昆虫肠道菌群的功能研究进展

昆虫肠道为某些微生物提供了一个特定的定殖环境,这些肠道菌群也为其宿主提供了很多潜在的有益作用。因而昆虫在一定范围和程度上表现出对肠道菌群的依赖并形成一种互惠互利的共生关系。近年来,随着高通量测序技术的广泛应用,促进了肠道菌群及其功能基因的研究。也为进一步了解如何区分非致病性菌(共生菌)和致病菌(病原菌)的致病机理、调控昆虫肠道菌并用来防治害虫或保护授粉昆虫在内的有益昆虫奠定了基础。本文概述了昆虫肠道菌群定殖环境、起源和进化以及传播方式,综述了近年来昆虫肠道菌群功能研究的最新进展,并对今后昆虫肠道菌群的研究方向进行了展望。     

肠道菌群代谢产物在鼠伤寒沙门菌感染中的作用研究进展

人和动物肠道内生存着多种多样的微生物群体,它们与宿主共同进化,对宿主的健康至关重要。肠道菌群可以发酵宿主难以消化的复杂碳水化合物,为宿主肠道细胞提供能量,同时其代谢产物对肠道病原菌沙门菌的感染产生着重要影响。正常情况下,肠道菌群代谢产物如丁酸与丙酸可以抑制沙门菌在肠道中的定植或者毒力基因的表达,而在肠道菌群受到扰乱时,其代谢的琥珀酸盐和1,2-丙二醇等物质却能促进沙门菌增殖。近年来,越来越多的研究揭示了肠道菌群代谢产物对沙门菌感染的影响。本综述通过总结近年来关于鼠伤寒沙门菌入侵时肠道菌群代谢产物改变的研究,综合阐述了肠道菌群代谢产物影响沙门菌感染的机制。     

单胃动物肠道微生物菌群与肠道免疫功能的相互作用

动物胃肠道栖息着大量的微生物,这些微生物及其代谢产物在营养、免疫等方面对宿主的健康有重要的意义。近年来研究发现肠道微生物与免疫系统间存在密切的交流和互作机制,尽管肠道共生菌具有定植抑制效应,但肠道微生物也可通过其特定组分刺激免疫细胞如Tregs细胞、Th17细胞的分化,肠道菌群的紊乱可能导致细菌移位、肠道屏障功能损伤,影响机体健康。宿主免疫系统可通过分泌多种免疫效应因子如MUC、sIgA、ITF、RegIIIγ、α-防御素等调节肠道微生物的分布和组成,调节肠道菌群的稳态。本文综述了单胃动物肠道微生物菌群的组成,深入探讨了肠道微生物菌群与动物肠道免疫功能之间的相互作用。     

肠道菌群对新生儿神经发育的影响

新生儿肠道菌群的定植和建立是一个复杂的动态演变过程,且易受分娩方式、喂养方式、胎龄、抗生素暴露等多种因素的影响。肠道菌群不仅在新生儿生理发育、免疫系统成熟、抵抗病原体入侵、维护肠道屏障等方面发挥重要作用,还影响神经回路的建立、髓鞘的形成和血脑屏障的形成。早期肠道菌群失调可导致新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎、生长发育迟缓和智力发育落后等。近年来肠道菌群通过肠-脑轴影响新生儿神经发育受到广泛关注,其主要与代谢、免疫、迷走神经和神经内分泌等途径相关。本文主要就新生儿肠道菌群特征及其影响因素和肠道菌群对神经发育的影响作一综述。     

多糖对肠道功能调节作用的研究进展

肠道是机体重要的消化器官,亦是共生微生物群的主要寄居场所,在维持机体正常生命活动如免疫和内分泌功能中发挥着重要作用。 肠道功能紊乱与疾病的发生以及发展过程密切相关。近年来,多项研究结果显示,多糖具有肠道功能调节作用,包括通过作用于肠道黏膜 参与机体免疫过程、保护肠道屏障结构和功能的完整性、调节肠道菌群组成以及刺激肠道内分泌。从伴随疾病过程中的肠道功能紊乱的角度, 对多糖调节肠道功能的作用机制进行综述。     

肠道菌群失调引起类风湿关节炎发病的研究进展

肠道菌群大多与宿主共生进化,菌群结构、数量恒定形成稳态,能有效预防有害病菌的入侵和炎性疾病的发生。目前多项研究结果显示,肠道菌群失调可能与多种疾病相关联,包括2型糖尿病、肥胖症、肝硬化、结直肠癌和类风湿关节炎。有研究表明,肠道菌群是影响类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis, RA)发病的环境因素,其中涉及的机制有肠道菌群-黏膜稳态的失衡,其不利于肠道适应性免疫的形成,使得免疫系统不能识别常驻菌与致病菌,引起黏膜紊乱;另一种机制是肠道菌群失调激活免疫因子,引起全身免疫反应。由此可见,肠道菌群参与类风湿关节炎的发生、发展,既有肠道黏膜与菌群的局部调节,也有全身性免疫因子的共同参与。本文主要对肠道菌群失调诱导类风湿关节炎发病的相关性研究予以综述,为进一步研究关节炎早期预防及病因治疗提供理论依据。     

