八肋游仆虫氨酰-tRNA合成酶基因序列分析北大核心CSCD

氨酰-tRNA合成酶(aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase,aaRS)是蛋白质生物合成中的关键酶,能够催化特定的氨基酸和相应tRNA结合。为了研究八肋游仆虫氨酰-tRNA合成酶(Euplotes octocarinatus aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase,EoaaRS)基因的种类、数目、结构及起源,本研究利用生物信息学方法,对八肋游仆虫大核基因组编码的aaRS进行了系统分析。结果表明,八肋游仆虫大核基因组共包含45个aaRS基因,可编码20种不同的aaRS蛋白。其中,Eo GlnRS和Eo AlaRS仅由1个基因编码,其余EoaaRS均由多个基因编码。亚细胞定位分析显示,仅8个EoaaRS具有线粒体导肽,对应于6种EoaaRS。此外,基于核酸序列分析显示,多个EoaaRS在翻译过程中需要发生编程性核糖体移码,才能形成结构完整的蛋白质产物。结构域分析表明,部分EoaaRS存在特殊结构域,暗示其可能具有氨酰化以外的新功能。进化分析揭示,2个Eo GlyRS起源于古菌,而2个Eo LysRS起源于细菌。本研究为后续探讨低等真核生物aaRS的结构与功能奠定了基础。     

多氨基酰-tRNA合成酶复合物的发生发展

氨基酰-tRNA合成酶(aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase,aaRS)是由管家基因编码的一类古老的蛋白质,其核心功能是催化对应的tRNA和氨基酸形成氨基酰-tRNA,为蛋白质合成提供原料,从而将遗传信息翻译成蛋白质行使细胞的生物功能.随着生物进化的发展,越来越多的aaRS进化出了新的结构域,从而使aaR...     

氨基酰-tRNA合成酶与神经系统疾病

氨基酰-tRNA合成酶(aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, aaRS)催化tRNA氨基酰化反应与编校反应,合成正确的氨基酰-tRNA,为蛋白质生物合成提供原料。高等生物的aaRS获得了除蛋白质合成之外的非经典功能。近年来,随着基因组测序和外显子测序技术的发展和新增临床病例的发现,aaRS基因突变被报道与多种神经系统疾病相关。该文将简要介绍已报道的与aaRS基因突变相关的神经系统疾病,并总结aaRS基因突变导致神经系统疾病机制的研究进展;还将讨论神经系统疾病模型在aaRS非经典功能研究和新药设计中的潜在应用。     

氨酰-tRNA合成酶对tRNA的识别

氨酰-tRNA合成酶(aaRS)与tRNA的相互作用保证了蛋白质生物合成的忠实性. 氨酰-tRNA合成酶对tRNA识别的专一性依赖于aaRS特定的催化结构域和tRNA分子特异的三级结构构象. 反密码子和接受茎(包括73位)在大多数aaRS对tRNA分子的识别过程中起着关键作用, 其他部位如可变口袋、可变(茎)环等, 甚至修饰核苷酸对于一些识别过程也有重要作用.     

氨基酰tRNA合成酶的经典与非经典酶活性

氨基酰tRNA合成酶（aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases,aaRS）家族的经典功能是催化氨基酸与对应tRNA结合,形成氨基酰tRNA,参与蛋白质合成。aaRS在进化过程中不断增加与氨基酰化功能无关的新结构域,其亚细胞器定位也受到营养、压力信号、参与调控血管新生和炎症反应等内外部信号调控,且不同aaRS的突变导致不同人类疾病,提示aaRS具有信号传导功能,但缺少具体的生化机制。最新发现aaRS具有氨基酰转移酶活性。一种氨基酸可以被其对应的aaRS活化成氨基酰AMP,氨基酰AMP可以修饰与该aaRS相互作用蛋白质的赖氨酸,传递该氨基酸的丰度及结构信息,调控细胞信号网络。aaRS新功能的发现和研究,为解释aaRS的生理病理重要性提供新的方向。本文综述aaRS的进化及非经典功能,讨论aaRS氨基酰转移酶活性在细胞信号传导及其与疾病的相关性,也包括药物开发潜力。     

