The biology and taxonomy of rust fungi associated with the neotropical vine Mikania micrantha, a major invasive weed in Asia

Three microcyclic rust species were collected during surveys of the perennial asteraceous vine Mikania micrantha (Eupatorieae: Asteraceae) throughout its native range in the Neotropics but were absent in its invasive range in Asia. The commonest species, Puccinia spegazzinii with brown telioid telia, occurred wherever M. micrantha was found in South and Central America including the Caribbean island of Trinidad. Dietelia portoricensis, with occasional vestigial spermogonia and grayish-white to pale yellow columnar aecioid telia, was collected only in Costa Rica; while D. mesoamericana sp. nov., apparently restricted to Mesoamerica, can be distinguished by its abundant, yellowish-orange, fertile spermogonia, yellow to pale brown telial columns, larger teliospores, and 4-spored rather than 2-spored metabasidia. The fact that all three species share a fundamentally similar symptomatology suggests a common origin.     

薇甘菊可溶性蛋白和抗氧化酶活性对田野菟丝子不同寄生密度的响应

为探求利用寄生植物田野菟丝予对入侵杂草薇甘菊进行生物控制的有效措施,研究了薇甘菊对0、1、2、4和8棵田野菟丝子幼苗寄生在可溶性蛋白和一些抗氧化酶活性方面的响应.寄生后30 d,1棵田野菟丝子/株薇甘菊（以下简称棵/株）以上的寄生密度导致薇甘菊可溶性蛋白含量显著降低.和对照相比,在寄生密度为1棵/株时,超氧物歧化酶(S...     

珠海鹤洲北其他种入侵人工恢复红树林群落的季节动态

通过设置固定样地,在不同的季节对鹤洲北人工种植的木榄(铲除杂草,整平滩涂种植1年)、秋茄(铲除杂草,整平滩涂种植1年)、无瓣海桑(种植3年)群落进行调查,分析各样地群落物种数量、群落优势度、无瓣海桑林下幼苗更新的季节动态。调查分析结果如下:①各样地物种数量随季节变化波动明显,种类组成不稳定。木榄样地薇甘菊的入侵直接提高了物种数量随季节变化的波动幅度。②人工种植的木榄和秋茄的优势度随时间的推移直接降低,无季节性消长,薇甘菊和其他禾本科植物的入侵降低了两者的成活率。③无瓣海桑优势度季节变化明显,禾本科和菊科等入侵的植物种无法定居,群落生境稳定,为其他红树植物的生长提供了有利的生存环境。     

外来入侵植物薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)对温度升高的响应

为探讨全球变化温度升高对外来入侵植物薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)化感作用和入侵能力的影响,研究不同温度(22、26和30℃)处理对其种子萌发、幼苗生长、生物量分配、挥发物成分和化感作用的影响。结果表明,薇甘菊种子在温度为22、26和30℃时的萌发率分别为29.2%、52.4%和75.2%。30℃条件下薇甘菊种子萌发率最高,萌发速度快。温度升高显著增加薇甘菊茎的生长、增加对茎的生物量分配。GC-MS和GC测定显示,温度升高改变了薇甘菊挥发物的化学成分。同时,生物测定表明,温度升高增强薇甘菊挥发物对萝卜(Raphanus sativus)和油菜(Brassica campestris)的化感作用。说明温度升高促进了薇甘菊种子的萌发和生长,同时增强了该植物的化感作用,温度升高可能加速薇甘菊的生物入侵。     

薇甘菊的生物防治及其天敌在中国的新发现

薇甘菊(Mikania mixeantha H.B.K.)为原产中南美洲的菊科假泽兰属攀缘草本植物,现在广泛分布于东南亚地区并对我国南方部分地区的农林业生产造成严重危害。由于施用化学除草剂会对环境造成污染,所以生物防治更为可靠。大量工作表明,一些真菌和昆虫有望被用来进行薇甘菊的生物控制。本文中报道的薇甘菊天敌小蓑蛾(Acanthopsyche sp.)为国内首次发现,为薇甘菊的生物防治提供了新的线索和启示。     

Influence of Grazing on Soil Seed Banks Determines the Restoration Potential of Aboveground Vegetation in a Semi‐arid Savanna of Ethiopia

