思茅新木蛾幼虫取食行为的研究

本文对思茅新木蛾Neospastis simaona Wang幼虫的取食行为、取食偏好性以及明暗条件对其取食量的影响进行了观察研究,为该昆虫的防治提供了理论依据。研究结果表明:思茅新木蛾幼虫随着龄期的增加,取食次数增多,取食总时间增加,但一次取食时间无明显变化;思茅新木蛾幼虫对木荷(Schima superba)有强烈嗜食性,4龄幼虫喜食木荷幼叶,5、6龄幼虫对木荷幼叶、成熟叶无明显偏好性;明暗条件对思茅新木蛾4至6龄幼虫的取食量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。     

Effect of kinship on social behaviors in Brandt's voles (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microtus brandti</Emphasis>)

The roles of kinship in agonistic behavior and mate choice were evaluated in Brandt's voles (Microtus brandti). In chambers bedded with familiar or unfamiliar substrates, the aggressive behavior and social investigation towards adult unfamiliar same-sex siblings and non-siblings were examined, and no significant kin bias was found. Males sniffed and followed unfamiliar unrelated females significantly more than unfamiliar sibling sisters, but males did not show significant preferences in copulatory behavior and agonistic behavior. Females spent significantly more time copulating with unfamiliar unrelated males than with their unfamiliar sibling brothers, while they did not show a significant preference in social investigation between them. Our study shows that kinship might play a role in the inbreeding avoidance based on preweaning familiarity or/and phenotype matching, but the role of kinship in agonistic behavior remains unclear.     

Behavioral Profiles Related to Dominance Hierarchy in Associated Foundresses of Belonogaster juncea juncea (F.) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

This study was conducted to examine the phenomenon of task partitioning among associations of foundresses of the primitively eusocial wasp Belonogaster juncea juncea (F.). The time–activity budget for five main behavioral categories (foraging, building, feeding, inactivity, and reproduction) for each foundress belonging to trigynic associations was recorded using the instantaneous scanning technique. After ranking the individuals on the basis of agonistic encounters, data were submitted to a canonical discriminant analysis. The results show behavioral differences between individuals of each rank. The proportion of time allocated to foraging behavior is a good rank index. The females of the first rank spent less time on foraging behavior and significantly more time (13.6% of their time) on reproductive behavior than females of other ranks. The females of the second rank also spent less time on foraging behavior and showed a tendency toward building behavior. The females of the third rank spent significantly more time (77.28% of their time) on foraging behavior. The behavioral profile of each foundress was therefore determined by its rank on the dominance scale.     

Comparison of Host-Searching and Ovipositional Behavior of Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a Parasitoid of Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in Tobacco and Cotton

To compare host-searching and ovipositional behavior of Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck (CN) in tobacco and cotton, behavior of CN females was observed on Hellothis virescens (Febricius)-infested plants and recorded using a Psion Organizer II with Observer software. Hover, search, oviposit, preen, rest, walk, agony-search, drop-search, and miss-search were the nine behaviors observed for each plant species. Agony-search was a searching behavior exhibited when CN females were prevented from ovipositing in a host because they were unable to reach the host. Drop-search and miss-search were the searching behaviors that occurred by CN females after a host dropped from the plant and when CN females missed ovipositing in a host, respectively. Hovering, searching, oviposition, miss-search, resting, and walking were equally common for CN on tobacco and cotton. Agony-search was exhibited more on tobacco than cotton, while drop-search and preening occurred more on cotton than tobacco. Female CN spent more time hovering in tobacco than in cotton, indicating that these females preferred tobacco to cotton. Female parasitoids also spent more time in the main ovipositional sequence, hover–search–oviposit, in tobacco than in cotton, mainly because females hovered more in tobacco than in cotton. Frequency and time of behavioral sequences associated with experiencing frustration in ovipositing due to difficulty in reaching or finding a host and subsequent level of success in ovipositing in a new host were determined. Overall, the rate of successful oviposition by CN females was significantly higher in tobacco (87.7%) than in cotton (79.5%). For cotton and tobacco, the rate of successful oviposition by CN females was significantly reduced (ca. 40.0%) when they experienced frustration in ovipositing compared to the rate of ovipositional success (100%) for CN females when hosts were present and easily accessible. Encountering ovipositional frustration also increased the duration of time for successful oviposition in comparison to the time spent for problem-free oviposition in cotton and tobacco. Interestingly, with successful oviposition, the amount of time spent in a behavioral sequence was not significantly different for tobacco and cotton regardless of whether females experienced ovipositional frustration or not. However, female CN invested more time in tobacco than in cotton when they were unsuccessful in ovipositing due to the inaccessibility or disappearance of hosts. CN females' preference for tobacco over cotton probably gave them more motivation to continue searching for hosts, especially those not easily attained, on tobacco than on cotton. Nevertheless, CN females readily searched in cotton for HV even in the presence of host-infested tabacco. CN females possibly could be successful in maintaining levels of HV below an economic threshold when using a tobacco trap crop to protect cotton as the main crop.     

