茶树芽叶紫化的生理生化分析及其关键酶基因的表达

从生理生化和分子水平方面比较了茶树紫化芽叶与成熟绿色叶片的差异。结果表明,紫色幼嫩新梢中茶多酚、儿茶素总量、咖啡碱含量高于成熟绿色叶片,差异达到极显著。光合色素中,成熟绿叶样品中叶绿素及叶绿素a、b的含量、类胡萝卜素的含量极显著高于幼嫩紫叶样品,花青素含量极显著低于幼嫩紫叶;在研究的9个花青素合成途径关键酶基因中,实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,PAL、C4H、CHS、CHI、F3H、F3'H、F3'5'H、DFR和ANS在幼嫩紫叶中均呈上调表达,从而促进花青素的合成,使芽叶呈现紫色。     

玉米黄化幼苗生理生化特性的研究

以玉米品种'户单26'为材料,研究了黑暗条件下生长的玉米黄化幼苗内光合色素、可溶性蛋白含量和抗氧化酶活性的动态变化.结果表明,与正常条件下生长的对照组相比,黄化幼苗的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量均明显降低,特别是叶绿素a含量大幅度降低;黄化幼苗的抗氧化酶SOD、POD和CAT活性显著提高,可溶性蛋白含量也显著增加.研究发现,黑暗条件下的玉米幼苗叶绿素a的合成受到了显著影响而表现出黄化现象,黄化幼苗能主动提高其自身抗氧化酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量,减轻黑暗逆境对植物细胞的伤害.     

夏秋季遮光对山东黄金芽茶树生理生化特性的影响

选用遮光率分别为55%、70%、85%的黑色、蓝色遮阳网,观测遮光后茶园小气候、茶树叶色、叶绿素荧光参数、茶树生长状况及茶叶生化成分,分析不同遮光处理对山东黄金芽生理生化特性的影响,明确适宜夏秋季的遮光方式.结果表明: 与对照相比,遮光直接降低光照强度,茶园空气温度、叶面温度明显降低,空气湿度则增高;遮光程度越大,黄金芽叶色返绿越明显,叶绿素含量增幅越大;55%遮光处理能保持品种叶色黄化特性,且生化品质较好;而70%遮光率处理茶苗生长势较好,不受光胁迫;与蓝色遮阳网相比,黑色遮光处理能更好地促进茶树生长,保持叶色黄化和提高茶叶品质.黄金芽茶树品种苗期管理宜选择黑色70%遮光率处理(日光合有效辐射为1.2～3.5万lx),以促进茶树生长;成龄后则以黑色55%遮光处理(日光合有效辐射为1.8～5.5万lx)为优,既能保证黄金芽叶色黄化又能提高茶叶生化品质,从而充分发挥其品种特色,实现优质高产目标.     

不同施氮量对乌龙茶生长和生理的影响

以武夷肉桂为研究对象,研究不同施氮量对乌龙茶幼龄茶树生长和生理的影响。结果表明,幼龄茶树对氮肥的需求不强烈,其新梢生物量、根生物量和总生物量以及茶叶产量随施氮量的增加而下降。茶树新梢全氮、叶绿素、游离氨基酸、茶多酚和咖啡碱的含量随施氮量的增加而增加,而茶树碳氮比随着施氮量增加而下降;但施氮并没有影响茶树总碳含量。老叶叶绿素含量、根全氮和硝态氮含量、新梢总糖含量与施氮量呈二次曲线回归关系,适度施氮促进根对氮的吸收、老叶叶绿素合成和新梢总糖代谢,过度施氮则相反。新梢生物量与其硝态氮含量和游离氨基酸总量显著负相关;根生物量与根碳氮比和新梢咖啡碱含量显著负相关;茎叶生物量和总生物量与根含氮量显著正相关,但与新梢硝态氮和氨基酸含量显著负相关。过度施氮造成茶树生产力下降的主要原因是因为过度施氮极显著提高了茶树氨基酸代谢水平,使用于茶树生长的碳代谢产物（如总糖）减少,进而影响茶树的生长。     

