沉默MAPK1对牛磺胆酸钠诱导的胰腺腺泡细胞内胰蛋白酶原的细胞内激活及自噬流的影响

目的:探讨沉默丝裂素活化蛋白激酶(MAPK1)对牛磺胆酸钠诱导的胰腺腺泡细胞内胰蛋白酶原激活及自噬流的影响。方法:选择体外培养的AR42J细胞分为AR42J细胞+空白对照组,AR42J细胞+牛磺胆酸钠(TLC)(200μM的TLC作用40 min),AR42J细胞+RNA1(MAPK1)。分别转染MAPK1 si RNA以及阴性对照,采用BZi PAR、流式细胞术及激光共聚焦显微镜检测胰蛋白酶原激活,western blot技术检测各组自噬相关蛋白LC3、Beclin1、Cathepsin L,组织蛋白酶L(Cathepsin L,CTSL,也称为CTSL1)和溶酶体膜蛋白(Lysosomal associated membrane protein 2,LAMP2)。结果:TLC处理AR42J细胞后,胰蛋白酶原激活显著增加(阳性细胞相对比:15.12%±1.46%vs.7.82%±1.86%,P0.05,平均荧光强度:7.65±0.72 vs.3.76±0.57,P0.05),MAPK1 si RNA转染后TLC处理AR42J细胞后细胞内胰蛋白酶原激活则较TLC组明显降低(阳性细胞相对比:9.25%±1.16%vs.15.12%±1.46%,P0.05,平均荧光强度:4.31±0.27 vs.7.65±0.72,P0.05)。TLC组Beclin1与LC3表达显著性高于对照组(Beclin1:2.237±0.097 vs.1.103±0.057,P0.05。LC3:1.908±0.039 vs.0.973±0.081,P0.05),TLC+MAPK1si RNA组Beclin1与LC3的表达显著低于TLC组(Beclin1:1.214±0.049 vs.2.237±0.097,P0.05。LC3:1.315±0.037 vs.1.908±0.039,P0.05);而TLC组LAMP2及CTSL1表达较对照组显著下调(LAMP2:0.462±0.025 vs.1.009±0.039,P0.05。CTSL1:0.563±0.028 vs.1.135±0.041,P0.05),TLC+MAPK1si RNA组LAMP2及CTSL1表达显著高于TLC组(LAMP2:1.007±0.019 vs.0.462±0.025,P0.05。CTSL1:0.921±0.030 vs.0.563±0.028,P0.05)。结论:沉默MAPK1对TLC诱导的AR42J细胞中的胰蛋白酶原激活具有抑制作用,可能通过抑制MAPK1通路抑制自噬发生,同时使LAMP2及CTSL1的表达增强,自噬溶酶体的功能正常,自噬过程顺利进行,从而抑制胰蛋白酶原的激活,减轻急性胰腺炎。     

饥饿及雨蛙素诱导的AR42J 细胞中自噬基因LC3及beclin-1 表达的变化

目的:观察饥饿及雨蛙素诱导的大鼠胰腺腺泡细胞AR42J中自噬基因LC3及beclin-1表达的变化,初步探讨吞噬(autophagy)在急性胰腺炎中的作用。方法:选择体外培养的生长状态良好的大鼠胰腺腺泡AR42J细胞,随机分为3组,饥饿组(N=10),雨蛙素处理组(N=10),空白对照组(N=10)。饥饿组加入充足的平衡盐溶液,雨蛙素处理组加入含10-7mol/L雨蛙素的全营养培养液,空白对照组加入含20%灭活胎牛血清的F12-K培养液(p H7.2-7.4),各组分别于处理后2、4、6 h收集细胞并提取蛋白质。采用免疫印迹法检测三组不同时点胰腺腺泡细胞AR42J中自噬基因Beclin-1和LC3的蛋白表达。结果:空白对照组不同时点beclin-1和LC3-II均呈低表达,且各时点比较差异无统计学意义(P<0.05)。饥饿组和雨蛙素处理组beclin-1和LC3-II的表达随处理时间的延长逐渐增加,且不同时点beclin-1和LC3-II的表达均较空白对照组显著增高,差异均具统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:雨蛙素和饥饿刺激可导致大鼠胰腺腺泡细胞AR42J中LC3-II及beclin-1蛋白表达随作用时间的延长而增加,自噬可能参与了胰腺炎的发生发展过程。     