Species composition, number of emerging seedlings, species diversity and functional group of the soil seed banks, and the influence of grazing on the similarity between the soil seed banks and aboveground vegetation, were studied in 2008 and 2009 in a semi‐arid savanna of Ethiopia. We tested whether the availability of persistent seeds in the soil could drive the transition from a degraded system under heavy grazing to healthy vegetation with ample perennial grasses. A total of 77 species emerged from the soil seed bank samples: 21 annual grasses, 12 perennial grasses, 4 herbaceous legumes, 39 forbs, and 1 woody species. Perennial grass species dominated the lightly grazed sites, whereas the heavily grazed sites were dominated by annual forbs. Heavy grazing reduced the number of seeds that can germinate in the seed bank. Species richness in the seed bank was, however, not affected by grazing. With increasing soil depth, the seed density and its species richness declined. There was a higher similarity in species composition between the soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation at the lightly grazed sites compared with the heavily grazed sites. The mean similarity between the seed banks and aboveground vegetation was relatively low, indicating the effect of heavy grazing. Moreover, seeds of perennial grasses were less abundant in the soil seed banks under heavy grazing. We concluded that restoration of grass and woody species from the soil seed banks in the heavily grazed areas could not be successful in semi‐arid savannas of Ethiopia.     

Non‐Native Grass Removal and Shade Increase Soil Moisture and Seedling Performance during Hawaiian Dry Forest Restoration

Invasive non‐native species can create especially problematic restoration barriers in subtropical and tropical dry forests. Native dry forests in Hawaii presently cover less than 10% of their original area. Many sites that historically supported dry forest are now completely dominated by non‐native species, particularly grasses. Within a grass‐dominated site in leeward Hawaii, we explored the mechanisms by which non‐native Pennisetum setaceum, African fountain grass, limits seedlings of native species. We planted 1,800 seedlings of five native trees, three native shrubs, and two native vines into a factorial field experiment to examine the effects of grass removal (bulldozed vs. clipped plus herbicide vs. control), shade (60% shade vs. full sun), and water (supplemental vs. ambient) on seedling survival, growth, and physiology. Both grass removal and shade independently increased survival and growth, as well as soil moisture. Seedling survival and relative growth rate were also significantly dependent on soil moisture. These results suggest that altering soil moisture may be one of the primary mechanisms by which grasses limit native seedlings. Grass removal increased foliar nitrogen content of seedlings, which resulted in an increase in leaf‐level photosynthesis and intrinsic water use efficiency. Thus in the absence of grasses, native species showed increased productivity and resource acquisition. We conclude that the combination of grass removal and shading may be an effective approach to the restoration of degraded tropical dry forests in Hawaii and other ecologically similar ecosystems.     

云南假泽兰属植物及薇甘菊的危害

外来入侵生物对生态系统产生的影响十分巨大,已经成为国家生态安全的严重隐患。自上世纪90年代末期以来,入侵植物薇甘菊（Mikania micrantha H．B．K．）在我国的生态危害引起了社会各界的广泛关注。但是,至今我国所有关于薇甘菊的文献中,均末提及该种在云南的分布。作者通过实地调查和查阅昆明植物研究所的相关标本,确认云南分布有两种假泽兰属植物,即假泽兰（Mikania cordata （Burm．f．）B．L．Robinson）和薇甘菊（M．micrantha）,并介绍了薇甘菊在云南西南部德宏州的危害现状。根据薇甘菊的生物学习性,作者预测薇甘菊将进一步在德宏州扩散,还可能入侵到与德宏州气候相似的其他地区,有关政府部门和研究机构对此问题应该给予高度重视。     

薇甘菊在广东的传播及危害状况调查

薇甘菊在广东主要分布在珠江三角洲地区及东部沿海地区,以深圳为中心向东部、北部和西部逐渐传播开来。薇甘菊多定居在开旷和具有丰富有机质的潮湿环境,富含有机质的生活垃圾、堆积淤泥的水沟边及肥沃的弃耕地常为侵入薇甘菊的分布中心,大量的种子和快速的营养繁殖使其由定居地向外扩散和蔓延。长途交通运输等人为因素是造成薇甘菊远距离传播的主要原因。薇甘菊对灌木的危害最大,受人为干扰的次生林在一定程度上受其危害,果园的人工除草和施肥加速了薇甘菊的危害。     

Population genetic variation and structure of the invasive weed Mikania micrantha in southern China: consequences of rapid range expansion

