靶向甲羟戊酸途径抗血液肿瘤的研究进展

甲羟戊酸(mevalonate, MVA)途径是胆固醇合成的核心代谢通路,该途径异常参与多种肿瘤发生发展。羟甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, HMGCR)、羟甲基戊二酰辅酶A合酶1 (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1, HMGCS1)及固醇调节元件结合蛋白2 (sterol regulatory element binding protein 2, SREBP2)是MVA途径关键限速蛋白,能够在基因转录、蛋白质翻译和降解等过程中被精细调控。本文围绕MVA途径调控网络关键代谢酶、其与血液肿瘤的关系以及相关调节剂在血液肿瘤中的应用进行综述。     

烟草Nt4CL与虎杖PcSTS基因的融合表达与功能分析

4-香豆酰辅酶A连接酶(4-coumarate-Co A ligase,4CL)和芪合酶(stilbene synthase,STS)是白藜芦醇苯丙氨酸代谢合成的最后两个关键酶。运用悬挂PCR(overlap PCR)的方法将烟草4CL基因(Nt4CL)和虎杖STS基因(Pc PKS5)用3个中性氨基酸链连接,得到融合基因Nt4CL-Pc PKS5,将其插入原核表达载体中,构建p ET30a-Nt4CL-Pc PKS5重组质粒,表达Nt4CL-Pc PKS5融合蛋白。经Ni2+纯化和PD-10柱脱盐后,得到可溶性纯化蛋白。体外酶促反应结果表明该融合酶具有4CL和STS的双重活性,其催化产物为白藜芦醇。酶促反应最适条件为:p H 6.5,反应温度为45℃。研究结果获得了有效催化白藜芦醇生物合成的双功能融合酶,为进一步利用融合酶基因转化工程菌株实现白藜芦醇工业化生产奠定了基础。     

虎杖苯亚甲基丙酮合酶PcPKS2的表达纯化和晶体生长

植物类型Ⅲ聚酮合酶超家族(PKSs),又称查尔酮合酶(Chalcone synthase,CHS)超家族,催化合成多种植物次生代谢产物的分子骨架。苯亚甲基丙酮合酶(Benzalacetone synthase,BAS)催化4-香豆酰辅酶A与丙二酰辅酶A通过一步脱羧缩合反应生成苯亚甲基丙酮,是一系列具有重要生物学活性苯丁烷类化合物及其衍生物的前体化合物。前期工作从虎杖中分离出苯亚甲基丙酮合酶BAS(PcPKS2)和1个具有CHS和BAS活性的双功能酶(PcPKS1)。两者与超家族其他成员序列经比较,在包括门卫氨基酸Phe215和Phe265在内的重要氨基酸序列存在一定差异。已有蛋白晶体学研究结果表明,PKSs家族不同成员的功能多样性来自于酶催化位点的非常微小的构象变化。为了能够从结构上比较PcPKS2和Pc PKS1双功能酶活性差异可能产生的机制,以确定其高效BAS活性的分子机理,研究利用了大肠杆菌原核表达系统过量表达了C-端融合有His6标签的重组蛋白,经纯化得到了高纯度蛋白。经过对其晶体生长条件进行摸索和优化,得到了能用于X-射线衍射的单晶,为其结构解析、催化机理研究、了解虎杖聚酮类化合物生物合成机制和该类酶在基因工程中的应用提供了基础。     