Time spent close to a sexual partner as a measure of female mate preference in a sex-role-reversed population of the blenny<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Salaria pavo</Emphasis> (Risso) (Pisces: Blenniidae)

In most species females do not exhibit conspicuous sexual behaviours and female mate preferences are often measured by means of the time spent close to males. In spite of its widespread use, in only a few studies has this measure been validated as a reliable indicator of female mate preference. Sex-role-reversed species offer a better opportunity to test female preferences, as females usually court males. We tested in a sex-role-reversed population of the blenny Salaria pavo (Risso) if the time spent by females close to males related to the number of courtship displays directed towards males, and whether these measures of female preference reliably predicted matings. Females were simultaneously presented with two males behind a glass partition and the time spent close to each male was measured. We then allowed females to have access to the males' compartments and measured the courtship behaviours performed by females towards each male and recorded with which of the males females spawned. Females spent more time close to the male that subsequently received more courtship displays, and the preferred male had a more developed head crest. However, both measures of female preference failed to predict matings. Females were often attacked by males and probably had, in some occasions, to spawn with the less preferred male. Females that spawned with the previously preferred male had more swollen bellies than females that spawned with the less preferred male, suggesting a male preference towards more ripe females. These results validate the use of "time spent close to a sexual partner" as a measure of female preference in S. pavo. We argue that matings may not always reliably indicate mate preferences, particularly in the less choosy sex.Communicated by R. Serrão Santos     

Nesting biology and social structure of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Euglossa (Euglossa) townsendi</Emphasis> Cockerell (Hymenoptera,Apidae, Euglossini)

Summary. The nesting behavior of the euglossine bee Euglossa townsendi was studied on the campus of the University of São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, from January 1994 to December 1999, using artificial nesting substrate and observation boxes. Twenty-one nests were founded during the study period, with the highest frequencies of nesting occurring during the hot, wet season. Each nest was founded by a single female and, after the completion of the last cell, she spent most of her time in the nest. The males left the nest immediately after emergence and did not return. Some females left the nest within a few days of eclosing, while others stayed in their natal nests and began to reactivate them. Reactivations were performed by a single female, by one or more females in the presence of the mother, by more than one female in the absence of the mother, and by more than one female in the presence of females that participated in the prior reactivation. According to behavior, the females were classified as forager/egg-laying and egg-laying females. The oviposition by egg-laying females was always preceded by oophagy. All of the forager/egg-laying and egg-laying females that were dissected had been inseminated. The behavior displayed by egg-laying females is characteristic of brood parasitism and fits the parental parasitism hypothesis developed as an alternative pathway by which insect sociality could have arisen. The behaviors displayed by E. townsendi, together with those reported for Euglossa cordata, show that both species have bionomic traits that resemble the conditions suggested as precursors of the origin of eusociality.Received 12 June 2003; revised 6 April 2004; accepted 22 April 2004.     

柳蓝叶甲的生物学特性室内观察

在实验室条件下(27±0.5℃,12 D:12 L)研究了柳蓝叶甲Plagiodera versicolora的生物学特性。结果表明,幼虫每隔2~3 d蜕皮1次,共蜕皮2次。成虫产卵前期4 d,世代周期17 d。产卵具有一定的周期性,约10 d为1个周期。叶龄对幼虫的生长发育和成虫的产卵行为有极显著的影响。当幼虫以成熟叶为食料时,其生长发育速率明显减慢,各龄期延长,蛹重较轻;成虫以成熟叶或老叶为食料时产卵几乎完全被抑制,而以幼叶为食料时几乎每天均能产卵。此外,柳蓝叶甲产出卵表面化合物对产卵行为有极为显著的影响。卵表面的有机提取物对成虫产卵具有显著的引诱作用;相反,卵表面的水提取物对产卵有一定的驱避作用。     

Effects of Light on the Tritrophic Interaction Between Kidney Bean Plants, Two-Spotted Spider Mites and Predatory Mites, Amblyseius Womersleyi (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

