡有关,在许多致癌和抑癌机制中扮演着重要角色。实验探讨了光动力学疗法(photodynamic therapy,PDT)处理产生的小鼠乳腺癌凋亡细胞对巨噬细胞产生NO的影响,从而确定活化的巨噬细胞在肿瘤生长中的作用。     

JS-K, a novel non-ionic diazeniumdiolate derivative, inhibits Hep 3B hepatoma cell growth and induces c-Jun phosphorylation via multiple MAP kinase pathways

JS-K, a non-ionic diazeniumdiolate derivative, is capable of arylating nucleophiles and spontaneously generating nitric oxide (NO) at physiological pH. This recently synthesized low molecular weight compound is shown here to be an inhibitor of cell growth with concomitant activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) members ERK, JNK, and p38 and their downstream effectors c-Jun and AP-1. Inhibitors of these MAPK pathways abrogated the growth inhibitory actions of JS-K. In addition to the well-described actions of JNK as a kinase for c-Jun, we show that c-Jun is also an ERK target. Furthermore, JS-K generated NO in culture and NO inhibitors antagonized both MAPK induction and the growth inhibitory effects of JS-K. These results suggest two possible mechanisms for the mediation of JS-K growth inhibitory actions, namely NO-induction of MAPK pathway constituents as well as possible arylation reactions. The data support the idea that prolonged MAPK activation by JS-K action is important in mediating its growth-inhibitory actions. JS-K thus represents a promising platform for novel growth inhibitory analog synthesis.     

一氧化氮在细菌抗药性和生物膜形成中的分子作用

一氧化氮(NO)是一种气体信号分子,具有调节血管张力、引起肿瘤细胞凋亡和减缓植物成熟等功能。最新研究发现,NO可以通过限制菌体对抗生素药物的摄入等保护细菌,但高浓度的NO对细菌又具有杀灭作用;与此同时NO通过双分子系统、c-di-GMP和群体感应等影响细菌生物膜的形成,但细菌种类不同NO的影响效果也不同。本文主要对NO在细菌抗菌机理和生物膜形成的分子作用等进行综述,同时,也对NO研究发展的新方向进行了展望。     

Nitric oxide short-circuits interleukin-12-mediated tumor regression

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) can promote tumor regression via activation of multiple lymphocytic and myelocytic effectors. Whereas the cytotoxic mechanisms employed by T/NK/NKT cells in IL-12-mediated tumor kill are well defined, the antitumor role of macrophage-produced cytotoxic metabolites has been more controversial. To this end, we investigated the specific role of nitric oxide (NO), a major macrophage effector molecule, in post-IL-12 tumor regression. Analysis of tumors following a single intratumoral injection of slow-release IL-12 microspheres showed an IFNγ-dependent sevenfold increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression within 48 h. Flow cytometric analysis of tumor-resident leukocytes and in vivo depletion studies identified CD11b⁺ F4/80⁺ Gr1^lo macrophages as the primary source of iNOS. Blocking of post-therapy iNOS activity with N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) dramatically enhanced tumor suppression revealing the inhibitory effect of NO on IL-12-driven antitumor immunity. Superior tumor regression in mice receiving combination treatment was associated with enhanced survival and proliferation of activated tumor-resident CD8+ T-effector/memory cells (Tem). These findings demonstrate that macrophage-produced NO negatively regulates the antitumor activity of IL-12 via its detrimental effects on CD8+ T cells and identify L-NAME as a potent adjuvant in IL-12 therapy of cancer.     