基于前体供给途径遗传改造提高褐黄孢链霉菌纳他霉素的产量

纳他霉素(natamycin)是一种高效、广谱、安全的抗真菌剂,广泛应用于食品防腐与医药领域。纳他霉素可由多种链霉菌发酵产生。它是以乙酰辅酶A、丙二酰辅酶A及甲基丙二酰辅酶A为前体经Ⅰ型聚酮合酶(polyketide synthase,PKS)催化合成的多烯大环内酯类化合物。本研究以纳他霉素产生菌——褐黄孢链霉菌为研究材料,分别对不同前体分子供给途径中的关键酶进行过表达,并确定影响纳他霉素产量的关键前体供给途径。研究结果发现：通过过表达乙酰辅酶A合成酶(acetyl-CoA synthase,ACS)加强乙酰辅酶A合成途径,以及通过过表达甲基丙二酰辅酶A变位酶(methylmalonyl-CoA mutase,MCM)加强甲基丙二酰辅酶A合成途径,重组菌株纳他霉素产量分别比野生型菌株提高了44.19%和20.51%。共过表达ACS和MCM,重组菌株纳他霉素产量获得进一步提升(达1123.34mg/L),比野生型菌株提高了66.29%。上述发现为通过前体代谢工程的策略构建纳他霉素工业高产菌株提供了参考,也为其他聚酮类天然产物高产工程菌株的构建提供了借鉴。     

RS基因的植物表达载体和酵母表达载体构建

白藜芦醇合酶(RS)是Res生物合成的关键酶之一,它催化1分子4-香豆酰辅酶A和3分子丙二酰辅酶A反应合成Res.以花生中克隆的RS基因为基础,成功构建了RS基因的以Ubi为启动子的单子叶植物表达栽体pBIL-RS,为以后的基因工程遗传转化果蔗和其他单子叶植物改良其品质提供条件.同时构建了酵母表达载体pVT102U-RS,为下一步研究真核表达蛋白的生物活性提供条件,并为利用酵母生产Res提供了可能.     

中国水仙查尔酮合酶cDNA的克隆及序列分析(简报)

中国水仙系石蒜科水仙属多年生草本植物。其花枝多,花香浓郁,素有“凌波仙子”的美称。但水仙花色单一,影响其观赏价值。花色形成与植物体内的一类次级代谢产物类黄酮有关。查尔酮合酶(Chalcone synthase,CHS)是类黄酮合成途径中的一个关键酶,在植物体内它催化丙二酰基辅酶A的三个乙酸基和对羟苯丙烯酰辅酶A的一个乙酸基的缩合,产生柚配基查尔酮(naringenin)。此中心中     

水母雪莲查尔酮合酶基因的克隆、表达及酶活分析

从水母雪莲Saussurea medusa Maxim. cDNA文库中得到一段查尔酮合酶基因 (SmCHS) 片段,然后通过RT-PCR得到完整的查尔酮合酶基因cDNA。序列分析表明SmCHS全长1 313 bp,其开放阅读框为1 170 bp,编码389个氨基酸,预测表达蛋白的分子量为43 kDa。构建原核表达质粒pET28a(+)-SmCHS,重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),获得表达菌株。经IPTG诱导表达后,对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE分析,结果显示,表达的融合蛋白以部分可溶的形式存在。用Ni-NTA预装柱对融合蛋白进行亲和纯化,对纯化蛋白进行酶活检测,结果表明融合蛋白具有查尔酮合酶活性,可催化底物4-香豆酰辅酶A和丙二酰辅酶A缩合生成产物柚皮素查尔酮。     

决明查尔酮合成酶的同源模建和分子模拟对接

查尔酮合成酶(chalcone synthase,CHS)是植物中类黄酮生物合成途径的关键酶,其催化对-香豆酰辅酶A和丙二酸单酰辅酶A发生缩合反应.本研究以苜蓿CHS的晶体为模板,利用同源建模构建决明CHS的三维模型.经过动力学优化后,决明CHS的三维模型与苜蓿CHS的结构极为相似,主要由α-螺旋和β-折叠构成,其中有13个α螺旋,占32.82％,15个β折叠,占19.23％,无规则卷曲占47.95％.模型验证结果表明决明CHS的三维模型具有合理的立体化学性质与氨基酸相容性.决明CHS含有两个重要的结构域:对-香豆酰辅酶A结合域与丙二酸单酰辅酶A结合域.决明CHS与对-香豆酰辅酶A、丙二酸单酰辅酶A的结合主要通过氢键与范德华力.决明CHS中Cys164、His303与活性中心的H2O能够形成电子传递体系,参与对-香豆酰辅酶A形成CHS-对-香豆酰基中间产物.本研究结果为利用此类CHS三维模型研究其催化机理和分子工程改造奠定基础.     

