应激诱导蛋白Sestrin2研究进展

Sestrins是一类高度保守的应激诱导蛋白,通过多种机制保护细胞免受应激、老化等病理生理因素损伤。Sestrin2(Sesn2)是Sestrins蛋白亚型,缺氧、氧化应激等可诱导其表达,Sesn2参与代谢相关性和年龄相关性疾病的病理过程,也参与细胞生长和代谢的调节,与细胞功能密切相关。细胞免疫功能紊乱是严重创(烧)伤感染、脓毒症发病机制中的重要病理生理过程,是目前研究的热点问题之一。本文主要阐述Sesn2功能及其在机体免疫反应中的潜在意义。     

microRNA在衰老性肌萎缩和运动干预中的调节作用

衰老性肌萎缩症是由于衰老所致的骨骼肌质量减少及功能减退的增龄性机能退化症,运动干预是其防治的最有效措施之一。研究表明,microRNAs (miRNAs)作为基因表达的调控因子,通过调节骨骼肌发育(增殖、分化)、线粒体生物发生、蛋白质合成与降解、炎症反应和代谢途径来维持衰老骨骼肌细胞稳态。此外,运动可改变miRNAs表达水平,调节骨骼肌细胞的代谢平衡,从而改善衰老相关的骨骼肌质量、组成和功能的变化。本文综述了miRNAs在衰老性肌萎缩症中的调节机制,阐述在运动条件下miRNAs在衰老性肌萎缩症中的调控作用和分子机制,以期为预防和治疗衰老性肌萎缩症提供新的思路。     

褪黑素延缓哺乳动物衰老的作用及其机制的研究进展

褪黑素(melatonin)在哺乳动物中是主要由松果体分泌的一种多功能吲哚激素,具有抗氧化、调节睡眠、调节昼夜节律、增强免疫力、抑制肿瘤等作用,在哺乳动物的复杂衰老进程中发挥重要作用。本文从氧化应激和能量代谢两个方面综述了褪黑素在哺乳动物中延缓衰老的作用机制。褪黑素通过清除自由基、激发抗氧化作用以及保护线粒体功能从而减缓氧化应激;通过调节代谢感知、重建昼夜节律以及促进能量消耗调节能量代谢。最后对该领域今后可能的发展方向进行了展望。     

Sestrins在AMPK/mTOR调控细胞能量代谢中的作用研究进展

一磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)和哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)是细胞内两个重要的能量感受分子。AMPK主要调控分解代谢,而mTOR主要影响合成代谢,两者在调控细胞代谢平衡过程中发挥重要作用。Sestrins是新近发现的一类进化高度保守的应激诱导蛋白,可保护细胞免受氧化应激的损伤。此外,Sestrins还能调控AMPK/mTOR信号通路活性,从而影响组织细胞的能量代谢稳态,但其机制尚不明确。本文将主要针对Sestrins与AMPK/mTOR信号通路之间的调控关系以及对细胞能量代谢影响的最新研究进展加以综述。     

啤酒酵母复制衰老的分子机制

 复制衰老是啤酒酵母衰老形式之一,表现出芽痕累积、细胞体积变大、不对称分裂丧失、不育、核仁脆裂和代谢变化等特征.染色体外rDNA环累积是啤酒酵母复制衰老的重要原因,而组蛋白去乙酰化酶家族成员Sir2蛋白在调节染色体外rDNA环累积、啤酒酵母衰老和寿命方面起到核心作用.作为去乙酰化反应底物的NAD+正性调节Sir2组蛋白去乙酰化酶活性,NAD+代谢产物尼克酰胺对Sir2有负性调节作用,而有尼克酰胺参与的NAD+补救合成途径对于Sir2活性十分重要.目前,已经在人等动物细胞中发现参与这些调节过程的相关蛋白的同源基因,在功能上也表现出一定的相似性.啤酒酵母的衰老机制研究将为人体衰老的认识提供重要线索.     

mTOR信号通路与衰老相关疾病

哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)是一种丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,在调节细胞的生长、增殖和存活中起着重要的作用。mTOR信号通路失调与许多衰老相关重大疾病如神经退行性病变、代谢综合征、肿瘤、心血管疾病等的发生发展密切相关,故对mTOR信号通路在衰老及衰老相关疾病中的作用机制的研究,对于揭示衰老及衰老相关疾病的发生机制具有重要意义,并为研发以mTOR信号通路为靶点的抗衰老及衰老相关疾病的治疗药物提供新策略。     