LRRK2特异性调控溶菌酶的运输分泌促进肠道稳态

<正>肠道共生菌在人体健康中发挥重要作用,近年来,有关肠道菌群的研究日益成为科学家们感兴趣的焦点.宿主和肠道菌群共同作用调节肠道内环境稳态,有关这其中复杂机制的探索,是揭示在长期的共进化过程中,肠道菌与宿主如何实现"共生-互益"的关键所在,对研究肠道菌异常引起的疾病的发病机制具有重要意义.中国科学院生物物理研究所刘志华课题组发现了共生菌通过Nod2-LRRK2-Rab2a途径介导潘氏细胞中溶菌酶的分拣来促进共生关系,     

肠道菌群与过敏性哮喘

近年来随着过敏性哮喘发病率的持续升高,人们开始注意到环境、生活方式的改变可能会影响过敏性哮喘的发生。流行病学调查显示,过敏性哮喘的发生和发展与生命早期肠道菌群的紊乱密切相关。本研究主要综述近年来肠道菌群对过敏性哮喘发生的影响及机制,探讨影响肠道菌群定植的主要因素,以及微生态调节剂在过敏性哮喘等变应性疾病中的预防和治疗作用。     

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii与人类疾病关系的研究进展

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii(F.prausnitzii)是定植于哺乳动物胃肠道中的共生菌,同时也是健康成人肠道菌群中最丰富的细菌之一。本研究主要对F.prausnitzii与人体代谢性疾病如肥胖、糖尿病及宿主的消化道疾病如炎症性疾病、结肠癌等疾病的相关研究现状进行综述,着重讨论了F.prausnitzii作为潜在益生菌在肠道疾病中的重要作用,进而通过使用益生菌或者改变肠道内F.prausnitzii的数量达到预防或治疗肥胖、糖尿病及肠道疾病的目的。     

肠道共生微生物与健康和疾病

人体是个庞大的动态的微生物群落的天然寄居场所,人体的皮肤、口腔、消化道、呼吸道和生殖道等部位都寄生着大量的微生物.这些微生物与人体互惠互利,形成共生复合体.其中,肠道共生微生物与宿主的相关性及对宿主生理和病理状态的影响已经得到了很好的阐释.肠道共生微生物的主要功能是帮助宿主代谢,使得能量和可吸收的营养物质更好的被利用,为肠道上皮细胞提供营养,增强免疫功能,帮助寄主抵抗外来微生物的入侵.肠道菌群紊乱也是一些疾病的症状或诱发原因,比如肥胖、糖尿病和肠道炎症等.深入研究人类共生微生物与健康和疾病的关系,将为一些疾病的预防和治疗提供新的手段.     

The purine nucleoside phosphorylase pnp-1 regulates epithelial cell resistance to infection in C. elegans

Intestinal epithelial cells are subject to attack by a diverse array of microbes, including intracellular as well as extracellular pathogens. While defense in epithelial cells can be triggered by pattern recognition receptor-mediated detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns, there is much to be learned about how they sense infection via perturbations of host physiology, which often occur during infection. A recently described host defense response in the nematode C. elegans called the Intracellular Pathogen Response (IPR) can be triggered by infection with diverse natural intracellular pathogens, as well as by perturbations to protein homeostasis. From a forward genetic screen, we identified the C. elegans ortholog of purine nucleoside phosphorylase pnp-1 as a negative regulator of IPR gene expression, as well as a negative regulator of genes induced by extracellular pathogens. Accordingly, pnp-1 mutants have resistance to both intracellular and extracellular pathogens. Metabolomics analysis indicates that C. elegans pnp-1 likely has enzymatic activity similar to its human ortholog, serving to convert purine nucleosides into free bases. Classic genetic studies have shown how mutations in human purine nucleoside phosphorylase cause immunodeficiency due to T-cell dysfunction. Here we show that C. elegans pnp-1 acts in intestinal epithelial cells to regulate defense. Altogether, these results indicate that perturbations in purine metabolism are likely monitored as a cue to promote defense against epithelial infection in the nematode C. elegans.     