昆虫脂肪酸合成通路关键基因的研究进展

脂肪酸对昆虫生长、发育、繁殖、信息交流起到重要的作用。主要介绍脂肪酸合成通路中的5个关键基因,乙酰辅酶A羧化酶基因(ACC)、脂肪酸合成酶基因(FAS)、超长链脂肪酸延伸酶基因(ELO)、去饱和酶基因(desat)及脂酰辅酶A还原酶基因(FAR)在昆虫中的研究进展。     

蜡酯合成途径及关键酶的研究进展

蜡酯对于生物的生命活动具有重要意义,研究表明植物和动物的蜡酯合成存在保守途径。即脂酰辅酶A（fatty acyl-CoA）在脂酰辅酶A还原酶（fatty acyl-CoAreductase,FAR）的作用下还原成脂肪醇,脂肪醇和脂酰辅酶A在蜡酯合酶（wax synthase,WS）的作用下生成酯,FAR和WS是该途径的关键酶,这两个酶的结构和功能在不同物种之间表现出很大差异,目前对于这两个酶缺乏系统的归纳分析。该文综述了蜡酯合成途径及FAR和WS的序列特征、生化特性及参与的生理功能,分析了这两种酶相关研究存在的问题,旨在为昆虫的蜡酯合成研究提供参考。     

Structural and biochemical elucidation of mechanism for decarboxylative condensation of beta-keto acid by curcumin synthase

The typical reaction catalyzed by type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) is a decarboxylative condensation between acyl-CoA (starter substrate) and malonyl-CoA (extender substrate). In contrast, curcumin synthase 1 (CURS1), which catalyzes curcumin synthesis by condensing feruloyl-CoA with a diketide-CoA, uses a β-keto acid (which is derived from diketide-CoA) as an extender substrate. Here, we determined the crystal structure of CURS1 at 2.32 Å resolution. The overall structure of CURS1 was very similar to the reported structures of type III PKSs and exhibited the αβαβα fold. However, CURS1 had a unique hydrophobic cavity in the CoA-binding tunnel. Replacement of Gly-211 with Phe greatly reduced the enzyme activity. The crystal structure of the G211F mutant (at 2.5 Å resolution) revealed that the side chain of Phe-211 occupied the hydrophobic cavity. Biochemical studies demonstrated that CURS1 catalyzes the decarboxylative condensation of a β-keto acid using a mechanism identical to that for normal decarboxylative condensation of malonyl-CoA by typical type III PKSs. Furthermore, the extender substrate specificity of CURS1 suggested that hydrophobic interaction between CURS1 and a β-keto acid may be important for CURS1 to use an extender substrate lacking the CoA moiety. From these results and a modeling study on substrate binding, we concluded that the hydrophobic cavity is responsible for the hydrophobic interaction between CURS1 and a β-keto acid, and this hydrophobic interaction enables the β-keto acid moiety to access the catalytic center of CURS1 efficiently.     

Molecular genetic diversity of curcuminoid genes in Curcuma amada: Curcuminoid variation,consideration on species boundary and polyploidy

