蓝藻硫酯酶催化多肽环化适用性分析北大核心CSCD

硫酯酶(thioesterase,TE)具有区域定向性(regiospecific)、化学定向性(chemospecific)及立体定向性(stereospecific)的特点。这些特性决定了TE作为生物催化剂(biocatalysis)在工业生产中具有较高的应用价值和广阔的应用前景。Mcy C TE(microcystin thioesterase,Mcy C TE)来自铜绿微囊藻(microcystis aeruginosa)NRPS/PKS生物合成基因簇。我们利用正交试验提高Mcy C TE表达量,得到稳定的诱导表达条件,并结合成熟的线性多肽化学合成法对其底物适用性做了进一步研究。得到的最佳诱导表达条件为:诱导时机2 h,诱导剂异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(isopropyl-β-Dthiogalactopyranoside,IPTG)浓度0.75 mmol/L,诱导时间6 h,诱导转速210 r/min,诱导温度20℃,使TE的表达量由8.75 mg/L提高至22.15 mg/L,时间缩短了6.5 h。TE表达量的大幅度提升和表达时间的缩短为将来酶的结构及催化机制研究奠定了基础。TE底物适用性研究结果发现:Mcy C TE并不遵循"4 n+2原则";底物中转角过多不仅不利于环肽的形成,更可能形成卷曲影响环化;无D型氨基酸亦可通过加入其它位阻较小较灵活的Gly或者自带天然转角Pro的可弱化肽链的刚性,促进催化反应;含苯环的Phe的引入在一定程度上阻碍了环化;底物无肽链氨基酸数目奇偶性的选择;延长多肽链长度也可环化,Mcy C TE的底物容忍度较大,使天然多肽药物筛选范围增大,也为增强天然多肽药物药效增加了改良方案,为进一步研究Mcy C TE的催化功能提供了实验基础。     

非核糖体肽合成酶的末端硫酯酶与多肽环化

非核糖体肽合成酶（nonribosomal peptide synthetases,NRPSs）能以多载体巯基化模板机制合成各种结构复杂、种类繁多的次生代谢非核糖体环肽.根据环肽末端环化的方式,可分为两大类：大环内酯型和内酰胺型.负责非核糖体环肽最终环化的硫酯酶（thioesterase,TE）属于α/β水解酶超家族.该家族包括：脂酶、蛋白酶、酯酶等,其共有特征是含有保守的催化三元件（Ser-His-Asp）,起到终止反应和释放产物的功能. TE具有区域定向性（regiospecific）、化学定向性（chemospecific）及立体定向性（stereospecific）的特点,在非核糖体肽（nonribosomal peptide,NRP）的合成反应中具有决定性作用,直接影响到最终环肽的生成. 同时,TE由于其特有的环化和水解的双重活性,在体外的线性多肽环化中越来越受到众多学者的关注. 综合国内外相关文献,本文着重从TE介导下的产物释放机制和影响因素两个方面综述非核糖体末端硫酯酶的研究进展及其应用.     

HCV丝氨酸蛋白酶小分子底物构建及GST融合表达

丝氨酸蛋白酶是丙型肝炎病毒重要的功能蛋白和药物作用靶点,其通过分子内（cis）和分子间（trans）方式催化水解前体蛋白,释放病毒功能蛋白。目的：为深入研究病毒蛋白酶活性和抑制剂鉴定需要,实验研究参照丙型肝炎病毒1a亚型菌株蛋白酶天然底物的氨基酸序列特点,设计了一段包含两个天然底物酶切位点的小分子多肽2S,并进行了原核表达。方法：利用PCR方法,合成2S小分子多肽基因,目的基因两端引入BamH I和EcoR I两个限制性酶切位点,双酶切后将基因与表达载体pGEX-4T-2重组,转化大肠杆菌DH5α,经化学诱导进行GST融合蛋白表达,通过亲和层析柱纯化目的蛋白。纯化的GST 2S融合蛋白在体外反应系统进行酶切鉴定,SDS-PAGE和ELISA鉴定酶切结果。结果：PCR合成的小分子底物多肽2S基因,经与表达载体重组后测序,证实基因序列正确。采用0.5mmol/L浓度的IPTG诱导工程菌过夜,获得表达的目的蛋白,经分离纯化得到融合蛋白GST-2S。GST-2S在体外磷酸盐缓冲系统中与丝氨酸蛋白酶反应,15%SDS-PAGE鉴定酶切产物,证实融合蛋白底物条带明显消失,ELISA结果同样说明融合蛋白的底物活性。结论：含有两个天然底物酶切位点的小分子多肽可以替代病毒天然底物,实验结果为丙型肝炎病毒丝氨酸蛋白酶活性研究和酶抑制剂研究奠定了方法学基础。     