Invasive plants such as Mikania micrantha provide valuable opportunities for studying population genetic consequences of rapid range expansion. Twenty-eight populations of M. micrantha throughout its introduced range in southern China were examined by using intersimple sequence repeat markers. Population genetic parameters were estimated by Bayesian approaches as well as conventional methods. Bottleneck signature, multilocus linkage disequilibrium, character compatibility, and cluster analyses were conducted to assay the factors that may act to shape population variability. High levels of genetic variation and differentiation were detected in the introduced populations of M. micrantha. All populations experienced severe bottlenecks. Most of them demonstrated significant linkage disequilibrium and matrix compatibility. Populations were mainly clustered into 2 groups, and those from different regions intermingled in the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram. No geographical signature was found in the pattern of population genetic variation. This research indicates that during M. micrantha invasion, multiple introductions mitigated the loss of genetic variation associated with bottlenecks. Nonetheless, bottlenecks enhanced the population differentiation. Human-mediated long-distance dispersal events of seeds or propagules explain the lack of geographic structure in genetic variation. Although asexual reproduction is the predominant mating mode in M. micrantha, it has little effect on the population genetic composition.     

入侵害草薇甘菊的防除研究进展

对薇甘菊MikaniamicranthaH.B.K.防除的最新研究进展进行了综述。薇甘菊的防除,目前主要采用人工清除、化学防除、生态防除和生物防治等方法,其中生物防治是最有效的防治方法之一。生物防治中艳婀珍蝶Actinotethaliapyrrha和安婀珍蝶A.anteas是较有前途的两种昆虫;柄锈菌PucciniaspegazzinideToni能使薇甘菊生长受阻、矮化、枯萎和死亡,在中国有利用的可能;凤凰木Delonixregia、血桐Macarangatanarius、榥伞枫Heteropanaxfragrans可以利用植物相克作用控制薇甘菊;菟丝子属Cuscuta的3种菟丝子能侵染薇甘菊,其中田野菟丝子Cuscutacampestris对薇甘菊控制作用较强,是以草治草的一种新方法。     

薇甘菊叶片对光反射、透射和利用效率及其与同群落植物之比较研究

该文对薇甘菊及其所在群落内19种植物（草本和木本）的叶片透射率、反射率和光合特征指标进行了测定,结果表明：薇甘菊与其它植物透射和反射图谱的变化趋势都比较相近,在各个光学特征指标与光合相关指标的相互关系中,薇甘菊并没有表现出区别于同一群落内其它植物的特征。从平均值来看,200—800nm下叶片反射率和透射率由大到小依次为：薇甘菊〉草本植物〉木本植物,薇甘菊各光学植被指标（SR680、SR750和PRO均低于其它植物的平均值,但是其光合能力（光利用效率、水分利用效率、电子传递速率和净光合速率）与其它植物接近或稍高。而且,薇甘菊夏季叶片反射和透射率明显高于冬季,这有利于散失夏季过多光照和充分利用冬季短缺光照。薇甘菊叶片的上述光学特征,可能是其生长于其它植物表面强光照环境的一种适应性表现,有利于其在入侵地快速生长。     

利用盆栽薇甘菊繁殖婀珍蝶的方法

介绍实验室内用盆栽薇甘菊大量繁殖婀珍蝶的方法。野外割取薇甘菊,截取茎切段扦插,盆栽,用于饲养婀珍蝶。实验室条件下控制温度、湿度、光周期,婀珍蝶完成生活史。结果表明,此方法可用于大量繁殖婀珍蝶以供试验和应用。     

薇甘菊叶片对光反射、透射和利用效率及其与同群落植物之比较研究

该文对薇甘菊及其所在群落内19种植物(草本和木本)的叶片透射率、反射率和光合特征指标进行了测定, 结果表明:薇甘菊与其它植物透射和反射图谱的变化趋势都比较相近, 在各个光学特征指标与光合相关指标的相互关系中, 薇甘菊并没有表现出区别于同一群落内其它植物的特征。从平均值来看, 200-800 nm下叶片反射率和透射率由大到小依次为: 薇甘菊>草本植物>木本植物, 薇甘菊各光学植被指标(SR680、SR750和PRI)均低于其它植物的平均值, 但是其光合能力(光利用效率、水分利用效率、电子传递速率和净光合速率)与其它植物接近或稍高。而且, 薇甘菊夏季叶片反射和透射率明显高于冬季, 这有利于散失夏季过多光照和充分利用冬季短缺光照。薇甘菊叶片的上述光学特征, 可能是其生长于其它植物表面强光照环境的一种适应性表现, 有利于其在入侵地快速生长。     