茶树种质叶片色素含量与叶色参数的关系

为了探究茶树种质资源叶片色素含量与叶色参数之间的关系,以143份黄、白化和紫化叶色特异茶树种质为材料,比较分析各种质叶片叶色参数L*、ɑ*、b*值和花青素、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量差异,并通过主成分分析、聚类分析、相关性分析、多元逐步回归分析和通径分析探讨叶片色素含量和叶色参数关系,为叶色特异茶树种质叶片呈色机理及品种选育提供依据。结果表明:(1)紫化茶树种质花青素含量和ɑ*值较高,叶片呈现紫红色;黄化种质类胡萝卜素含量/叶绿素含量比值和b*值较高,叶片呈黄色,白化种质L*值较高,叶片呈白色。在叶色表型性状方面,叶色特异茶树种质大体聚为两大类群,白色系和黄色系聚为一大类,紫色系聚为另一大类。(2)叶色特异茶树种质叶片叶色参数ɑ*值与花青素含量呈极显著正相关,L*值、b*值与花青素和叶绿素含量均呈极显著负相关,且b*值与类胡萝卜素含量呈极显著正相关;花青素、叶绿素对叶片CIEL*ɑ*b*值直接作用较大。总之,ɑ*值可作为描述叶色特异茶树种质叶片紫红色性状的代表性参数,b*值可作为描述叶色特异茶树种质叶片黄色性状的代表性参数。     

古蔺牛皮茶树种质资源性状初步研究

为开展四川重要茶树种质资源古蔺牛皮茶种质资源的收集、保存与评价工作,在古蔺牛皮茶树资源中选取了具代表性的8种不同类型茶树(Ⅰ~Ⅷ类)作为研究对象,并对其植物学特征、生物学特性及主要生化成分进行了观测。结果表明:供试茶树在形态特征、遗传和品质性状等方面,表现出较丰富的多样性。其种群多为灌木,树姿半开张状;芽叶绿色,茸毛中等,叶为椭圆形,叶尖渐尖;花多为中花型,花柱3~4裂;果实多为球形和肾形,种子多为球形,主要表现出栽培型茶树性状。古蔺牛皮茶春梢的生化成分含量较丰富,其茶多酚含量为(19.71±0.39)%~(30.16±0.22)%,游离氨基酸总量为(2.20±0.11)%~(4.88±0.12)%,咖啡碱含量为(3.45±0.17)%~(4.41±0.09)%。结合主要生化成分含量、酚/氨值和儿茶素组分等可推论,Ⅴ、Ⅵ类适制红茶,其他类型则适制绿茶。综合供试茶树的形态和生化成分含量特征,初步鉴定供试的牛皮茶树分属茶组植物分类系统中的秃房茶和茶,Ⅴ和Ⅵ类茶树较为原始,其他类型则进化程度较高。供试茶树中存在具育种价值的资源,其中Ⅴ类和Ⅵ类可作为高儿茶素含量的育种材料,Ⅱ类可作为选育优质绿茶品种的育种材料。     

炎陵银边茶与炎陵花叶茶生理生化特质分析

茶树(Camellia sinensis(L.)O.Ktze.)是我国重要的经济作物。斑锦突变常见于多肉植物,表现在营养器官如叶和茎上有不同颜色斑块,在茶树上较为少见,本研究选用的材料炎陵银边茶和炎陵花叶茶为两个斑锦突变品系,其叶片表现为白绿嵌合与黄绿嵌合。通过测定炎陵银边茶与炎陵花叶茶白化与正常组织的儿茶素、叶绿素及类胡萝卜素等关键生化成分的含量与两种组织的面积占整体叶面积的比值及其叶色的RGB值;利用叶绿素荧光分析技术测量反映了PSⅡ对激发能利用和耗散情况的Y(Ⅱ)、NPQ、q P与Fv/Fm的值;使用透射电子显微技术对炎陵花叶茶与炎陵银边茶黄色或白色组织与绿色组织的叶绿体结构进行分析。发现白化组织中叶绿素荧光参数的值与光合色素的含量均低于正常组织,且在白化组织中叶绿体结构异常,推测由于这两个斑锦突变茶树品系白化组织中叶绿体结构异常且光合色素含量低,使其光合作用受阻,进而造成白化组织与正常组织叶色RGB值、生化成分含量与叶绿素荧光参数值的差异。     