Experiments were undertaken to test the hypothesis that in Curcuma amada the curcuminoid content is related to ploidy level and sequence variations in the genes related to curcuminoid biosynthesis. Eight curcumin-containing accessions of C. amada and six curcumin-free accessions were analyzed. Flow cytometry revealed that the ploidy level was higher in curcumin-containing accessions than in curcumin-free accessions (average ratio 1.43). This indicates that the ploidy level correlates with the presence or absence of curcuminoids. Curcumin synthase genes (CURS1, CURS2 and CURS3) and diketide-CoA synthase genes (DCS1 and DCS2) play an important role in biosynthesis of curcuminoids. Sequencing of conserved regions of CURS1, CURS2, CURS3, DCS1, and DCS2 revealed significant sequence variations. In addition to the known CURS and DCS genes, we report 195 CURS-related sequences and 59 DCS-related sequences (including several new CURS-like and DCS-like genes) with several haplotypes for each gene. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CURS2 diverged from CURS1 and CURS3, whereas the DCS genes evolved independently of the CURS genes. DNA barcode analysis showed that the rbcL, matK and psbA-trnH intergenic region were identical in all 14 accessions and thus confirmed that all accessions belonged to C. amada.     

毕赤酵母高密度发酵工艺的研究

高密度发酵是毕赤酵母提高蛋白表达量的一种重要策略,发酵工艺是高密度发酵的一个重要因素。采用下列措施均可以有效地提高表达水平：调节基础培养基,采用变pH和变温发酵,提高DO,选择最适的诱导前菌体密度和比生长速率并降低甘油初始浓度和采用分段式指数流加进行调控。选择合适的甲醇补料策略：甲醇限制补料（MLFB）、氧气限制补料（OLFB）、甲醇不限制补料（MNLFB）和温度限制补料（TLFB）。采用两种方式调控补料：诱导阶段菌体生长时,甲醇比消耗速率(qMeOH)为0.02-0.03gg-1h-1,而菌体不生长时,qMeOH采用较高值。     

基因重组Echistatin发酵工艺的优化

目的:利用基因工程方法对一种蛇毒锯鳞蝰素蛋白的发酵纯化工艺进行优化,以提高目的蛋白的产量和纯度。方法:对工程菌进行发酵培养并诱导表达,研究不同的培养基、不同补料方式、溶解氧浓度、培养和诱导时间对工程菌产量和目的蛋白表达量的影响,利用几丁质亲和层析纯化Ecs融合蛋白,通过合适温度和pH裂解融合蛋白得到Ecs纯品,并鉴定和检测Ecs活性。结果:经过高密度发酵优化后,菌体湿重可达110g/L,目的蛋白表达量约占总蛋白的40%;亲和层析纯化后,得到Ecs单体,得率为68mg/L发酵液。生物学活性分析显示,重组Ecs能有效抑制血小板的聚集,其活性与天然Ecs相似。结论:通过发酵和纯化工艺优化,大大提高了目的蛋白产量,为进一步规模化研究和生产奠定了基础。     

Identification and characterization of multiple curcumin synthases from the herb Curcuma longa

Curcuminoids are pharmaceutically important compounds isolated from the herb Curcuma longa. Two additional type III polyketide synthases, named CURS2 and CURS3, that are capable of curcuminoid synthesis were identified and characterized. In vitro analysis revealed that CURS2 preferred feruloyl-CoA as a starter substrate and CURS3 preferred both feruloyl-CoA and p-coumaroyl-CoA. These results suggested that CURS2 synthesizes curcumin or demethoxycurcumin and CURS3 synthesizes curcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin and demethoxycurcumin. The availability of the substrates and the expression levels of the three different enzymes capable of curcuminoid synthesis with different substrate specificities might influence the composition of curcuminoids in the turmeric and in different cultivars.     

Production of resveratrol from p-coumaric acid in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase and stilbene synthase genes

Resveratrol is a well-known polyphenol present in red wine and exerts antioxidative and anti-carcinogenic effects on the human body. To produce resveratrol in a food-grade yeast, the 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase gene (4CL1) from Arabidopsis thaliana and stilbene synthase gene (STS) from Arachis hypogaea were cloned and transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303-1A. The resveratrol produced was unglycosylated and secreted into the culture medium. A batch culture with 15.3mg/l p-coumaric acid used as precursor resulted in the production of 3.1mg/l resveratrol with 14.4 mol% yield. Deletion of the putative phenyl acrylic acid decarboxylase gene (PAD1) did not enhance resveratrol production.     