The role of wild grasses in the management of lepidopterous stem-borers on maize in the humid tropics of western Africa

Sites in the humid forest of Cameroon and the derived savanna of Benin were selected to evaluate the effect of planting border rows of wild host plants on lepidopterous stem-borer infestations and on maize yield. Grass species were chosen that in surveys and greenhouse trials were highly attractive to ovipositing female moths but with offspring mortality of close to 100%, thus acting as trap plants. In Cameroon, elephant grass Pennisetum purpureum Moench significantly lowered infestations of Busseola fusca (Fuller), Sesamia calamistis Hampson and Eldana saccharina Walker and increased yields of maize though the differences were not significant during all three cropping seasons. In 1998 in Benin, the only grass tested, Pennisetum polystachion L., significantly increased parasitism of mainly S. calamistis eggs by Telenomus spp. and larvae by Cotesia sesamiae Cameron and reduced numbers of the cob-borer Mussidia nigrivenella Ragonot. In 1999, three grass species; P. polystachion, Sorghum arundinaceum (Desv.) Stapf and Panicum maximum Jacq. were tested. Panicum maximum was the most efficient species for suppressing S. calamistis and M. nigrivenella infestations and enhancing egg and larval parasitism. In the Benin trials, with the exception of M. nigrivenella damage to cobs, the grass species tested had no beneficial effect on yield because pest densities were too low and also rodent damage to maize was enhanced with grasses in the vicinity of the crop. By contrast, stand losses due to Fusarium verticillioides Sacc. (Nirenberg), were significantly reduced by border rows of grasses.     

红薯对薇甘菊的竞争效应

在外来入侵生物的生态管理中,利用具有较高经济价值的本地植物或伴生的本地物种进行替代控制是治理入侵植物的有效途径之一。本研究以本地作物红薯(Ipamoea batas)和入侵植物薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)为试验对象,田间试验条件下采用deWit取代法,研究了红薯对薇甘菊的竞争效应。结果表明:薇甘菊单种时,主茎长、分枝长、节间长和分枝数大于红薯,而主茎节数、不定根节数、叶柄长、叶面积均明显小于红薯,使薇甘菊在与红薯争夺养分和光照时处于劣势;在薇甘菊与红薯共存条件下,各个混种比例中薇甘菊的株高、分枝、叶、茎节不定根和生物量等均受到显著抑制,且受到的抑制率普遍高于其对红薯的抑制率;薇甘菊和红薯的相对产量(RY)、相对产量总和(RYT)均显著小于1.0,说明2物种的种间竞争大于种内竞争;红薯对薇甘菊的竞争平衡指数,只有在薇甘菊所占比例高时(1:3)竞争平衡指数显著小于0,其余各个混种比例下竞争平衡指数均显著大于0,说明红薯与薇甘菊之间存在很强的竞争作用,红薯对薇甘菊的竞争力强于薇甘菊。本研究表明,无论是从形态特征还是生物量来看,红薯都可以作为一种对薇甘菊进行替代控制的理想竞争植物。     

2种表面活性物质对70%嘧磺隆WP防治薇甘菊的增效作用

【背景】薇甘菊是最具危害性的世界性杂草之一,目前已入侵我国香港、广东、海南、台湾、云南等地,而嘧磺隆是防治薇甘菊的一种高效药剂。【方法】采用室内生物测定和田间喷雾法,研究了商用药剂嘧磺隆与洗衣粉或柴油混合使用,对薇甘菊根、茎、叶片的杀灭效果及对后期残留茎干萌发率和种子萌芽率的抑制作用。【结果】嘧磺隆单独处理28d后,薇甘菊叶片、茎和根的死亡率分别为86％、92％和84％;而与洗衣粉混合处理后,死亡率分别升高至98．33％、97．67％和89．67％;与柴油混合使用后,死亡率分别升高至92．33％、95．33％和98．33％。经嘧磺隆单独处理后的薇甘菊后期茎干萌发率为9．67％;与洗衣粉、柴油混合使用后,萌发率分别降低至6％、5．33％。经嘧磺隆单独处理后,薇甘菊种子的萌芽率为44．67％;而与洗衣粉、柴油混合使用后,种子萌芽率分别降至28．67％、25．33％。【结论与意义】嘧磺隆与洗衣粉或柴油混合使用,对薇甘菊组织的杀灭效果及对后期茎干萌发率和种子萌芽率的抑制作用均优于嘧磺隆单独使用。本研究可以为薇甘菊的防控技术开发提供参考。     