血管内皮细胞生长因子诱导自噬致高脂血症性急性胰腺炎大鼠胰腺组织细胞炎症损伤

本文旨在研究高脂血症性急性胰腺炎(hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis,HLAP)胰腺组织细胞自噬变化情况和自噬致胰腺组织细胞炎症损伤的分子机制。雄性Sprague Dawley (SD)大鼠腹腔注射雨蛙素制备急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)模型,并给予高脂饮食进一步制备HLAP模型,同时用自噬诱导剂雷帕霉素或自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤处理。用雨蛙素处理胰腺腺泡AR42J细胞构建HLAP细胞模型,给予雷帕霉素或转染血管内皮细胞生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)si RNA,用ELISA检测大鼠血清及细胞培养液上清中相关炎性因子,用HE染色观察胰腺组织病理学变化,用电镜观察胰腺组织细胞超微结构及自噬变化,用免疫组织化学法及Western blot检测Beclin-1、微管相关轻链蛋白3-Ⅱ (microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-Ⅱ,LC3-Ⅱ)、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合物1 (mammalian target of rapam...     

TRPM3表达上调通过调控Beclin1的表达促进卵巢癌细胞自噬

目的:探讨瞬时受体电位离子通道3(TRPM3)和Beclin1在卵巢癌中的表达和对卵巢癌细胞自噬的影响。方法:收集6例正常卵巢组织标本和20例卵巢癌组织标本,应用免疫组织化学染色法检测TRPM3和Beclin1在卵巢癌组织中的表达,采用western blotting法检测TRPM3和Beclin1在正常卵巢上皮细胞Moody和卵巢癌细胞Hey、ES-2中的表达差异。用TRPM3-siRNA瞬时转染细胞Hey和ES-2,通过western blotting法检测TRPM3基因沉默情况及Beclin1、p62和LC3的蛋白表达变化。结果:在正常卵巢组织和卵巢癌组织中,TRPM3的阳性表达率分别为33.3%、80.0%(P0.05),而Beclin1的阳性表达率分别为33.3%、65.0%(P0.05)。与正常卵巢上皮细胞Moody相比,卵巢癌细胞Hey和ES-2中TRPM3、Beclin1蛋白表达水平明显较高(P0.05)。沉默TRPM3基因表达的卵巢癌细胞中Beclin1和LC3蛋白表达与对照组相比明显降低,而p62表达升高(P0.05)。结论:卵巢癌组织和细胞中TRPM3蛋白呈高表达,可能通过调控Beclin1促进卵巢癌细胞的自噬。     

二氢生物喋呤还原酶参与调控HEK293T细胞自噬作用的初步研究

目的探讨二氢生物喋呤还原酶（dihydropteridine reductase,QDPR）对HEK293T细胞自噬作用的影响。方法构建野生型QDPR和突变型QDPR重组质粒分别转染HEK293T细胞,并设空载体对照组。采用RT-PCR及Western blot方法检测空载体组,野生型QDPR组和突变型QDPR组自噬相关蛋白LC3和Beclin 1的表达量变化。结果 1）测序结果证实PCR扩增得到编码正常QDPR的cDNA序列正确以及突变的cDNA也在正确的位置突变;2）磷酸钙共沉淀法转染HEK293T细胞后,野生型QDPR和突变型QDPR融合蛋白成功表达;3）RT-PCR结果显示,与对照组相比,野生型QDPR组LC3基因水平明显上调（P〈0.05）,突变型QDPR组LC3基因水平与对照组相比无统计学差异;与对照组相比,野生型和突变型组Beclin1基因水平无统计学差异;4）Western blot结果显示,与对照组相比,野生型QDPR组LC3-II和Beclin1的蛋白表达量明显上调（P〈0.05）,但LC3-I的蛋白表达量无统计学差异,突变型QDPR组与对照组相比LC3-I,II和Beclin1的蛋白表达量均没有统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论二氢生物喋呤还原酶能增强HEK293T细胞自噬相关基因LC3和Beclin 1的表达,提示其可能具有激活自噬作用的功能;二氢生物喋呤还原酶93位氨基酸的突变影响了其对细胞自噬作用的调控,降低了自噬标志分子LC3-I和Beclin1的基因表达。     