八肋游仆虫胞质核糖体蛋白基因序列特征分析

为了探讨八肋游仆虫(Euplotes octocarinatus)核糖体蛋白基因的数目及其结构的特殊性, 研究通过生物信息学方法, 对八肋游仆虫胞质核糖体蛋白进行了系统的分析。共鉴定得到98个基因编码78种不同的胞质核糖体蛋白。其中19种胞质核糖体蛋白基因发生了复制, 尽管都是有功能的, 但其中一个基因的表达受到限制。通过与高等真核生物比较, 我们发现: 八肋游仆虫核糖体蛋白eS30缺失了N端的类泛素结构域, eL6缺失了N端的Ribosomal_L6e_N结构域。另外, 不同于其他高等真核生物, 八肋游仆虫酸性核糖体磷酸化蛋白uL10为碱性蛋白。研究为进一步探讨低等真核生物核糖体的组装及功能奠定了基础。     

八肋游仆虫第二类释放因子基因的克隆与序列分析

分离八肋游仆虫 (Euplotesoctocarinatus)大核eRF3基因 ,为进一步研究第二类释放因子结构与功能 ,探讨低等真核生物新生肽链释放机理提供实验素材 .以八肋游仆虫基因组DNA为材料 ,根据已知的第二类释放因子eRF3保守氨基酸序列设计引物 ,扩增克隆了该游仆虫的第二类释放因子基因片段 ,并对其核苷酸序列进行了分析 .根据测得的序列设计特异性引物 ,并利用游仆虫的端粒序列 (C4 A4 C4 A4 C4 A4 C4 )为引物 ,扩增得到该基因的全序列 .序列分析表明 ,该基因位于 2 782bp长的大核染色体上 ,编码区由 2 4 0 0bp组成 ,编码 80 0个氨基酸 ,不含内含子     

氨酰tRNA合成酶作用机制及其应用北大核心CSCD

氨酰tRNA合成酶(aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases,aaRSs)通过催化氨基酸与相应tRNA的氨酰化以保证遗传信息翻译的准确性,在生物体内具有重要作用。近年来,随着对aaRS催化机制理解的不断加深,aaRS的应用逐渐成为研究热点。在细菌中,aaRS活性被抑制后会导致其生命活动发生紊乱,根据aaRS在人体与病原菌内不同的催化特点设计针对病原体的特异性aaRS抑制剂,将有助于开发以aaRS为靶标的新型抗生素。另外,通过突变aaRS可以在蛋白质序列中定点掺入非天然氨基酸,扩展蛋白质工程。本文简述了aaRS的分类、结构与功能的特点,并在此基础上综述了aaRS在研发新型抑制剂,设计改造特殊蛋白质等方面的应用。     

EoRab43为八肋游仆虫中编码非典型Rab的基因

Rab蛋白是与真核细胞内的膜泡运输密切相关的调节分子。本研究运用简并引物PCR技术从原生动物八肋游仆虫大核基因组中克隆获得了一个全新的Rab基因,EoRab43 (GenBank登陆号为EU365391) ,该基因拟编码蛋白的氨基酸序列基本包括Rab蛋白保守的GTP结合区以及RabF模序。Blast结果显示,EoRab43序列与其它生物中Rab5A、Rab6和Rab13的一致性相对较高,但也仅为36·4 %-38·5 %,无法将其归类于任何现有的Rab蛋白亚家族。序列分析显示该基因拟编码的蛋白质属于非典型Rab,这是首次在游仆虫中发现的编码非典型Rab蛋白的基因,推测其在原生动物八肋游仆虫细胞内可能执行某些特殊的生理功能。     

八肋游仆虫微管蛋白基因家族的鉴定及进化分析

为了系统分析八肋游仆虫(Euplotes octocarinatus)微管蛋白基因家族, 从八肋游仆虫大核基因组中共鉴定得到20个微管蛋白基因, 基于同源比对及系统进化分析, 将其归入α、β、γ、δ、ε及η六个微管蛋白亚家族; 多序列比对及Western blot结果显示八肋游仆虫η微管蛋白基因在翻译过程中需发生一次+1位编程性核糖体移码, 其移码位点为AAA-TAA; 所有自由生纤毛虫都含有多个α和β微管蛋白基因亚型, 可能用于组成不同的微管结构。研究为后续深入探讨八肋游仆虫微管蛋白的生物学功能及微管多样性奠定了基础。     