Vesicular stomatitis virus sensitizes immunologically cold tumors to checkpoint blockade by inducing pyroptosis

BackgroundTraditionally, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and other oncolytic viruses (OVs) are thought to kill tumors by inducing apoptosis. However, cell apoptosis leads to immune quiescence, which is incompatible with the ability of OVs to activate the antitumor immune microenvironment. Thus, studying OVs-mediated oncolytic mechanisms is of great importance for the clinical application of OVs.MethodsWe examined the pyroptosis in tumor cells and tissues by morphological observation, Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, frozen section observation, and western-blotting techniques. The critical role of GSDME in VSV-induced pyroptosis was confirmed by CRISPR/Cas9 technique. VSV virotherapy-recruited cytotoxic lymphocytes in the tumors were examined by flow cytometry assay. VSV-activated antitumor immunity was further enhanced by the co-administration with anti-PD-1 antibody.ResultsHere, we observed that VSV was able to trigger tumor pyroptosis through Gasdermin E (GSDME) in tumor cells, human tumor samples, and tumor-bearing mouse models. Importantly, the effectiveness of VSV-based virotherapy is highly dependent on GSDME, as depletion of GSDME not only reverses VSV-induced tumor-suppressive effects but also diminishes the ability of VSV to activate antitumor immunity. Notably, VSV treatment makes immunologically ‘cold’ tumors more sensitive to checkpoint blockade.ConclusionsOncolytic VSV induces tumor cell pyroptosis by activating GSDME. GSDME is critical in recruiting cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the context of VSV therapy, which can switch immunologically ‘cold’ tumors into ‘hot’ and enhance immune checkpoint therapy efficacy.     

Regulation of neuronal proliferation and differentiation by nitric oxide

Many studies have revealed the free radical nitric oxide (NO) to be an important modulator of vascular and neuronal physiology. It also plays a developmental role in regulating synapse formation and patterning. Recent studies suggest that NO may also mediate the switch from proliferation to differentiation during neurogenesis. Many mechanisms of this response are conserved between neuronal precursor cells and the cells of the vascular system, where NO can inhibit the proliferative response of endothelial and smooth-muscle cells to injury. In cultured neuroblastoma cells, NO synthase (NOS) expression is increased in the presence of various growth factors and mitogens. Subsequent production of NO leads to cessation of cell division and the acquisition of a differentiated phenotype. The inhibitory action of NO on neuroblast proliferation has also been demonstrated in vivo for vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems, as well as in the adult brain. Potential downstream effectors of NO include the second messenger cyclic GMP, activation of the tumor-suppressor genes p53 and Rb, and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. These studies highlight a new role for NO in the nervous system, as a coordinator of proliferation and patterning during neural development and adult neurogenesis.     

DGKs与肿瘤的关系及作用机制研究进展

二酰甘油激酶家族(DGKs)通过调节两种脂质信号(甘油二酯和磷脂酸)之间的平衡在信号转导中起重要作用。哺乳动物的DGKs作为由十种亚型构成的蛋白质家族,根据它们的结构特征将其分为五型。这些亚型可以通过已知和/或预测功能的各种调节结构域,清楚地表明其不同的功能和调节机制。目前大量的研究表明DGKs可通过调节机体的免疫功能及调控多种肿瘤相关信号通路从而对肿瘤细胞的增殖、凋亡、转移起作用。本文就DGKs与肿瘤之间关系及作用机制进行综述,以期为肿瘤的治疗提供新的思路和方法。     

Tumor cells do not arise frequently

Summary A hypothesis greatly influencing thinking and experimental work in tumor immunology is that many tumor cells arise daily in an organism. However, relatively low numbers of tumours become clinically manifest. This discrepancy has intially led to the hypothesis that the great majority of these potential tumors is killed by immune surveillance mechanisms. After some time, however, serious objections were raised against this function of the immune system. When the interest in immune surveillance faded away, investigators started to study natural resistance against the de novo arising tumor cells. In this paper the data on natural resistance (and immune surveillance) are reviewed. These data lead to the conclusion than an efficient natural resistance that could kill many de novo arising tumor cells is lacking. Taken together the data suggest that no tumors arise when immune surveillance and/or natural resistance are absent. This implies that tumor cells probably do not arise frequently. Acceptance of this conclusion leads to a reappraisal of the role of immune surveillance and natural resistance against tumor cells. This reappraisal will mean a shift from (a) the hypothesized failsafe mechanisms to (b) mechanisms that may or may not kill rarely arising tumor cells, depending for instance on the antigenicity of the tumor cells and their sensitivity to tumoricidal mechanisms.