亮氨酰-tRNA合成酶在调控衰老骨骼肌蛋白质合成中的作用与机制

蛋白质代谢平衡紊乱是诱发骨骼肌萎缩的根本原因,蛋白质合成减少则直接导致衰老性骨骼肌萎缩的发生与发展。亮氨酰-tRNA合成酶(leucyl-tRNA synthetase, LeuRS)的经典功能是催化亮氨酸与其同工tRNA之间连接形成氨基酰,在生物体内遗传解码过程中具有重要作用。随着近年对LeuRS蛋白研究的深入,人们认为其可能通过行使非经典功能而在衰老骨骼肌蛋白质代谢稳态调节中发挥关键作用。本文综述了氨基酰-tRNA合成酶和LeuRS的结构与生物学特性,并重点对LeuRS作为细胞内亮氨酸传感器调控衰老骨骼肌细胞蛋白质合成的研究进展进行总结,分析了LeuRS响应运动与氨基酸摄入等合成代谢刺激,活化哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合物1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1, mTORC1)信号转导通路的作用机制,以期为衰老性骨骼肌萎缩的预防和诊治提供新的思路。     

苹果酸酶1及其对疾病调控的研究进展

苹果酸酶1(malic enzyme 1,ME1)是调节苹果酸代谢的关键酶,主要的生物学功能是维持细胞内氧化还原稳态、调节细胞能量代谢和合成生物分子,可影响细胞生长、分化、增殖和衰老等重要生命活动。近年来的研究表明,ME1与多种疾病的发生发展密切相关,且目前作为多种疾病潜在的治疗靶点备受关注。因此,本文将针对ME1的结构、生物学功能和转录调控机制以及与疾病的关系进行综述。     

SIRT3在心脏衰老中的作用机制

世界老年人口的比例大幅增加，心脏衰老被认为是导致心血管疾病发生发展的重要和独立危险因素。氧化应激、炎症和自噬是心脏衰老过程中主要的分子调节机制。因此，了解心脏衰老的结构功能变化、分子机制以及预防策略至关重要。沉默信息调节因子3(sirtuin 3,SIRT3)属于sirtuins(SIRTs)家族，一些研究表明，SIRT3在其他器官的衰老和人类疾病中有着重要作用，包括心血管疾病、年龄相关性听力损伤、帕金森病、阿尔兹海默症等。本文从SIRT3基本结构、在心脏衰老中的作用机制及治疗策略三个方面进行综述，为未来SIRT3在临床更好的应用提供参考。     

禁食调控肌肉衰减症——自噬的作用北大核心CSCD

肌肉衰减症(Sarcopenia)是一种常见的老年肌病,肌肉质量减少和功能障碍是其主要特征,并多伴随着自噬功能受损、体内代谢废物堆积等情况。自噬是肌肉质量的重要调节机制,可在禁食等能量应激下,使用溶酶体消化降解体内有毒的代谢废物,如损伤或老化的细胞器、变异的蛋白质、病菌和ROS等,对防治Sarcopenia起到良好的作用。最近研究发现禁食作为一种新兴的饮食干预手段,可通过能量摄入的降低显著激活机体自噬水平,在延缓机体衰老进程的同时,有效防治Sarcopenia。     

Maintenance of metabolic homeostasis by sestrin2 and sestrin3

Chronic activation of mammalian target of rapamycin?complex 1 (mTORC1) and p70 S6 kinase (S6K) in?response to hypernutrition contributes to obesity-associated metabolic pathologies, including hepatosteatosis and insulin resistance. Sestrins are?stress-inducible proteins that activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and suppress mTORC1-S6K activity, but their role in mammalian physiology and metabolism has not been investigated. We show that Sestrin2-encoded by the Sesn2 locus, whose expression is induced upon hypernutrition-maintains metabolic homeostasis in liver of obese mice. Sesn2 ablation exacerbates obesity-induced mTORC1-S6K activation, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and hepatosteatosis, all of which are reversed by AMPK activation. Furthermore, concomitant ablation of Sesn2 and Sesn3 provokes hepatic mTORC1-S6K activation and insulin resistance even in the absence of nutritional overload and obesity. These results demonstrate an important homeostatic function for the stress-inducible Sestrin protein family in the control of mammalian lipid and glucose metabolism.     

Sestrin 1 ameliorates cardiac hypertrophy via autophagy activation

Cardiac hypertrophy is one of the major risk factors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Autophagy is acknowledged to be an important mechanism regulating cardiac hypertrophy. Sestrin 1, a downstream target gene of p53, has been proven to regulate autophagy. However, the role of Sestrin 1 in cardiac hypertrophy remains unknown. Our study showed that Sestrin 1 mRNA and protein expression declined in pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy and phenylephrine (PE)‐induced cardiac hypertrophy. Knockdown of Sestrin 1 by RNAi deteriorated PE‐induced cardiac hypertrophy, whereas the overexpression of Sestrin 1 by adenovirus transfection blunted hypertrophy. We discovered that knockdown of Sestrin 1 resulted in impaired autophagy while overexpression of Sestrin 1 resulted in increased autophagy without affecting lysosomal function. In addition, the antihypertrophic effect of Sestrin 1 overexpression was eliminated by autophagy blockade. Importantly, Sestrin 1 targets at the AMPK/mTORC1/autophagy pathway to inhibit cardiac hypertrophy by interaction with AMPK which is responsible for autophagy regulation. Taken together, our data indicate that Sestrin 1 regulates AMPK/mTORC1/autophagy axis to attenuate cardiac hypertrophy.     

