Purification of boiling-soluble antifreeze protein from the legume Ammopiptanthus mongolicus

A boiling-soluble antifreeze protein (AFP) was purified from the winter leaves of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus an evergreen legume species surviving in the cold desert of northwest of China. Purification was achieved by using a procedure consisting of a heat treatment step followed by consecutive chromatography, including ion-exchange chromatography (DEAE-Cellulose 52, Source 15Q), molecular exclusion chromatography with Sephacryl S300, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (Poros 20HP2). This AFP showed thermal hysteresis activity and could modify the normal growth of ice crystals. The thermal hysteresis activity (THA) of this purified antifreeze protein is 0.15 degrees C at a concentration of 10 mg/mL, and its molecular mass is approximately 28 kD by SDS-PAGE analysis.     

沙冬青CBL1蛋白纯化及性质研究

CBL是近年来发现的一类钙信号转导蛋白,CBL-CIPK组成的信号通路在植物应答生物和非生物刺激中发挥重要作用。其中CBL1和相应的CIPK在低钾,渗透压,干旱,机械损伤,及冻伤等环境胁迫中发挥重要作用。通过对沙冬青CBL1表面带电氨基酸定点突变,表面赖氨酸甲基化后电荷消除证明了沙冬青CBL1(AmCBL1)在钙离子存在下的非特异性聚集是由于分子间的电荷相互作用引起,三体蛋白很可能是沙冬青CBL1蛋白发挥功能的单位。通过甲基化可以得到聚合状态均一的蛋白,为CBL1晶体生长奠定了基础。     

Purification and Structure Analysis of Antifreeze Proteins from Ammopiptanthus mongolicus

Abstract

We purified many kinds of antifreeze proteins with high activity from the leaves of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus by several biochemical techniques. The antifreeze activities of these AFPs were measured by both osmometry and differential scanning calorimetry, and the inhibition of growth of ice crystals by the AFPs was obvious. Additionally, the antifreeze proteins were analyzed by sequencing, glycosylation reaction, mass spectroscopy, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Both samples have some other unique structures different from those of fishes and of insects. It was suggested that plant AFPs might have a particular antifreeze mechanism in comparison with that of fish and insects.     

Purification and Identification of Antifreeze Proteins in Ammopiptanthus mongolicus

The conventional protein chromatography technique was adopted to purify the antifreeze proteins (AFPs) from the leaves of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus ( Maxim. ) Cheng f. Two bands on native PAGE gel showed thermal hysteresis activity, one was band Bi, whose thermal hysteresis was 0.46 cE at 8 g/L, which showed two bands (67 kD, 21 kD) on SDS-PAGE gel; the other was B3, whose thermal hysteresis was 0.45 cE at 10 g/L, and it contained only a single protein (39.8 kD). Both B1 and B3 are not glycoproteins, because neither do they interact with Shift-reagent, nor show ultraviolet characteristics of a typical glycoprotein.     

沙冬青AmNAC6基因的克隆与功能初步分析

以强抗逆植物沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus(Maxim. ex Kom.) Cheng f.)为材料,克隆获得一个NAC转录因子基因Am NAC6的全长cDNA,并对其序列特征、蛋白质亚细胞定位和表达模式进行了分析。研究结果表明,Am NAC6基因的编码蛋白由304个氨基酸组成,具有NAC家族典型的结构特征,亚细胞定位实验证实该蛋白分布于细胞核内。表达图谱分析结果显示,在室内培养的沙冬青幼苗中,Am NAC6的转录水平受干旱、高盐、低温和高温胁迫的影响,其中在干旱诱导下该基因的转录水平上调较为明显;野外生长植株的嫩叶中,该基因的转录水平在中秋和初冬略低于其他季节,春季则低于其在侧根、嫩枝、花蕾和未成熟果荚中的转录水平。此外,本研究还将Am NAC6基因成功地构建到植物表达载体。     

蒙药沙冬青的化学成分研究

从蒙古沙冬青分离得到了7个非生物碱类化合物,通过波谱学方法及与文献对照的方法鉴定为:β-谷甾醇(1)、白藜芦醇(2)、染料木素(3)、芒柄花素(4)、毛异黄酮(5)、maackiain(6)和trifolirhizin(7).其中化合物2、6和7为首次从蒙古沙冬青植物中得到.     