新型神经保护肽[Gly14]-Humanin的表达，纯化和活性鉴定

Humanin（HN）是近年来在人体内发现的内源性多肽,能够保护神经细胞免于各种阿尔采默病病相关因素诱导的凋亡,HN肽链第14位氨基酸被Gly取代的突变体[Gly14]-Humanin（HNG）,神经保护活性比HN高近1 000倍。但由于HNG天然获取的途径有限,限制了对其功能的进一步研究。本课题组构建了HNG的表达质粒pET32a/HNG,并将其转化大肠杆菌BL21 trxB (DE3),诱导表达后HNG以可溶性融合蛋白的形式出现并用镍离子亲和层析纯化,纯化的融合蛋白用肠激酶切割后经反相层析得到纯化的HNG多肽（23 mg每1 L细菌培养液）,重组HNG多肽的分子量经电喷雾电离质谱（ESI-MS）检测为2876.5道尔顿,其N末端8个氨基酸残基的序列经Edman降解法测定为A-M-M-A-P-R-G-F,均与理论值一致。神经细胞保护实验表明,重组HNG多肽的神经保护作用与天然的HNG相近     

α-氨基酸酯酰基转移酶表达纯化、酶学性质及其催化应用

α-氨基酸酯酰基转移酶(α-amino acid ester acyltransferase,AET)能够催化底物L-丙氨酸甲酯盐酸盐、L-谷氨酰胺合成L-丙氨酰-L-谷氨酰胺(L-alanyl-L-glutamine,丙谷二肽)。利用重组大肠杆菌saet-QC01表达α-氨基酸酯酰基转移酶,对其表达条件进行了优化,通过Ni-NTA亲和层析法分离纯化重组蛋白,并对其酶学性质、催化应用进行了研究。适合酶表达的诱导条件:温度20℃,诱导阶段(OD_(600)=2.0-2.5),IPTG浓度0.6 mmol/L,诱导时间12 h。α-氨基酸酯酰基转移酶的最适反应温度27℃,最适pH 8.5,在pH 7.0-8.0很稳定,在酸性条件下相对稳定,低浓度的Co~(2+)、低浓度的EDTA对酶活有促进作用。在底物浓度丙氨酸甲酯盐酸盐600 mmol/L、谷氨酰胺480 mmol/L,丙谷二肽的产量达到78.2 g/L,生产速率达到1.955 g/(L·min),转化率达到75.0%。α-氨基酸酯酰基转移酶具有良好的酸碱耐受性,催化效率高的优良特性,在工业生产中具有较好的应用潜力。     

一氧化氮诱导食管癌细胞线粒体DNA编码基因过表达

以人食管癌细胞系EC109作为驱赶方（driver）,以被一氧化氮（nitric oxid,NO）诱导的EC109作为实验方（tester）,应用抑制消减杂交(suppression subtractive hybridization, SSH)、反向mRNA斑点印迹和RNA印迹等技术手段研究了NO诱导的食管癌细胞中基因的过表达情况.然后对过表达基因的表达序列标签（expressed sequence tag,EST）实施序列测定,并与GenBank进行BLAST同源性比较和序列突变分析.结果先后两次从69个SSH阳性克隆中共鉴定出6个线粒体DNA（mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA）编码的基因,即ND-4L、ND-4、COX-2、Lys-tRNA、ATP-8和ATP-6.表明NO可以诱导食管癌细胞mtDNA编码的基因过表达.另外,在ND-4L/ND-4基因的片段（10 736～11 449）上发现了三处同型单核苷酸置换（10 872 T→C, 11 001 A→G, 11 346 A→G）,在COX-2/Lys-tRNA/ATP-8/ATP-6基因片段（8 011～8 589）上发现了一处单核苷酸缺失（8 380 A）.氨基酸序列分析表明,在NO诱导的EC109中可能存在着一种结构异常的ATP-8肽链（一条在N端被截短的只有11个氨基酸残基的肽链,而正常的ATP-8肽链为68个氨基酸残基）.这些研究结果为深入揭示NO对肿瘤细胞的作用机制提供了新的重要线索.     