叶片黄化对葡萄生理和果实品质的影响

为了探究叶片黄化对葡萄生理和果实生长的伤害机制,试验以生长在河南省荥阳市蔡寨村表现黄化症状的4年生‘阳光玫瑰’成龄树为试材,通过测定并分析黄化植株与正常植株的茎叶生长量、叶绿素含量、光合特性、叶绿素荧光参数、叶片解剖结构以及果实品质和产量的变化特征,考察叶片黄化后对葡萄生长量、光合指标、叶绿素荧光特性以及果实品质的影响,以期为葡萄开展黄化矫正栽培提供参考依据。研究表明,(1)黄化植株叶片的叶绿素含量、叶片大小、叶片重量、新梢长度、枝条粗度均显著降低;(2)黄化植株叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)显著下降,而胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)显著上升;(3)黄化植株叶片的叶绿素荧光参数初始荧光(F_o)、光下最小荧光产量(F_o′)、最大荧光产量(F_m)、相对电子传递速率(ETR)、实际光合量子产量Y(Ⅱ)均比正常植株显著降低;(4)黄化植株叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度和栅海比比正常植株显著升高,上表皮厚度和...     

高茶氨酸茶树新品系‘福黄2号’黄化变异机理

为了探讨茶树黄化变异和高茶氨酸形成机理,文中选用‘福云6号’和高茶氨酸茶树新品系‘福黄2号’为试验材料,利用超微电镜、广泛靶向代谢组学、靶向代谢组学和转录组学联合分析了茶树黄化变异的相关色素、代谢组及转录组数据。结果表明,通过靶向测定主要生化成分,共鉴定到5种儿茶素、可可碱和咖啡碱,以及20种游离氨基酸,包括茶氨酸、谷氨酰胺、精氨酸和谷氨酸等,其中,‘福黄2号’的氨基酸含量显著高于‘福云6号’,茶氨酸含量高达57.37 mg/g。叶片的超微结构显示,‘福黄2号’叶绿体细胞结构模糊,基粒片层大部分排列散乱、间隙大,类囊体呈丝状。色素测定显示,叶绿素a和叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、类黄酮等色素含量显著下降,叶绿素酶（chlorophyllase,CLH）、9-顺式-环氧类胡萝卜素双加氧酶（9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase,NCED）、类黄酮3β-羟化酶（flavonoid 3β-hydroxylase,F3H）和类黄酮3'',5''-羟化酶（flavonoid 3'',5''-hydroxylase,F3''5''H）等相关关键调控基因发生显著变化。与‘福云6号’相比,‘福黄2号’中共鉴定出138个差异代谢物（significantly changed metabolites,SCMs）和658个差异表达基因（differentially expressed genes,DEGs）,KEGG富集分析表明,SCMs和DEGs显著富集到与氨基酸生物合成、谷胱甘肽代谢以及三羧酸循环等途径。‘福黄2号’黄化表型可能是光合作用蛋白、叶绿素代谢基因和叶绿素含量的缺乏所致。高茶氨酸的积累可能由于黄化叶中低氮消耗,以及碳骨架的缺乏,氨基和氮资源被更有效地储存,使得氨基酸合成通路中的代谢物及相关基因表达上调,茶氨酸成为黄化叶中显著积累的含氮化合物。     

丛栽茶树树冠小气候及其对新梢生育和生化成分的影响

1 引言 为了获得优质高产的茶叶,需通过修剪养蓬等方法,使茶树形成宽广而整齐的树冠。丛栽茶树的树冠多呈馒头形,由于方位不同,形成了树冠内光、温、湿、风等因子的差异,因而影响了茶树的物候期及生理生化变化。因此,探讨树冠小气候特征及其对茶树新梢生育和生化成分的影响,在理论和生产实践上均有意义。有关这方面研究已有一些报道,但对茶树树冠小气候特征及其茶树新梢生育和品质成分的影响尚未见报     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000