HCMV感染对胶质瘤细胞U87自噬的影响

研究人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)感染对神经胶质瘤U87细胞自噬的影响。通过观察微管相关蛋白1轻链3(LC3)、自噬相关基因Beclin1及其蛋白表达的变化,从而探讨HCMV与神经胶质瘤发生、发展的关系及意义。用HCMV AD169(MOI=5)感染神经胶质瘤U87细胞,同时将未感染HCMV的U87细胞作为对照组。分别在6、12、24、48 h用RT-PCR检测Beclin1的表达,Western-blot和免疫荧光检测Beclin1和LC3编码蛋白的表达,最后用CCK-8检测细胞的增殖活性。结果显示,HCMV感染的U87细胞LC3-II蛋白表达水平逐渐下降(P<0.05);同时,HCMV感染的U87细胞Beclin1基因及蛋白的表达水平也逐渐下降(P<0.01),且HCMV感染U87细胞增殖显著(P<0.01)。以上结果表明,HCMV感染抑制胶质瘤U87细胞自噬,并会引起Beclin1表达水平下调,进而导致胶质瘤细胞增殖。     

过表达MicroRNA-21通过PTEN/PI3K/AKT信号通路调控人退变髓核细胞自噬的研究

目的:探讨过表达mi R-21通过PTEN/PI3K/AKT通路对人退变髓核细胞自噬的影响。方法:构建稳定过表达mi R-21 mimic人退变髓核细胞,转染无意义序列作为mi R-21 mimic control组,采用RT-qPCR检测转染效率;利用MDC荧光染色法观察细胞自噬泡;Western-Blot检测细胞自噬相关蛋白LC3和P62的表达以及PTEN/PI3K/AKT信号通路中关键蛋白PTEN、PI3K及AKT的表达水平。结果:RT-qPCR结果表明mi R-21 mimic转染成功且效率较高,与mi R-21 mimic control组及空白细胞对照组相比,差异显著(P0.05)。荧光显微镜观察MDC染色情况,mi R-21 mimic组的细胞中几乎没有发现自噬体,而mi R-21 mimic control组以及空白对照组细胞中自噬体均较多,与前者相比差异均明显,具有统计学意义(P0.05)。mi R-21 mimic组细胞中LC3-II/LC3-I表达量的比值均显著低于mi R-21 mimic control组及空白对照组细胞(P0.05);而P62在mi R-21 mimic组细胞中表达量显著高于mi R-21 mimic control组及空白细胞对照组,具有统计学意义(P0.05)。mi R-21 mimic组中PTEN蛋白的表达水平较低,与另外两组相比具有统计学意义(P0.05);磷酸化的PI3K(p-PI3K)和AKT(p-Akt)在mi R-21 mimic组中均明显高于mi R-21 mimic control组和空白细胞对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:mi R-21可以通过靶向沉默PTEN,促进PI3K和AKT发生磷酸化,进而使PTEN/PI3K/AKT信号通路被激活,最终抑制人椎间盘退变髓核细胞的自噬。     

黄芩苷诱导自噬改善胰岛素抵抗

探讨黄芩苷对胰岛素抵抗的作用及其机制,将大鼠肝脏间质细胞(BRL-3A细胞)分成空白组、模型组、黄芩苷高剂量组和黄芩苷低剂量组。除空白组以外,其余组BRL-3A细胞均采用0.2 mmol/L棕榈酸(PA)处理,并给予相应药物进行干预,检测葡萄糖消耗量和甘油三酯含量;Western blotting法检测自噬蛋白LC3-Ⅰ、LC3-Ⅱ和Becline1的表达,RT-qPCR法检测自噬基因Beclin1的表达。结果显示:经PA处理之后,BRL-3A细胞对葡萄糖的消耗量减少,甘油三酯水平增加,表明BRL-3A细胞出现葡萄糖的摄取和利用障碍,以及脂代谢紊乱,证明胰岛素抵抗细胞模型复制成功。而LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、Beclin1和Beclin1 mRNA的表达均明显减少,表明细胞自噬被抑制。黄芩苷高、低剂量组均能增加BRL-3A细胞对葡萄糖的消耗量,减少甘油三酯水平;LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、Beclin1和Beclin1 mRNA的表达也明显增加,且黄芩苷高剂量比低剂量效果明显。本研究表明:黄芩苷可以增加BRL-3A细胞对葡萄糖的摄取利用,减轻脂质代谢紊乱,从而改善胰岛素抵抗,具体作用机制可能与其诱导细胞自噬有关。     