水曲柳FmMUR5基因的克隆及表达模式的分析

在核苷糖合成途径中,尿苷二磷酸-阿拉伯吡喃糖变位酶（MUR5）可以催化UDP-阿拉伯吡喃糖和UDP-阿拉伯呋喃糖之间的相互转化。本研究分析了水曲柳FmMUR5基因的时空表达模式及其在非生物胁迫和植物激素诱导下的表达特征。结果表明,水曲柳FmMUR5编码区全长为1 080 bp,编码359个氨基酸。FmMUR5蛋白为稳定的亲水性蛋白,不存在信号肽和跨膜结构。FmMUR5基因与樟子松、大麦等物种的MUR5遗传距离比较近,说明它们亲缘关系比较近。FmMUR5基因在新生枝中表达最高,具有组织特异性,各个部位在八月份表达量相对较高。非生物胁迫和激素诱导下,FmMUR5基因的表达量随处理时间而改变,但其变化趋势不尽相同。在低温（4℃）、盐（NaCl）以及甘露醇3种非生物胁迫下,FmMUR5基因在处理1 h后表达量最高,分别为对照组的1.5、1.4和6.3倍;在4℃和甘露醇处理24 h后,FmMUR5基因表达量最低,而在盐（NaCl）处理12 h后表达量最低。FmMUR5基因在脱落酸（ABA）和生长素（IAA）处理1 h后表达量最高,分别为对照组的2.5和3.8倍,在赤霉素（GA）处理12 h后表达量最高,为对照组的1.1倍;而FmMUR5基因在脱落酸（ABA）处理24 h后表达量最低,在生长素（IAA）和赤霉素（GA）处理6 h后表达量最低。本研究结果表明FmMUR5基因参与非生物胁迫以及植物激素信号诱导。     

大鼠骨骼肌卫星细胞诱导分化为胰岛素生成细胞的研究

目的探讨大鼠骨骼肌卫星细胞（MDSCs）定向诱导分化为胰岛素生成细胞（IPCs）,为1型糖尿病的干细胞治疗提供一种新的研究思路。 方法通过二次酶消化法和差速贴壁培养法分离、培养大鼠MDSCs,利用不同的诱导培养液使MDSCs定向分化为IPCs,并对诱导后细胞进行形态观察,通过双硫腙染色和免疫组化染色对MDSCs-IPCs形态进行鉴定,采用Q-PCR和Western Blot方法检测MDSCs-IPCs中C-peptide和Insulin的表达,通过胰岛素释放实验检测MDSCs-IPCs的生物学功能,β细胞和MDSCs-IPCs两组间比较采用t检验。 结果MDSCs在接种4 h后开始贴壁部分细胞伸出小的突起,48 h后绝大多数细胞贴壁呈梭形、胞浆丰富、折光度高。随着培养时间的延长,细胞的梭形形状更为明显且生长迅速。免疫组化结果显示细胞表达Desmin、α-Sarcomeric Actinin、MyoD1、Myf5和PAX7。成胰诱导后MDSCs形成胰岛样的圆形细胞团,双硫腙染色呈猩红色,Insulin免疫组化染色阳性。Q-PCR结果显示MDSCs-IPCs中C-peptide和Insulin mRNA表达量分别是β细胞的0.73倍（P > 0.05）和0.79倍（P > 0.05）。胰岛素释放实验显示,5.6 mmol/L和16.7 nmlol/L葡萄糖刺激培养2 h后,β细胞和MDSCs-IPCs分泌胰岛素量分别为[（20.3±4.2）mU/L]、[（16.1±3.7）mU/L]、[（60.5±9.3）mU/L]和[（40.9±7.3）mU/L],葡萄糖可调节MDSCs-IPCs胰岛素的分泌。 结论MDSCs易于分离培养、增殖能力强,体外可诱导分化为有功能的IPCs,适合作为再生医学的种子细胞。     

基因重组胰高血糖素样肽-1衍生多肽的表达和产物纯化与鉴定

为研究利用基因重组方法生产人胰高血糖素样肽-1（GLP-1）衍生多肽的最佳表达及纯化条件,选用大肠杆菌偏爱密码子,以含人GLP-1的质粒为模板,用PCR方法合成全长人GLP-1衍生多肽基因,并定向插入到高效表达载体pMFH中,用大肠杆菌BL21进行表达,融合蛋白经Ni-NTA柱纯化后,用C18 Sep-Pak 反相柱脱盐,然后融合蛋白经甲酸水解,水解产物经Ni-NTA柱和高效液相色谱（HPLC）纯化制备后,目的肽由质谱鉴定。 实验结果表明：利用载体pMFH在BL21中,GLP-1衍生物的最佳诱导表达温度为37℃、诱导剂异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷（IPTG）的最佳浓度为0.6mmol/L,最佳诱导表达时间为6h;HPLC分析和制备GLP-1衍生物最佳条件为：流动相A(10% CNCH3∶90% H2O,0.1％TFA),流动相B(100% CNCH3,0.1% TFA),流速1ml／min,30 min线性梯度洗脱,B相至70%,检测波长280nm;质谱鉴定GLP-1衍生物的分子量为5.492kDa,与理论值相符合。在最佳表达及纯化条件下可得GLP-1衍生多肽的产量可达到11.6mg/L发酵产物,纯度≥98%。     