Production of resveratrol from tyrosine in metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Resveratrol, a polyphenol compound found in grape skins, has been proposed to account for the beneficial effects of red wine against heart disease. To produce resveratrol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, four heterologous genes were introduced: the phenylalanine ammonia lyase gene from Rhodosporidium toruloides, the cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase and 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase genes both from Arabidopsis thaliana, and the stilbene synthase gene from Arachis hypogaea. When this recombinant yeast was cultivated by batch fermentation in YP medium containing 2% galactose, it produced 2.6mg/L p-coumaric acid and 3.3mg/L resveratrol. In order to increase the pool of malonyl-CoA, a key precursor in resveratrol biosynthesis, the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC1) gene was additionally overexpressed in the yeast by replacing the native promoter of the ACC1 gene with the stronger GAL1 promoter and this resulted in enhanced production of resveratrol (4.3mg/L). Furthermore, when tyrosine was supplemented in the medium, the concentration of resveratrol increased up to 5.8mg/L. This result illustrates a possible strategy for developing metabolically engineered yeast strain for the economical production of resveratrol from cheap amino acids.     

Optimization of a new heteropolysaccharide production by a native isolate of Leuconostoc sp. CFR-2181

Aim:  This work is aimed at optimizing the production of a new heteropolysaccharide (HePS) of Leuconostoc sp. CFR-2181 by standardizing the fermentation conditions in a low cost semi-synthetic medium.
Methods and Results:  Both nutritional and cultural parameters, such as carbon source and its concentration, initial pH of the exopolysaccharide (EPS) medium, fermentation temperature and fermentation period were optimized. Fermentation of the EPS medium (pH 6·7), containing sucrose at 5% (w/v) and 5% (v/v) inoculum, at 25 ° C resulted in maximum production of HePS (18·38 g l⁻¹) by the isolate in 4 h of fermentation.
Conclusions:  The isolate was found to produce good amount of HePS in just 4 h in a low cost semi-synthetic EPS medium.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  This is the first report on rapid production of HePS by any lactic culture, which can significantly reduce the cost of the EPS.     

大肠杆菌角鲨烯合成途径的构建与调控

角鲨烯因其具有良好的抗氧化功能而被广泛应用于食品、医药、化妆品、工业应用等领域。本实验在大肠杆菌中构建角鲨烯合成途径,通过对其合成途径中关键限速酶(1-脱氧-D-木酮糖-5-磷酸合酶和异戊烯基二磷酸异构酶)过表达的方法进行初步调控,使角鲨烯的产量提升了近三倍。之后采用单因素试验对其发酵培养基和培养条件进行优化,以此来提高角鲨烯的产量。优化发酵条件后,使用最优发酵培养基——TB培养基,在最佳发酵条件:37℃,220r/min培养至OD600约为1.2时加入终浓度为0.1mmol/L的IPTG诱导剂,25℃条件下诱导48h,角鲨烯产量可达73.88mg/L。     

Enhancing the production of Fc fusion protein in fed-batch fermentation of Pichia pastoris by design of experiments

This study focuses on the feasibility of producing a therapeutic Fc fusion protein in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and presents an optimization design of experiment (DOE) strategy in a well-defined experimental space. The parameters examined in this study include pH, temperature, salt supplementation, and batch glycerol concentration. The effects of these process conditions were captured by statistical analysis focusing on growth rate and titer responses. Batch medium and fermentation conditions were also investigated prior to the DOE study in order to provide a favorable condition to enable the production of this Fc fusion protein. The results showed that approximately 373 mg/L of the Fc fusion protein could be produced. The pH was found to be particularly critical for the production of this Fc fusion protein. It was significantly higher than the conventional, recommended pH for P. pastoris fermentation. The development of this process shows that protein production in P. pastoris is protein specific, and there is not a set of pre-defined conditions that can work well for all types of proteins. Thorough process development would need to be performed for every type of protein in order for large-scale production in P. pastoris to be feasible.