Ecological Modeling from Time-Series Inference: Insight into Dynamics and Stability of Intestinal Microbiota

The intestinal microbiota is a microbial ecosystem of crucial importance to human health. Understanding how the microbiota confers resistance against enteric pathogens and how antibiotics disrupt that resistance is key to the prevention and cure of intestinal infections. We present a novel method to infer microbial community ecology directly from time-resolved metagenomics. This method extends generalized Lotka–Volterra dynamics to account for external perturbations. Data from recent experiments on antibiotic-mediated Clostridium difficile infection is analyzed to quantify microbial interactions, commensal-pathogen interactions, and the effect of the antibiotic on the community. Stability analysis reveals that the microbiota is intrinsically stable, explaining how antibiotic perturbations and C. difficile inoculation can produce catastrophic shifts that persist even after removal of the perturbations. Importantly, the analysis suggests a subnetwork of bacterial groups implicated in protection against C. difficile. Due to its generality, our method can be applied to any high-resolution ecological time-series data to infer community structure and response to external stimuli.     

Innate host responses to enteric bacterial pathogens: a balancing act between resistance and tolerance

Infection by enteric bacterial pathogens activates pathogen recognition receptors, leading to innate responses that promote host defence. While responses that promote host 'resistance' to infection, through the release of antimicrobial mediators, or the recruitment of inflammatory cells aimed at clearing the infection are best known, recent studies have begun to identify additional innate driven responses that instead promote intestinal tissue repair and host survival. Described as infection 'tolerance' responses, we and others have primarily studied these responses in the Citrobacter rodentium infection model. In this review we discuss the impact of innate resistance mechanisms on host defence, and describe how 'tolerance' responses act primarily on the intestinal epithelium, triggering epithelial cell proliferation, repair or promoting barrier function. Resistance and tolerance responses appear to work together, with tolerance repairing the tissue injury caused by resistance driven inflammation. Tolerance responses fit a pattern where innate immunity and inflammation are tightly regulated in the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, tolerance may have developed due to the successful subversion and avoidance of host resistance by enteric bacterial pathogens. Further studies are needed to clarify the contribution of different pathogen recognition receptors to tolerance and resistance responses against bacterial pathogens, in the gut or in other host tissues.     

Inhibition of death receptor signaling by bacterial gut pathogens

Gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens such as enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Shigella control inflammatory and apoptotic signaling in human intestinal cells to establish infection, replicate and disseminate to other hosts. These pathogens manipulate host cell signaling through the translocation of virulence effector proteins directly into the host cell cytoplasm, which then target various signaling pathways. Death receptors such as TNFR1, FAS and TRAIL-R induce signaling cascades that are crucial to the clearance of pathogens, and as such are major targets for inhibition by pathogens. This review focuses on what is known about how bacterial gut pathogens inhibit death receptor signaling to suppress inflammation and prevent apoptosis.     

藏猪小肠形态、消化酶及微生物多样性研究

[目的]肠道是动物的主要消化器官,同时也是机体抵抗外源病原菌的重要屏障,已有研究表明,动物的品种、饲养方式、生长阶段均会影响动物的肠道菌群结构,但对舍饲和放牧饲养条件下藏猪的肠道菌群结构,以及藏猪和长白、约克与杜洛克三元杂交猪(DLY猪)的肠道菌群结构是否有差异,尚未见报道.[方法]本研究选取6-7月龄的放牧藏猪、舍饲...     

TLR9 limits enteric antimicrobial responses and promotes microbiota‐based colonisation resistance during Citrobacter rodentium infection

Mammalian cells express an array of toll‐like receptors to detect and respond to microbial pathogens, including enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EPEC and EHEC). These clinically important attaching and effacing (A/E) pathogens infect the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells, causing inflammation as well as severe diarrheal disease. Because EPEC and EHEC are human‐specific, the related murine pathogen Citrobacter rodentium has been widely used to define how hosts defend against A/E pathogens. This study explored the role of TLR9, a receptor that recognises unmethylated CpG dinucleotides present in bacterial DNA, in promoting host defence against C. rodentium. Infected Tlr9^?/? mice suffered exaggerated intestinal damage and carried significantly higher (10–100 fold) pathogen burdens in their intestinal tissues as compared with wild type (WT) mice. C. rodentium infection also induced increased antimicrobial responses, as well as hyperactivation of NF‐κB signalling in the intestines of Tlr9^?/? mice. These changes were associated with accelerated depletion of the intestinal microbiota in Tlr9^?/? mice as compared with WT mice. Notably, antibiotic‐based depletion of the gut microbiota in WT mice prior to infection increased their susceptibility to the levels seen in Tlr9^?/? mice. Our results therefore indicate that TLR9 signalling suppresses intestinal antimicrobial responses, thereby promoting microbiota‐mediated colonisation resistance against C. rodentium infection.     