非核糖体肽Skyllamycin B生物合成中Ⅰ型硫酯酶底物杂泛性的初步研究

【背景】Skyllamycins是一类从链霉菌中发现的具有血小板生长因子抑制和生物膜抑制作用的非核糖体肽类,其环肽环合反应是由非核糖体肽合成酶中的硫酯酶功能域催化完成。【目的】克隆和表达Skyllamycin非核糖体肽合成酶最后一个模块中的硫酯酶(Skyxy-TE)基因,合成Skyxy-TE底物类似物,通过体外催化实验表征Skyxy-TE的底物杂泛性。【方法】采用Ligation Independent Cloning(LIC)方法,从一株含有Skyllamycin B生物合成基因簇的链霉菌Streptomycessp.PKU-MA01239中克隆和表达skyxy-TE,通过镍离子柱亲和层析纯化Skyxy-TE。运用固相多肽合成法合成2个底物类似物1和2,进行Skyxy-TE的体外催化实验。【结果】通过对Skyxy-TE的表达纯化,获得了纯度较好的可溶性蛋白;通过固相多肽合成,得到了能够模拟Skyllamycin B底物类似物的化合物1和2,硫酯酶蛋白体外催化化合物1和2得到了化合物3和4,化合物3和4通过核磁共振和高分辨质谱确认为环肽。【结论】Skyllamycin B生物合成中Skyxy-TE表现出一定的底物杂泛性,可以识别底物类似物催化环化反应,该研究为将来利用化学-酶联法制备更多环肽类似物提供了依据。     

Cyclization of backbone-substituted peptides catalyzed by the thioesterase domain from the tyrocidine nonribosomal peptide synthetase

The excised C-terminal thioesterase (TE) domain from the multidomain tyrocidine nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) was recently shown to catalyze head-to-tail cyclization of a decapeptide thioester to form the cyclic decapeptide antibiotic tyrocidine A [Trauger, J. W., Kohli, R. M., Mootz, H. D., Marahiel, M. A., and Walsh, C. T. (2000) Nature 407, 215-218]. The peptide thioester substrate was a mimic of the TE domain's natural, synthetase-bound substrate. We report here the synthesis of modified peptide thioester substrates in which parts of the peptide backbone are altered either by the replacement of three amino acid blocks with a flexible spacer or by replacement of individual amide bonds with ester bonds. Rates of TE domain catalyzed cyclization were determined for these substrates and compared with that of the wild-type substrate, revealing that some parts of the peptide backbone are important for cyclization, while other parts can be modified without significantly affecting the cyclization rate. We also report the synthesis of a modified substrate in which the N-terminal amino group of the wild-type substrate, which is the nucleophile in the cyclization reaction, is replaced with a hydroxyl group and show that this compound is cyclized by the TE domain to form a macrolactone at a rate comparable to that of the wild-type substrate. These results demonstrate that the TE domain from the tyrocidine NRPS can catalyze cyclization of depsipeptides and other backbone-substituted peptides and suggest that during the cyclization reaction the peptide substrate is preorganized for cyclization in the enzyme active site in part by intramolecular backbone hydrogen bonds analogous to those in the product tyrocidine A.     

Generality of peptide cyclization catalyzed by isolated thioesterase domains of nonribosomal peptide synthetases