Sestrin2 facilitates death receptor-induced apoptosis in lung adenocarcinoma cells through regulation of XIAP degradation

Apoptosis plays a critical physiological role in controlling cell number and eliminating damaged, non-functional and transformed cells. Cancerous cells as well as some types of normal cells are often resistant to cell death induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines through death receptors. This potentially allows cancer cells to evade the control from the immune system and to proceed toward a more malignant stage, although the mechanisms of this evasion are not well established. We have recently identified the stress-responsive Sestrin2 protein as a critical regulator of cell viability under stress conditions. Sestrin2 is a member of a small family of antioxidant proteins and inhibitors of mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) kinase. Down-regulation of Sestrin1/2 leads to genetic instability and accelerates the growth of lung adenocarcinoma xenografts. Here we addressed the potential role of Sestrin2 in regulation of cell death induced by TNFR1 and related Fas and TRAIL receptors in lung adenocarcinoma cells. We found that Sestrin2 silencing strongly inhibits cytokine-induced cell death through a mechanism independent of ROS and mTORC1 regulation. We determined that the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) plays a critical role in the control of cytokine-induced cell death by Sestrin2. Thus our study defines a new, previously unrecognized role of Sestrin2 in the regulation of apoptosis.     

Role of sestrin2 in peroxide signaling in macrophages

Reactive oxygen species not only serve as signaling molecules, they also contribute to oxidative stress and cell damage. The thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems form along with peroxiredoxins a precisely regulated defense system to maintain the cellular redox homeostasis. There is evidence that nitric oxide (NO) protects cells from oxidative stress by preventing inactivation of peroxiredoxins by sulfinylation. Here we demonstrate that NO and hypoxia upregulate Sestrin2 by HIF-1-dependent and additional mechanisms and that Sestrin2 contributes to preventing peroxiredoxins from sulfinylation. We conclude that Sestrin2 plays a role in peroxide defense as a reductase for peroxiredoxins.     

p53 target genes sestrin1 and sestrin2 connect genotoxic stress and mTOR signaling

The tumor suppressor p53 is activated upon genotoxic and oxidative stress and in turn inhibits cell proliferation and growth through induction of specific target genes. Cell growth is positively regulated by mTOR, whose activity is inhibited by the TSC1:TSC2 complex. Although genotoxic stress has been suggested to inhibit mTOR via p53-mediated activation of mTOR inhibitors, the precise mechanism of this link was unknown. We now demonstrate that the products of two p53 target genes, Sestrin1 and Sestrin2, activate the AMP-responsive protein kinase (AMPK) and target it to phosphorylate TSC2 and stimulate its GAP activity, thereby inhibiting mTOR. Correspondingly, Sestrin2-deficient mice fail to inhibit mTOR signaling upon genotoxic challenge. Sestrin1 and Sestrin2 therefore provide an important link between genotoxic stress, p53 and the mTOR signaling pathway.     

Sestrin2 as a gatekeeper of cellular homeostasis: Physiological effects for the regulation of hypoxia-related diseases

Sestrin2 (SESN2) is a conserved stress-inducible protein (also known as hypoxia-inducible gene 95 (HI95)) that is induced under hypoxic conditions. SESN2 represses the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and provides cytoprotection against various noxious stimuli, including hypoxia, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and DNA damage. In recent years, the determination of the regulation and signalling mechanisms of SESN2 has increased our understanding of its role in the hypoxic response. SESN2 has well-documented roles in hypoxia-related diseases, making it a potential target for diagnosis and treatment. This review discusses the regulatory mechanisms of SESN2 and highlights the significance of SESN2 as a biomarker and therapeutic target in hypoxia-related diseases, such as cancer, respiratory-related diseases, cardiovascular diseases and cerebrovascular diseases.     

The Role of PARP-1 and PARP-2 Enzymes in Metabolic Regulation and Disease

While originally described as DNA damage repair agents, recent data suggest a role for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes in metabolic regulation by influencing mitochondrial function and oxidative metabolism. Here we review how PARP activity has a major metabolic impact and the role of PARP-1 and PARP-2 in diverse metabolic complications.