By analyzing the volatiles from Tetranychus urticae-infested kidney bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) at different times for two days, we found that they were mainly produced in the light. Tetranychus urticae showed a higher oviposition rate and spent more time feeding during the day (in the light) than at night (in the dark). Infested leaves placed in the light attracted the predatory mite Amblyseius womersleyi, whereas those that were placed in the dark for at least 2h in daytime did not. This indicates that presence or absence of light affects the production of herbivore-induced plant volatiles. Amblyseius womersleyi dispersed more frequently and consumed more T. urticae eggs during the day (in the light) than at night (in the dark), whereas their oviposition rate did not differ between day and night. Presence or absence of herbivore-induced plant volatiles in the surroundings did not affect dispersal, predation or oviposition rates of A. womersleyi. These results show that A. womersleyis behavior coincides with the production pattern of herbivore-induced plant volatiles.     

Comparing Behavioural Patterns of Thrips tabaci Lindeman on Leek and Cucumber

This study documents the behavioural repertoire of Thrips tabaci. Seventeen behavioural elements shown by adult females were videotaped, described and classified into seven behavioural categories. The comparison of thrips behaviour on leek and cucumber over 24 h (L:D = 16:8) revealed that on cucumber thrips spent significantly less time being inactive, but significantly more time with feeding resulting in significantly higher feeding damage compared to leek. Oviposition behaviour incidence and oviposition rate were somewhat, but not significantly lower on cucumber compared to leek. Sequences of leaf surface exploration lasted significantly longer on cucumber than on leek. Thrips females were as active during light as during dark periods. Our results show that T. tabaci females spend different amounts of time with resting, feeding and explorative behaviours on leek and cucumber, thus indicating differences in host use on these two crops.     

Uscana lariophaga, West-African egg parasitoid of the cowpea bruchid beetleCallosobruchus maculatus: photoperiod, parasitization and eclosion interactions

The diurnal pattern of parasitization and eclosion of the trichogrammatidUscana lariophaga Steffan, egg parasitoid of the cowpea bruchidCallosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) was studied for L12:D12 photoperiods. The wasp parasitized eggs throughout each 24-h period with about 70% of the parasitization taking place during the first 12 h regardless whether it was the photophase or the scotophase. More female progeny was produced when the first 12-h period was photophase instead of scotophase. Eclosion of wasps took place over a period of 4 days and occurred during the second half of the scotophase and the first half of the photophase. The number of wasps eclosed during the photophase was similar to that eclosed during the scotophase. Average development time was 8.9 days at 30°C. Male development was completed 6 to 8 h before the females, hence a higher percentage of females emerged in the later eclosion peaks. During scotophases more females eclosed than during photophases. Although the results indicate that the wasp is able to perform under dark storage conditions the effect of permanent low light intensity remains to be studied.     

Wing Movement Behavior in Long- and Short-Winged Morphs of the Flightless Bug Pyrrhocoris apterus L. (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae)

The aim of the present paper was to study, with the use of video-recordering and computerized methods, the flight and wing movement behavior in two wing morphs of the flightless bug Pyrrhocoris apterus during the first 14 days of their adult life. We demonstrated the capability of macropterous males and females of this heteropteran to flap their fore- and hindwings for the first time. Flight was not observed in any of the tested males and females. We revealed that wing flapping does not occur earlier than on the fourth and fifth day after adult emergence in males and females, respectively. Time-series analysis of the obtained data showed that the maximum activity of wing flaps is limited to the light phase of the 12-h light/12-h dark photocycle, with the peak occurring in the morning, i.e., about 3 h after turning the light on. No substantial differences in the peaks of wing flapping activities in males versus females were found. The present paper is the first experimental demonstration of wing flap activity in a representative species with a nonfunctional alary polymorphism.     

Effect of physiological state of young Ceratitis capitata females, on resource foraging behavior

We investigated the influence of the physiological state of young female Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) on resource foraging behavior and mating propensity in field cage studies. Three kinds of diets were supplied prior to release on host plants: (1) 2% sucrose, (2) 20% sucrose, and (3) protein hydrolysate. Laboratory-cultured C. capitata females of different ages, ranging between 3–9 days old, were released in field cages containing two potted citrus tree seedlings, each consisting of either proteinacous or carbohydrate sources. Flies 3–7 days old, exposed to 2% sucrose, showed no preference for either source, while other groups, at the same age, displayed a significant influence of diet. Conversely, the behavior of flies within the age 8–9 days old was governed only by their reproductive needs, all three groups being significantly attracted to protein. In additional field-cage studies, mating propensity of similar groups was observed. Copulation was significantly higher among immature flies fed on proteinacous diet than those exposed to carbohydrate sources prior to their release.     