Probiotic Strains and Their Combination Inhibit <Emphasis Type="Italic">In Vitro</Emphasis> Adhesion of Pathogens to Pig Intestinal Mucosa

The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro the protective effect of commercial probiotic strains (Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG) alone and in combination on the adhesion of pathogenic strains as Salmonella, Clostridium, and Escherichia coli to pig intestinal mucus obtained from different intestinal regions. In combination, probiotic strains enhanced each other’s adhesion, mainly in large intestinal mucus. Treatment of intestinal mucus with Bb12 and LGG, alone or in combination, significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the adhesion of the tested pathogens. The ability to inhibit pathogen adhesion appears to depend on the specific probiotics and pathogens and on the mucosal site. B. lactis Bb12 and L. rhamnosus LGG in combination revealed a better ability to inhibit adhesion of all pathogens tested to pig intestinal mucus than probiotic strains. Probiotic combinations could be useful for counteracting disease-associated aberrations in intestinal microbiota. Specific protective probiotics could be selected for particular pig pathogens. Probiotic strains from human origin and intended for human use also adhere to pig intestinal mucus and are able to displace and inhibit pathogens.     

不同来源乳铁蛋白对幼鼠肠道发育的影响

目的 探究哺乳期乳铁蛋白（lactoferrin，LF）的缺失及不同来源LF补充后对幼鼠肠道发育的影响。方法 以LF基因敲除型雌鼠作为哺乳母鼠造成幼鼠哺乳期无LF的摄入，且从幼鼠出生第3~21天每日人工饲喂100 mg/kg 牛血清白蛋白（BSA）、牛源乳铁蛋白（bovine Lactoferrin，bLF）及重组人源乳铁蛋白（recombinant human Lactoferrin，rhLF），于幼鼠21日龄取样，测定各组小鼠小肠发育指标。结果 在本实验周期下，哺乳期rhLF的补充显著性增加小鼠回肠绒毛长度/隐窝深度值（P<0.05），且上调回肠Occludin和ZO-1基因的表达（P<0.05），增加小鼠十二指肠、空肠和回肠麦芽糖酶酶活/乳糖酶酶活比值（P<0.05），表明哺乳期rhLF的补充能够增强小鼠肠道消化吸收能力和肠屏障功能；哺乳期bLF的补充显著增加小鼠十二指肠及回肠麦芽糖酶活性/乳糖酶活性比值（P<0.05）。结论 对于哺乳期无LF摄入的乳鼠来说，哺乳期间LF的补充能够增强乳鼠肠道对营养物质的消化吸收能力、促进肠道的发育成熟、增强肠道屏障功能，并且，本实验中rhLF表现出比bLF更加有效的作用。     

SdrI of Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a multifunctional protein: localization of the fibronectin-binding site

The transferability of a large plasmid that harbors a tetracycline resistance gene tet (S), to fish and human pathogens was assessed using electrotransformation and conjugation. The plasmid, originally isolated from fish intestinal Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis KYA-7, has potent antagonistic activity against the selected recipients ( Lactococcus garvieae and Listeria monocytogenes ), preventing conjugation. Therefore the tetracycline resistance determinant was transferred via electroporation to L . garvieae . A transformant clone was used as the donor in conjugation experiments with three different L. monocytogenes strains. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing the transfer of an antibiotic resistance plasmid from fish-associated lactic bacteria to L. monocytogenes , even if the donor L. garvieae was not the original host of the tetracycline resistance but experimentally created by electroporation. These results demonstrate that the antibiotic resistance genes in the fish intestinal bacteria have the potential to spread both to fish and human pathogens, posing a risk to aquaculture and consumer safety.     

综合性医院肿瘤相关感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

摘要 目的：通过对某院住院肿瘤患者感染的病原菌分布情况及耐药性分析，为肿瘤相关感染患者的经验性抗感染治疗提供参考。方法：对2015年细菌培养结果阳性的157例肿瘤内科住院患者的感染情况进行统计分析。结果：肿瘤内科患者的感染率为22.62%，分离出病原菌436株，其中革兰阴性菌占比58.26％，检出的金黄色葡萄球菌中MRSA的检出率为50%，粪肠球菌对万古霉素的敏感率为80%，屎肠球菌对万古霉素的敏感率为97.22%。主要G-杆菌中大肠埃希菌对阿米卡星耐药率1.79%，对碳青霉烯类、哌拉西林他唑巴坦耐药率为6.25%、26.79%；肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类的耐药率25.58%-38.10%，对头孢哌酮舒巴坦耐药率15%。白色念珠菌对唑类耐药率<10%。结论：医院必须加强对常见细菌的耐药率的动态监测，降低细菌耐药率和多重耐药菌的产生。