全反式维甲酸调控自噬促进肝祖细胞成熟分化的作用研究

该研究探讨全反式维甲酸(all-trans retinoic acid,ATRA)体外诱导小鼠胚胎肝祖细胞HP14-19细胞成熟分化及ATRA对细胞自噬水平的调控作用。应用1μmol/L ATRA处理小鼠胚胎肝祖细胞HP14-19细胞,不同时间点进行荧光素酶报告基因检测ALB-Gluc活性,Real-time PCR检测肝细胞相关标志基因的表达,吲哚菁绿(indocyanine green,ICG)及过碘酸–希夫(periodicacid-schiff,PAS)染色检测细胞的成熟功能;透射电镜观察自噬体及细胞连接,ptf LC3质粒转染细胞,激光共聚焦显微镜观察自噬流,Western blot检测自噬相关标志蛋白质水平等综合分析自噬的变化情况。结果显示,与对照组相比,ATRA可显著增强HP14-19细胞ALB-Gluc活性,抑制肝前体细胞标志DLK和AFP的表达,促进成熟肝细胞标志ALB、CK18、TAT和Apo B的表达,ICG及PAS染色阳性细胞数显著增多(P0.05);透射电镜结果可见ATRA诱导组出现大量自噬体和自噬溶酶体,同时细胞间紧密连接增多,并且自噬相关标志蛋白质Beclin1、LC3-II、RAB7水平增高,P62水平无显著变化,LC3-II/LC3-I的比值明显增加(P0.05);激光共聚焦显微镜可见ATRA组细胞质内黄色斑点的自噬体及红色斑点的自噬溶酶体均较对照组明显增多,自噬抑制剂3-MA和Baflomycin可抑制ATRA诱导的HP14-19细胞的ICG摄取和糖原合成功能。综上所述,ATRA可能通过调节细胞自噬水平有效诱导小鼠胚胎肝祖细胞的分化成熟。     

去乙酰化酶抑制剂TSA介导Ku70乙酰化对结肠癌HT29细胞凋亡和自噬的影响

目的:探讨不同浓度组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂TSA对结肠癌HT29细胞的增殖、凋亡和自噬影响及其机制研究。方法:取对数生长期人结肠癌HT29细胞,采用MTT法检测不同浓度TSA处理对其细胞活力影响,并根据IC50值确定适宜给药浓度;采用流式细胞术检测不同浓度TSA处理后结肠癌HT29细胞的凋亡情况;Western blot验证空白对照组与TSA给药处理组中凋亡标志蛋白Ku70、acetrl-Ku70、Caspase3、Bax、Bcl-2和自噬标志蛋白LC3和Beclin1的表达。结果:MTT法实验结果表明TSA对结肠癌HT29细胞具有时间和浓度依赖性抑制作用,根据IC50=1.12μM,本研究中TSA的给药浓度为0.5μM和1μM;流式细胞凋亡检测结果表明TSA能够显著促进结肠癌HT29细胞凋亡,且其促凋亡作用存在浓度依赖性;此外,Western blot检测结果证实,与空白对照组相比,TSA给药处理可显著上调上述细胞中acetrl-Ku70以及促凋亡蛋白Caspase3、Bax和自噬标志蛋白LC3和Beclin1的表达,下调抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达(P<0.05)。结论:组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(TSA)的体外抗结肠癌细胞的增殖、促进细胞凋亡和自噬作用与其上调Ku70蛋白乙酰化密切相关,有望成为临床潜在抗癌靶点。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.