Different roles of feeding and protection in diel microhabitat choice of sexes in<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Idotea baltica</Emphasis>

In Idotea baltica, a marine isopod that lives and feeds on the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus, microhabitat choice differs between sexes so that males are found more often than females on the light-coloured and exposed apical parts of the alga. We investigated how the requirements of avoiding visual predators and feeding were related to microhabitat choice in relation to diurnal and life-cycle stage in males and females. Faced with a choice between an apical and a basal piece of the alga, females spent more time than males on the basal piece, but this difference was not due to food choice. Faced with a choice between a dark, concealing and a light, exposing background, the preference for a dark background was stronger at day than at night, and stronger in females than in males. This suggests that a sex difference in the importance of avoiding visual predators can explain the sex difference in microhabitat choice. Further, the preference for a dark background and night feeding both increased with age, suggesting that feeding is increasingly subordinated to the need to avoid visual predators. Our experiment found no effect of the presence of the opposite sex on microhabitat choice. Our results support the hypothesis that the sexes trade off feeding against predation risk differently, presumably because growth is more important to males than to females, which have more to gain by protection and therefore spend more time on the lower parts of the alga. Received: 22 March 1999 / Accepted: 7 October 1999     

社群等级对金乌贼行为表型及能量代谢的影响

采用实验生态学方法,在室内水槽条件下研究了金乌贼(Sepia esculenta Hoyle,1885)繁殖过程中社群等级的形成对其行为表型和能量代谢的影响,分析测定了不同优势等级雌雄个体腕部肌肉和性腺组织中己糖激酶(Hexokinase, HK)、丙酮酸激酶(Pyruvate kinase, PK)、乳酸脱氢酶(Lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(Malate dehydrogenase, MDH)、柠檬酸合酶(Citrate synthetase, CS)活性以及乳酸(Lactic acid, LD)含量。结果显示:(1)金乌贼繁殖期不同优势等级雌雄个体之间行为表型具有显著差异,优势雄性个体游动悬浮、争斗时间显著高于劣势个体,而优势雌性个体静止伏底时间高于劣势个体,游动悬浮时间低于劣势雌性;(2)优势雄性个体在争斗过程中主要通过无氧代谢提供能量,而处于游动悬浮状态时通过有氧代谢提供能量。主要表现在优势雄性个体肌肉中无氧代谢酶(PK、HK、LDH)活性显著高于劣势个体(P0.05),有氧代谢酶(MDH、CS)活性也显著高于劣势个体,雌性个体之间则差异不显著(P0.05);(3)繁殖期雌性个体通过减少运动量来储存能量用于产卵繁殖,主要表现在优势雌性个体肌肉中有氧代谢酶(MDH、CS)活性低于劣势个体,而在性腺中恰恰相反;(4)运动表型与能量代谢之间存在显著相关性,表现在游动悬浮时间与有氧代谢酶(MDH、CS)活性呈显著正相关(P0.001),争斗时间与无氧代谢酶(PK、HK、LDH)及乳酸(LD)含量呈显著正相关(P0.05)。结果表明,社群等级高的雄性个体运动能力强,具有较高的生存适应性。而社群等级高的雌性个体多处于静止状态,以便更好地储存能量用于繁殖。研究结果为金乌贼健康苗种培育以及规模化繁殖技术优化提供了理论依据。     

Maternal Separation during Breastfeeding Induces Gender-Dependent Changes in Anxiety and the GABA-A Receptor Alpha-Subunit in Adult Wistar Rats

Different models of rodent maternal separation (MS) have been used to investigate long-term neurobiological and behavioral changes, associated with early stress. However, few studies have involved the analysis of sex-related differences in central anxiety modulation. This study investigated whether MS during breastfeeding affected adult males and females in terms of anxiety and brain GABA-A receptor-alpha-subunit immunoreactivity. The brain areas analyzed were the amygdale (AM), hippocampus (HP), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), medial preoptic area (POA) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Rats were housed under a reversed light/dark cycle (lights off at 7∶00 h) with access to water and food ad libitum. Animals underwent MS twice daily during the dark cycle from postnatal day 1 to postnatal day 21. Behavior was tested when rats were 65–70 days old using the elevated plus maze and after brains were treated for immunohistochemistry. We found that separated females spent more time in the open arms and showed more head dipping behavior compared with controls. The separated males spent more time in the center of the maze and engaged in more stretching behavior than the controls. Immunohistochemistry showed that separated females had less immunostained cells in the HP, mPFC, PVN and POA, while separated males had fewer immunolabeled cells in the PFC, PVN and AM. These results could indicate that MS has gender-specific effects on anxiety behaviors and that these effects are likely related to developmental alterations involving GABA-A neurotransmission.     