Cloning and characterization of dehydrin gene from Ammopiptanthus mongolicus

Based on the sequence of an expressed sequence tag, the full-length cDNA of 1,008 nucleotides was cloned from Ammopiptanthus mongolicus by rapid amplification of cDNA ends. It was designated as AmDHN, encoding a protein of 183 amino acids. The calculated molecular weight of the AmDHN protein is 18.4 k Da, and theoretical isoelectric point is 5.78. The AmDHN localized in nucleus. Under normal growth conditions, differential expression of AmDHN exhibited that the expression was the highest in seeds and the lowest in flowers. AmDHN could be induced by NaCl, PEG6000, ABA and drought treatments. Salt and drought resistances of transgenic plants with overexpression of AmDHN are improved. Taken together, these results demonstrated that AmDHN could regulate the expression of abiotic-responsive genes and plays important roles in modulating the tolerance of plants to abiotic stresses.     

冬季沙冬青细胞质中一种高电子密度结构的电镜观察

用透射电子显微镜观察了冬季沙冬青的叶肉细胞。观察表明,其细胞质中有一种电子密度很高的结构,分布广,主要位于有一定解体现象并含有较多嗜锇小球叶绿体附近,有的甚至与叶绿体被膜贴在一起,很少存在于发育良好的叶绿体附近和液泡中。其大小不同,通常为椭圆形,有时也近似圆形。表面没有包围膜,泡状结构少,常有突起。这种结构的电子密度很高,染色较均匀,冬季大量出现可能与提高植物的抗寒性有关.     

沙冬青根瘤菌遗传多样性和系统发育分析

利用16S rDNA RFLP、16S-23S rDNA RFLP和16S rDNA序列分析方法,对分离自宁夏和内蒙古阿拉善地区的沙冬青根瘤菌进行了遗传多样性和系统发育分析.结果表明,分离自不同地区沙冬青根瘤菌的44株测试菌株分别归属于中慢生根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium)、叶杆菌属 (Phylobacterium)、中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)、土壤杆菌属(Agrobacterium)5个属种.受寄主和地理环境因素的影响,沙冬青根瘤菌具有丰富的遗传多样性.     

沙冬青AmCaM1基因的克隆及其功能初步分析

钙调素(calmodulins, CaMs)是一类非常保守的Ca2+感受蛋白,在Ca2+信号转导中起重要调节作用。本研究分析了强抗逆植物沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)AmCaM1在非生物胁迫下的表达变化,克隆了该基因并将其构建到植物表达载体上,然后转化拟南芥进行了初步的功能分析。结果表明,AmCaM1的转录水平在低温、干旱和盐胁迫下迅速上调;其cDNA编码区由450 bp组成,编码蛋白含149个氨基酸残基,在其一级结构中具有四个保守的EF-手型基序;将该基因转化拟南芥可提高种子萌发期对水分胁迫的耐性,而对耐盐和耐冷性无明显作用。     

Purification of antifreeze proteins by adsorption to ice

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) can protect organisms from freezing injury by adsorbing to ice and inhibiting its growth. We describe here a method where ice, grown on a cold finger, is used to selectively adsorb and purify these ice-binding proteins from a crude mixture. Type III recombinant AFP was enriched approximately 50-fold after one round of partitioning into ice and purified to homogeneity by a second round. This method can also be used to purify non-ice-binding proteins by linkage to AFP domains as demonstrated by the recovery of a 50 kDa maltose-binding protein-AFP fusion from a crude lysate of Escherichia coli.     

Biological Characterization of Heat-stable Antifreeze Proteins from Leaves of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus

Antifreeze protein(afp) was purified from the heat stable proteins in the leaves of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Maxim.) Cheng f. by two-dimensional electrophoresis-electrophoretic elution. Its molecular weight and pi are about 40 kD and 9.0 respectively, and its thermal hysteresis activity (THA) is 0.9 ℃ at 20 g/L. afp is different from other antifreeze proteins. The N-terminal 20 amino acids of afp is SDDLSFTFNKFVPCQTDILF. alp is abundant in leaves and may play an important role in the antifreeze process in A. mongolicus during the period of ovenwintering.     

Purification and characterization of antifreeze proteins from larvae of the beetle Dendroides canadensis

Summary Four antifreeze proteins (AFPs) were purified from larvae of the beetle Dendroides canadensis. The AFPs are similar in amino acid compositions, having high contents of hydrophilic amino acids (45–55 mol%) and cysteine (16 mol% Cys). Approximately half of the Cys residues form disulfide bridges, and both the disulfide bridges and free sulfhydryls are essential for activity. The N-terminals of the AFPs are blocked. The pH optimum of the AFPs is 7.8, but major loss of activity occurred only at very high pH (12.0). The detergents SDS and Triton X-100 did not inactivate the AFPs. Circular dichroism spectra indicate the presence of both and secondary structures in the AFPs, in addition to a large random structure component.Abbreviations AFP antifreeze protein - CD circular dichroism - DTT dithiothreitol - HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography - PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - PAS periodic acid Schiff - SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate - TFA trifluoroacetic acid     