家蚕氨酰-tRNA合成酶基因分析

为了探讨家蚕氨酰-tRNA合成酶(BmaaRS)基因的数目、种类、结构及起源, 利用家蚕基因组数据和EST数据进行了BmaaRS基因的电子克隆, 结果表明, 家蚕核基因组中含有2套不同的aaRS核基因, 分别编码线粒体和细胞质BmaaRS, 但编码线粒体BmSerRS的基因有2个, 可能缺少编码细胞质的BmHisRS基因和编码线粒体的BmGlnRS、BmLysRS、BmGlyRS和BmThrRS基因, 这些基因的功能可能由具有相似功能的其他蛋白完成, 或通过某个BmaaRS基因的可变剪接分别形成不同功能的BmaaRS。EST证据表明, BmaaRS基因存在不同形式的可变剪接; BmaaRS氨基酸序列的相似性及二、三级结构分析表明部分BmaaRS存在结构域的扩增, 有些不同的BmaaRS具有相同结构域, 相同功能的BmaaRS具有相似的三级结构; 进化分析表明, BmaaRS为2套不同来源的BmaaRS基因编码, 细胞质和线粒体BmaaRS的起源不同。     

Alanyl-tRNA synthetase genes of Vanderwaltozyma polyspora arose from duplication of a dual-functional predecessor of mitochondrial origin

In eukaryotes, the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial forms of a given aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) are typically encoded by two orthologous nuclear genes, one of eukaryotic origin and the other of mitochondrial origin. We herein report a novel scenario of aaRS evolution in yeast. While all other yeast species studied possess a single nuclear gene encoding both forms of alanyl-tRNA synthetase (AlaRS), Vanderwaltozyma polyspora, a yeast species descended from the same whole-genome duplication event as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, contains two distinct nuclear AlaRS genes, one specifying the cytoplasmic form and the other its mitochondrial counterpart. The protein sequences of these two isoforms are very similar to each other. The isoforms are actively expressed in vivo and are exclusively localized in their respective cellular compartments. Despite the presence of a promising AUG initiator candidate, the gene encoding the mitochondrial form is actually initiated from upstream non-AUG codons. A phylogenetic analysis further revealed that all yeast AlaRS genes, including those in V. polyspora, are of mitochondrial origin. These findings underscore the possibility that contemporary AlaRS genes in V. polyspora arose relatively recently from duplication of a dual-functional predecessor of mitochondrial origin.     

The α- and β-Tubulin Genes of Euplotes octocarinatus

ABSTRACT. The α- and the β-tubulin genes of the hypotrichous ciliate Euplotes octocarinatus were isolated from a size-selected macronuclear DNA library. The α-tubulin gene is located on a 1,587 bp macronuclear DNA molecule and the β-tubulin gene on a 1,524 bp macronuclear DNA molecule. Sequencing revealed that all the cysteine residues of the two genes are encoded by the common cysteine codons UGU and UGC and none by an UGA codon. This is in contrast to the genes of E. octocarinatus sequenced so far, where some of the cysteines are encoded by the opal codon UGA. The tubulin genes end like other Euplotes genes with a TAA. They do not contain introns. The last codon for an amino acid in the α-tubulin gene is a GAA which codes for glutamic acid. This is in contrast to what has been reported for most α-tubulin genes, but it supports findings for other hypotrichous ciliates. No evidence for the existence of more than one type of α- and one type of β-tubulin genes could be obtained.     

Evolution of genes,evolution of species: the case of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

All of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) sequences currently available in the data banks have been subjected to a systematic analysis aimed at finding gene duplications, genetic recombinations, and horizontal transfers. Evidence is provided for the occurrence (or probable occurrence) of such phenomena within this class of enzymes. In particular, it is suggested that the monomeric PheRS from the yeast mitochondrion is a chimera of the alpha and beta chains of the standard tetrameric protein. In addition, it is proposed that the dimeric and tetrameric forms of GlyRS are the result of a double and independent acquisition of the same specificity within two different subclasses of aaRS. The phylogenetic reconstructions of the evolutionary histories of the genes encoding aaRS are shown to be extremely diverse. While large segments of the population are consistent with the broad grouping into the three Woesian domains, some phylogenetic reconstructions do not place the Archae and the Eucarya as sister groups but, rather, show a gram-negative bacteria/eukaryote clustering. In addition, many individual genes pose difficulties that preclude any simple evolutionary scheme. Thus, aaRS's are clearly a paradigm of F. Jacob's "odd jobs of evolution" but, on the whole, do not call into question the evolutionary scenario originally proposed by Woese and subsequently refined by others.     