Sex Differential Behavior of Immature Hanuman Langurs (Presbytis entellus) in Ramnagar, South Nepal

We investigated sex differences in the social behavior of immature Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) in the light of sex-specifically different life-courses and Hanuman langur characteristics, such as the individualistic dominance hierarchy and the rarity of intragroup coalitions among adult females. We observed four immature female and four immature male langurs—all members of the same free-ranging multimale multifemale group in Ramnagar, South Nepal—from November 1992 to February 1993 for 288 hr via focal-animal and instantaneous sampling techniques. Immature females spent significantly more time in proximity to other group members than immature males did. They had more physical contact and groomed more. Other immature females were their preferred social partners. Immature males also preferred like-aged females. They restricted their relationships with other immature males to proximity and occasional grooming. Monitoring was directed especially toward adult males. Female behavior can be interpreted as oriented toward integration into the female social network and their age-inverted dominance hierarchy. Males seem to prepare for leaving their natal group and for future strong intrasexual competition.     

Behavior of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in captive conditions: Gender differences and enclosure effects

The behavior of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) was studied under captive conditions. Both male and female pandas spent similar amounts of time engaged in eating and locomotion. Males performed anogenital‐marking more but rested less than females, which suggests a sexually dimorphic pattern of behavior. Furthermore, females housed in the seminatural environment spent significantly less time engaged in stereotyped behavior than did females housed in the traditional enclosure, indicating that an enclosure environment affects the behavior of giant pandas. These data illustrate the importance of careful management and facility design for captive giant pandas. Zoo Biol 22:77–82, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

The influence of age and experience with conspecifics on territorial behavior inDrosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogastermales initiated aggressive behavior toward other males and defended territories several hours after they were able to court and mate females. Males that were 3 days or more posteclosion were more successful at holding territories than younger males. Three-day-old males established territories more readily and escalated more often against territory residents than males that were 1 day old. Residents did not usually force young males from territories until they were a few hours posteclosion. The development of territorial behavior was not affected by familiarity or prior exposure to females. Males held in isolation established territories more quickly and behaved more aggressively than males held in groups. Males that previously held territories were more likely to reestablish them after a disturbance.     

Use of olfaction for sexual recognition in the subterranean rodent<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ctenomys talarum</Emphasis>

The ability of the tuco-tucoCtenomys talarum Thomas, 1898 to recognize sex by olfactory cues contained in urine, faeces and soiled shavings was tested by using preference tests. Nonbreeding tuco-tucos selected odours from opposite-sex rather than same-sex conspecifics. This pattern differed between sexes: females spent more time sniffing male than female odours for all scent sources whereas males did not show any difference in the time they spent investigating odours of each sex for each tested odour sources. Dissimilarities in odour selections between sexes may be attributed to a different combination of factors involved in olfactory interest for each sex. The function of gender cues recognition is discussed.     

Sexual behavior of female rats in a multiple-partner preference test

In this study, sexually experienced female rats were tested in a multiple-partner preference test (MPPT) in which they were allowed to pace their sexual contacts with four sexually active males. Four cylinders, with a small hole through which only the female could move freely from one cylinder to another, were assembled forming in the center an empty compartment. An intact female was placed in the central compartment and a sexually active male in each cylinder. Female sexual behavior was analyzed throughout the estrus cycle in four consecutive days. Each daily test lasted 15 min. The percentage of exits after intromission or ejaculation was significantly higher than the percentage of exits after each mount. The female spent significantly longer time with one of the males. We designated this male as the preferred male (PM). Although in each of the 4 days studied, females spent significantly longer time with the PM, however, the male selected was not the same throughout the estrus cycle. The number of entries into the compartment of the PM was significantly higher and increased around proestrus. Compared to previous studies, pacing behavior was notably lower in the conditions of the MPPT. No significant differences were observed during the estrous cycle concerning the other parameters recorded. The present results suggest that the MPPT could be a good model to study partner preference in the female rat.