The C-terminal thioesterase (TE) domains from nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) catalyze the final step in the biosynthesis of diverse biologically active molecules. In many systems, the thioesterase domain is involved in macrocyclization of a linear precursor presented as an acyl-S-enzyme intermediate. The excised thioesterase domain from the tyrocidine NRPS has been shown to catalyze the cyclization of a peptide thioester substrate which mimics its natural acyl-S-enzyme substrate. In this work we explore the generality of cyclization catalyzed by isolated TE domains. Using synthetic peptide thioester substrates from 6 to 14 residues in length, we show that the excised TE domain from the tyrocidine NRPS can be used to generate an array of sizes of cyclic peptides with comparable kinetic efficiency. We also studied the excised TE domains from the NRPSs which biosynthesize the symmetric cyclic decapeptide gramicidin S and the cyclic lipoheptapeptide surfactin A. Both TE domains exhibit expected cyclization activity: the TE domain from the gramicidin S NRPS catalyzes head-to-tail cyclization of a decapeptide thioester to form gramicidin S, and the TE domain from the surfactin NRPS catalyzes stereospecific cyclization to form a macrolactone analogue of surfactin. With an eye toward generating libraries of cyclic molecules by TE catalysis, we report the solid-phase synthesis and TE-mediated cyclization of a small pool of linear peptide thioesters. These studies provide evidence for the general utility of TE catalysis as a means to synthesize a wide range of macrocyclic compounds.     

Global optimization of conformational constraint on non-phosphorylated cyclic peptide antagonists of the Grb2-SH2 domain

Following our earlier work on a phage library derived non-phosphorylated thioether-cyclized peptide inhibitor of Grb2 SH2 domain, a series of small peptide analogues with various cyclization linkage or various ring size were designed and synthesized and evaluated to investigate the optimal conformational constraint for this novel Grb2-SH2 blocker. Our previous SAR studies have indicated that constrained conformation as well as all amino acids except Leu(2) and Gly(7) in this lead peptide, cyclo(CH(2)CO-Glu(1)-Leu-Tyr-Glu-Asn-Val-Gly-Met-Tyr-Cys(10))-amide (termed G1TE), was necessary for sustenance of the biological activity. In this study, in an effort to derive potent and bioavailable Grb2-SH2 inhibitor with minimal sequence, we undertook a systematic conformational study on this non-phosphorylated cyclic ligand by optimizing the ring linkage, ring configuration and ring size. The polarity and configuration of the cyclization linkage were implicated important in assuming the active conformation. Changing the flexible thioether linkage in G1TE into the relatively rigid sulfoxide linkage secured a 4-fold increase in potency (4, IC(50)=6.5 microM). However, open chain, shortening or expanding the ring size led to a marked loss of inhibitory activity. Significantly, the introduction of omega-amino carboxylic acid linker in place of three C-terminal amino acids in G1TE can remarkably recover the apparently favorable conformation, which is otherwise lost because of the reduced ring size. This modification, combined with favorable substitutions of Gla for Glu(1) and Adi for Glu(4) in the resulting six-residue cyclic peptide, afforded peptide 19, with an almost equal potency (19, IC(50)=23.3 microM) relative to G1TE. Moreover, the lipophilic chain in omega-amino carboxylic acid may confer better cell membrane permeability to 19. These newly developed G1TE analogues with smaller ring size and less peptide character but equal potency can serve as templates to derive potent and specific non-phosphorylated Grb2-SH2 antagonists.     

Structural basis for the cyclization of the lipopeptide antibiotic surfactin by the thioesterase domain SrfTE

Many biologically active natural peptides are synthesized by nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS). Product release is accomplished by dedicated thioesterase (TE) domains, some of which catalyze an intramolecular cyclization to form macrolactone or macrolactam cyclic peptides. The excised 28 kDa SrfTE domain, a member of the alpha/beta hydrolase enzyme family, exhibits a distinctive bowl-shaped hydrophobic cavity that hosts the acylpeptide substrate and tolerates its folding to form a cyclic structure. A substrate analog confirms the substrate binding site and suggests a mechanism for substrate acylation/deacylation. Docking of the peptidyl carrier protein domain immediately preceding SrfTE positions the 4'-phosphopantheinyl prosthetic group that transfers the nascent acyl-peptide chain to SrfTE. The structure provides a basis for understanding the mechanism of acyl-PCP substrate recognition and for the cyclization reaction that results in release of the macrolactone cyclic heptapeptide.     