Archaeal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases interact with the ribosome to recycle tRNAs

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRS) are essential enzymes catalyzing the formation of aminoacyl-tRNAs, the immediate precursors for encoded peptides in ribosomal protein synthesis. Previous studies have suggested a link between tRNA aminoacylation and high-molecular-weight cellular complexes such as the cytoskeleton or ribosomes. However, the structural basis of these interactions and potential mechanistic implications are not well understood. To biochemically characterize these interactions we have used a system of two interacting archaeal aaRSs: an atypical methanogenic-type seryl-tRNA synthetase and an archaeal ArgRS. More specifically, we have shown by thermophoresis and surface plasmon resonance that these two aaRSs bind to the large ribosomal subunit with micromolar affinities. We have identified the L7/L12 stalk and the proteins located near the stalk base as the main sites for aaRS binding. Finally, we have performed a bioinformatics analysis of synonymous codons in the Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus genome that supports a mechanism in which the deacylated tRNAs may be recharged by aaRSs bound to the ribosome and reused at the next occurrence of a codon encoding the same amino acid. These results suggest a mechanism of tRNA recycling in which aaRSs associate with the L7/L12 stalk region to recapture the tRNAs released from the preceding ribosome in polysomes.     

香蕉枯萎病菌Fow1基因的克隆及序列分析

为了解Fow1基因在尖镰刀菌古巴专化型侵染香蕉过程中的作用,及其与尖镰刀菌古巴专化型生理小种1号和生理小种4号之间的致病力差异的关系,采用PCR和RT-PCR方法扩增了2个生理小种的Fow1基因,并对扩增产物进行了克隆测序及相似序列搜索和比对,还对基因编码的蛋白进行了结构预测和功能分析。研究结果表明2个生理小种Fow1基因开放阅读框均为957bp,编码318个氨基酸,基因序列和氨基酸序列差异小,而且两个生理小种Fow1基因所编码的蛋白均具有酵母线粒体载体蛋白典型的结构特征,推测Fow1基因可能为香蕉枯萎病菌在香蕉组织中定殖所必需。从Fow1基因序列及其编码蛋白的氨基酸序列看,2个生理小种致病力的差异与Fow1基因并无明显对应关系,这为进一步研究Fow1基因功能奠定了基础。     

Isolation, characterization and molecular cloning of the bark lectins from Maackia amurensis

A detailed study was made of the bark lectins of the legume tree Maackia amurensis using a combination of protein purification and cDNA cloning. The lectins, which are the most abundant bark proteins, are a complex mixture of isoforms composed of two types of subunits of 32 and 37 kDa, respectively. Isolation and characterization of the homotetrameric isoforms indicated that the 32 kDa subunit exhibits a 100-fold stronger haemagglutinating activity than the 37 kDa subunit. Molecular cloning confirmed that the two lectin subunits are encoded by different genes. The 32 kDa subunit is apparently encoded by a single gene, whereas two highly homologous genes encode the 37 kDa subunit. A comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of the bark lectin cDNAs and the previously described cDNA encoding the seed haemagglutinin demonstrated that they are encoded by different genes. Abbreviations: LECMAHb, cDNA clone encoding Maackia amurensis bark haemagglutinin; LECMALb, cDNA clone encoding Maackia amurensis bark leucoagglutinin; MALb, Maackia amurensis bark leucoagglutinin; MAHb, Maackia amurensis bark haemagglutinin This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Structural and sequence diversity of the pathogenicity island of uropathogenic Escherichia coli which encodes the USP protein

A total of 321 uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains and 12 strains of E. coli isolated from stool samples of healthy individuals, which were previously shown to be positive in colony hybridization test using the usp (encoding for the uropathogenic-specific protein) DNA probe, were examined by PCR amplification to determine the size of the usp gene and the pathogenicity island (PI). Three types of size variation were observed for the usp gene and four types for the PI. Sequencing analysis of the PIs from seven representative strains (six UPEC and one from a normal healthy individual) revealed that the usp genes can be classified into two groups, each having different sequences in the 3'-terminal region. The peptides encoded by the three open reading frames (ORFs) downstream of usp had identical 23 amino acid residues in the C-terminal region. The subregion encoding these small ORFs has a mosaic structure constituted of six segments. The positions of these segments vary from strain to strain, and in some strains, two to four segments are deleted. This indicates that rearrangements occur frequently in this region and the mosaic arrangement apparently contributes to the size variation observed in the PCR examination of the usp genes and PIs.