薇甘菊对香港郊野公园植物群落危害的分析

从薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)对不同类型群落的危害,群落中各植物种类受薇甘菊危害的程度,以及薇甘菊与群落中主要乔木和灌木的种间联结性等方面,对香港郊野公园植物群落受薇甘菊危害状况进行了分析。研究样地所在的植被受薇甘菊的危害严重,草灌丛中薇甘菊的平均覆盖率高达80%,灌木群落中薇甘菊的平均覆盖率为60%左右,常绿阔叶林中的薇甘菊覆盖率平均约为30%。对香港郊野公园受薇甘菊危害的植物种类分析表明:受薇甘菊危害最大的主要是乔木和灌木,草本和藤本的受害比例和受害程度相对较小。受薇甘菊危害的乔木有30种,占群落中乔木的62.50%;受薇甘菊危害的灌木有29种,占群落中灌木的70.73%;受薇甘菊危害的草本植物有10种,占群落中草本植物的33.33%。通过无样方法采用2×2列联表的χ2检验对薇甘菊与群落中主要乔木和灌木的种间联结性分析表明:与薇甘菊呈正联结的乔木有12种,占主要乔木(28种)的42.86%,这些种大多是阳生性乔木;与薇甘菊呈负联结的乔木有16种,占主要乔木的57.16%。与薇甘菊呈正联结的灌木有11种,占主要灌木(19种)的57.89%,多是阳生性灌木;与薇甘菊呈负联结的灌木有8种,占主要灌木的42.11%,这些种大多数也是阳生性灌木,仅九节是耐阴性灌木。     

薇甘菊不同时期的营养繁殖及其生物量分配特征

薇甘菊是世界热带、亚热带地区最具危险性的外来植物之一,较强的无性生长与繁殖是其种群快速建立和扩散的主要原因。该实验采用生长期(40d、30d、20d、10d)和养分(1倍Hoagland’s营养液、清水+土壤、清水)二因子设计,探讨薇甘菊根、茎、叶的营养生长与繁殖和生物量分配特征。结果显示:(1)生长期对薇甘菊茎的存活率和养分对薇甘菊茎的净增生物量比例具有极显著影响(P<0.01),但对其他指标影响均不显著(P>0.05);生长期和养分互作除对薇甘菊根的存活率和茎的分枝数影响不显著外,对其他指标影响均达到极显著(P<0.01)。(2)所有薇甘菊根处理中的存活率为0,茎的分枝数在各处理之间的差异不显著。(3)随着生长期和养分增加,薇甘菊茎和叶的存活率及其生物量逐渐提高,且茎的分枝长、叶的分枝长及其分枝数逐渐提高,但中等养分更有利于提高生长期较短的薇甘菊叶的存活率、分枝长、分枝数及生物量。研究表明,薇甘菊不同营养器官在不同生长期和养分条件具有不同的存活情况以及形态可塑性和生物量分配特征。     

薇苷菊乙醇提取物对桔全爪螨种群的控制作用

研究薇苷菊(Mikaniamicrantha)乙醇提取物对桔全爪螨(Panonychuscitri)种群的控制作用,并比较其与常用杀螨剂哒螨灵的效果.在实验室用0.1、0.2、0.4g·L^-13个浓度提取物分别喷布桔全爪螨卵、幼螨和若螨,除了01g·L^-1浓度处理对卵没有效果外,该处理幼螨、若螨存活率以及另2个浓度处理3个螨态的存活率都显著下降.在非选择性试验条件下,用这3个浓度的提取物处理叶片饲养的桔全爪螨雌螨繁殖量显著减少,寿命也显著缩短.在田间用这3个浓度的提取物在20d内连喷2次,桔全爪螨卵、幼螨和若螨的存活率都低于对照,干扰作用控制指数分别为0518、0.292、0.277,即对种群增长控制的效果分别为4.82%、70.8%、72.3%,比15%哒螨灵乳油2000倍处理更有效控制桔全爪螨的田间种群.田间试验结果还表明,提取物处理的叶片比对照和哒螨灵处理的浓绿,而且对桔全爪螨的天敌较安全