沙冬青AmLEA5基因的生物信息学分析及非生物胁迫下的表达模式

本文对用固相扣除杂交方法从低温驯化沙冬青克隆得到的AmLEA5基因进行分子特性和表达模式分析,生物信息学分析表明该基因编码一种第5族胚胎晚期发生丰富蛋白（LEA）。AmLEA5基因全长693 bp,含有1个297 bp的开放阅读框,编码98个氨基酸,预测AmLEA5的分子量为10.6 kDa,是一种亲水性蛋白,有多个磷酸化位点。密码子偏好性分析表明该基因略偏好于用A或T结尾的密码子。系统发生分析表明,AmLEA5蛋白与蒺藜苜蓿LEA（ACJ84182.1）亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示AmLEA5的表达量在低温、干旱、盐和热胁迫条件下均有上调,尤其在低温胁迫后期富集量最高。亚细胞定位表明,用YFP标记的AmLEA5位于细胞质和细胞核内。一系列实验结果说明AmLEA5基因在沙冬青抵御非生物胁迫,尤其是在抵御低温胁迫机制中发挥重要作用。     

蒙古沙冬青AmDREB2.1基因的克隆及表达分析

基于已建立的蒙古沙冬青[Ammopiptanthus mongolicus(Masxim.)Cheng f.]根的转录本数据库,分离到1个编码DREB类转录因子基因,命名为AmDREB2.1。该序列全长978 bp,包括531 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),编码176个氨基酸,具有典型的DREB转录因子保守的AP2结构域。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,该基因能在根、叶中表达,但对干旱、低温响应不同,AmDREB2.1主要参与根的干旱胁迫应答。     

Study on Chromosome Number and Karyotype of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus

This paper deals with chromosome number and karyotype of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Maxim.) Cheng f., whose karyotype formula is 2n = 18 = 4m+14sm(2SAT), and the basic number of the genus is x = 9.     

沙冬青几种光合特性的季节性变化的研究(英)

研究了沙冬青（Ammopiptanthusmongolicus（Maxim．）Chegf．）几种光合特性的季节性变化。在气温升高时,沙冬青净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和气孔限制值（Ls）均呈现下降趋势,而胞间CO2浓度（Ci）却呈上升趋势。根据Farquhar和Sharkey提出的关于区分气孔限制的两个标准,结果表明Pn的下降可能是非气孔限制因素导致。研究还证明,Rubisco大亚基的相对含量以及光化学活性与Pn的季节性变化相关,表明CO2同化的季节性变化主要取决于上述两种因素的变化。     

Seasonal Changes in Photosynthetic Characteristics of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus

Seasonal changes in the photosynthetic characteristics of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Maxim.) Chen f. were studied. When the net photosynthetic rate decreased with the elevation of air temperature, the stomata conductance and stomatal limitation value tended to decline simultaneously, while the intercellular CO2 concentration was increased. According to the two criteria discriminating the stomatal limitation of photosynthesis suggested by Farquhar and Sharkey, the seasonal changes in these parameters indicated that the decrease in Pn, may not be due to stomatal factor. These studies proved that the relative contents of the large subunit of Rubisco and the photochemical activities correlated with the seasonal changes in the net photosynthetic rate, which may show that these two factors contribute primarily to the seasonal changes in CO2 assimilation.     

蒙古沙冬青保守microRNAs的鉴定及靶基因预测

蒙古沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)是生长在荒漠中的木本植物, 对于我国西北部干旱、半干旱区域的植被维护与恢复具有重要价值。蒙古沙冬青对干旱、低温等多种逆境具有较高的耐受性, 是研究林木耐受逆境生理与分子机制的合适材料。MicroRNA(miRNA)是一类长度约为21个核苷酸的内源性非编码小分子RNA, 在植物生长发育和逆境应答等生物学过程中发挥着重要的调控作用。目前, 许多植物物种的miRNAs已经获得鉴定, 但未见蒙古沙冬青miRNAs的相关报道。文章应用高通量测序和生物信息学分析方法对蒙古沙冬青幼苗保守miRNAs的类型、表达丰度以及靶基因进行了分析和预测。共鉴定了10个家族的19种保守miRNAs, 其表达丰度介于55~1920269个拷贝之间。通过在线软件psRNATarget预测了其中14个保守miRNAs的靶基因。对于这些靶基因的功能分析表明, 蒙古沙冬青的保守miRNA主要通过转录调控、激素信号途径、物质代谢和胁迫应答等生物学过程参与植物生长发育和环境响应。