Characterization of the surfactin synthetase C-terminal thioesterase domain as a cyclic depsipeptide synthase

The C-terminal thioesterase domain of the nonribosomal peptide synthetase producing the lipopetide surfactin (Srf TE) retains autonomous ability to generate the cyclic peptidolactone skeleton of surfactin when provided with a soluble beta-hydroxy-butyryl-heptapeptidyl thioester substrate. Utilizing the recently solved crystal structure [Bruner, S. D., et al. (2002) Structure 10, 301-310], the active-site nucleophile, Ser80, was changed to Cys, and the other members of the catalytic triad, Asp107 and His207, were changed to Ala, with the resulting mutants lacking detectable activity. Two cationic side chains in the active site, Lys111 and Arg120, were changed to Ala, causing an increased partitioning of the product to hydrolysis, as did a P26G mutant, mimicking the behavior of lipases. To evaluate recognition elements in substrates used by Srf TE, alterations to the fatty acyl group, the heptapeptide, and the thioester leaving group were made, and the resulting substrates were characterized for kinetic competency and flux of product to cyclization or hydrolysis. Alterations that could be accepted for cyclization were identified in all three parts of the substrate, although tolerance limits for changes varied. In addition, cocrystal structures of Srf TE with dipeptidyl boronate inhibitors were solved, illustrating the critical binding determinants of the substrate. On the basis of the structures and biochemical data, the cyclizing conformation of the surfactin peptide was modeled into the enzyme active site.     

铁胁迫对微囊藻毒素合成酶McyC和McyI表达的影响

为研究微囊藻毒素合成酶基因的蛋白表达水平与环境因子间的关系,文章以位于微囊藻毒素合成基因簇两个操纵子中的mcyC和mcyI基因为代表,利用制备的高效McyC和McyI多克隆抗体,采用Western Blot技术检测了铁胁迫对微囊藻毒素合成酶McyC和McyI蛋白表达水平的影响。研究结果表明,在铁胁迫下,铜绿微囊藻PCC 7806藻细胞内McyC和McyI的蛋白水平变化趋势一致,且与相同条件下藻细胞内毒素的合成产量变化一致,暗示铁胁迫直接通过影响微囊藻毒素合成酶的表达水平调控毒素的合成。研究为进一步了解微囊藻毒素的合成机制提供了基础材料。     

Synthesis and biological activities of cyclic lactam peptides as substrates for non-receptors PTKs

The heptapeptide EDNEYTA, which reproduces the main autophosphorylation site of Src, has been previously shown to be a good substrate for both Src and Syk tyrosine kinases [Ruzza, P., et al., J. Pept. Sci., 2 (1996) 325]. Four lactam bridge conformationally constrained analogues of this peptide were synthesized by classical solution methods and screened for their suitability as c-Fgr and Syk tyrosine kinase substrates. The kinetic data obtained indicate that the different rings of the lactam peptides influence the capability of the peptides to act as PTK substrates. In general cyclization decreases the peptide phosphorylability, however the sequence containing the greatest lactam ring, ED(EEYTK), resulted in an especially suitable and selective substrate for Syk tyrosine kinase.     

Synthesis and biological activities of cyclic lactam peptides as substrates for non-receptors PTKs

Summary The heptapeptide EDNEYTA, which reproduces the main autophosphorylation site of Src, has been previously shown to be a good substrate for both Scc and Syk tyrosine kinases [Ruzza, P., et al., J. Pept. Sci., 2 (1996) 325]. Four lactam bridge conformationally constrained analogues of this peptide were synthesized by classical solution methods and screened for their suitability as c-Fgr and Syk tyrosine kinase substrates. The kinetic data obtained indicate that the different rings of the lactam peptides influence the capability of the peptides to act as PTK substrates. In general cyclization decreases the peptide phosphorylability, however the sequence containing the greatest lactam ring, ED(EEYTK), resulted in an especially suitable and selective substrate for Syk tyrosine kinase.     

The synthesis and evaluation of 10- and 12-membered ring benzofused enediyne amino acids

The enediyne moiety is a versatile functional group found in natural anticancer and anti-infective agents, undergoing the Bergman cyclization reaction to afford a diradical which cleaves double-stranded DNA. We have incorporated the enediyne group into 10- (4-10) and 12-membered ring (11) cyclic amino acids and dipeptides, respectively, and explored their relative reactivity toward cyclization, varying N-substitution in the case of the 10-membered ring substrate, which gave the expected cyclization products in good yields when using either thermal conditions in the presence or absence of microwave irradiation. The N-tosyl substituted derivative (4) was shown to nick double-stranded supercoiled DNA. N-Arylsulfonyl substitution on the ring promoted the cyclization, when compared to N-mesyl or acyl substitution, possibly because of a pi-pi stacking effect as an endo-relationship of the aryl group with the enediyne was demonstrated in both the solid state and in solution. The 12-membered ring enediyne dipeptide (11) was inert to the Bergman cyclization under a variety of conditions. When this substrate was irradiated with ultraviolet light, regio- and stereospecific reduction was observed in which one of the alkynes was reduced to a Z-olefin (47).