温度对莲草直胸跳甲成虫繁殖特性和卵孵化的影响

莲草直胸跳甲是恶性入侵杂草喜旱莲子草的有效天敌。为探明莲草直胸跳甲成虫繁育的适宜温度条件和卵的低温冷藏适期,本文研究了莲草直胸跳甲成虫在25、27、30、32、35℃下的存活、取食和产卵特性及卵在15℃下冷藏不同时期的孵化率。结果表明:在25～35℃,莲草直胸跳甲成虫的生存曲线差异显著;随着温度的升高,雌雄成虫寿命呈缩短趋势,表现为25℃>32℃>35℃;但27和30℃的生存曲线与25和32℃差异均不显著。温度对莲草直胸跳甲成虫的取食量和产卵量均有显著影响,在25～35℃,随着温度的升高,跳甲的取食量和产卵量呈下降趋势;成虫期取食量、日均产卵量和世代产卵量表现为25℃>27℃、30℃>32℃>35℃;成虫期取食量和世代产卵量呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.960。将莲草直胸跳甲卵在15℃下冷藏1～10d后转移至25℃,其孵化率均可达100%,但孵化进度则有差异,孵化高峰期随着冷藏时间的延长而提前。与未经冷藏的卵(对照)相比,在15℃下冷藏1d,莲草直胸跳甲卵的始孵化日提前1d,但高峰期不变,均在第5天;在15℃下冷藏4、7和10d后,其孵化高峰期分别较对照提前1、2和3d。可见,在25～35℃时,25℃是莲草直胸...     

空心莲子草叶甲室内大量繁殖研究

为了大量繁殖供环境释放的空心莲子草叶甲Agasicles hygrophila以实现空心莲子草区域减灾, 我们探索出室内大量饲养与繁殖空心莲子草叶甲的方法与流程, 包括用叶片法或苗水培法孵化卵粒、用盒养法饲养各龄幼虫与成虫并供成虫产卵、用栽培活苗笼养法化蛹羽化。在室内成虫终日均能取食、交配、产卵, 产卵前期约4～5 d, 产卵高峰期在羽化后第7～24 天, 每雌平均产卵21.08块, 约570粒。盒养法叶片平均可着卵4.28块, 叶背与叶面着卵量相近; 笼养法叶片平均着卵为1.46块, 卵主要产于叶背。盒养法与笼养法得到的卵孵化率分别为94.02%与92.50%。空心莲子草叶甲除化蛹需在栽培活苗上完成外, 各龄幼虫与成虫均可用离体新鲜苗盒养法密集饲养。初孵1龄幼虫转株（叶）期、3龄老熟幼虫转化蛹苗期是室内大量饲养与繁殖空心莲子草叶甲的关键时期, 高密度成功饲养与繁殖空心莲子草叶甲的最适化蛹接虫量是每株8头, 产卵期雌虫的最适密度是每株5头。     

空心莲子草叶甲对空心莲子草控制效果的定量评价

为了解空心莲子草叶甲Agasicles hygrophila被引入中国20多年后其取食行为与取食能力是否发生改变, 我们通过采集叶甲自然种群的成虫, 在室内用空心莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides饲养获得检测用叶甲各虫态与虫量进行室内定量检测, 研究了空心莲子草叶甲自然种群各龄幼虫与成虫在不同密度下对空心莲子草的控害效果。结果显示： 1龄幼虫喜食顶芽嫩叶, 在每株接0.2和1头1龄幼虫密度下, 空心莲子草仍有新叶和侧芽生成, 生物量、 株高与茎节数仍在增加; 在5头/株的密度下, 空心莲子草的生物量、 叶片数和侧芽数均出现负增长; 在10头/株的密度下, 草的生物量、 株高、 叶片数、 侧芽数和茎节数均表现为负增长。2龄幼虫优先取食顶芽嫩叶, 也取食老叶与茎杆, 在每株10头2龄幼虫的密度下, 接虫7 d后, 40%的植株死亡。3龄幼虫取食叶片与茎秆, 后期钻入茎秆中化蛹,在10头/株密度下,7 d后, 已引起52%的植株死亡, 存活株的茎节数显著减少。成虫可24 h连续取食植株的任何组织, 0.2头/株的密度下,空心莲子草叶片与侧芽数量已呈现负增长; 5头/株的密度下,空心莲子草的生物量、 株高、 叶片数、 侧芽数与茎节数均呈现较大的负增长; 10头/株的控草效果更加显著。     

不同土壤水分和养分条件下喜旱莲子草与同属种生长状况的比较研究

喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)入侵已在中国造成巨大的生态和经济损失。为揭示喜旱莲子草成功入侵的生态机制并预测其种群扩张趋势及其与环境因子的关系, 作者比较了喜旱莲子草与其同属的外来弱入侵种刺花莲子草(A. pungens)以及土著种莲子草(A. sessilis)在不同土壤水分、养分条件下的生长状况。结果显示: 在高水高肥条件下, 喜旱莲子草的生物量要高于刺花莲子草和莲子草, 而在低水低肥条件下却不如这两个同属种; 弱入侵种刺花莲子草在低水条件下的生物量要高于强入侵种喜旱莲子草和土著种莲子草, 说明植物的入侵性受环境条件的影响。另外, 强入侵种喜旱莲子草形态学性状的可塑性较高, 在各种条件下都具有较高的比叶面积, 暗示这两个指标可作为莲子草属外来植物入侵性的预测指标。     

Sex ratio effects on copulation,fecundity and progeny fitness for Agasicles hygrophila,a biological control agent of alligator weed

Determining the best ratio of females to males of an insect's natural enemy is important for maximising population increase and promoting population establishment of a natural enemy. In this study, copulation behaviour, fecundity, progeny fitness and rate of population increase for the flea beetle, Agasicles hygrophila Selman & Vogt (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), were compared at different female percentage treatments (i.e., 80%, 66.7%, 50%, 33.3% and 20% females). The results showed that the copulation frequency and duration in males decreased, whereas those in females increased as the number of males increased. At 20%, 33.3% and 66.7% females, the rates of population increase were 3.4-, 2.17- and 0.79-fold higher than that at 50% females. Females at 20% and 33.3% were found to be optimal for mass rearing of the beetle.     

Effects of clonal integration and nitrogen supply on responses of a clonal plant to short-term herbivory

Aims Clonal integration, i.e. resource sharing between interconnected ramets, can help clonal plants tolerate abiotic stress. However, few studies have directly examined the ecological significance of clonal integration in the ability of clonal plants to tolerate biotic stress such as herbivory.     

温度对2个地理种群莲草直胸跳甲成虫产卵量及存活率的影响

【背景】温度对莲草直胸跳甲种群增长具有重要作用,了解引进的莲草直胸跳甲泰国种群的温度适应性,同时与福州本地种群相比较,可以有效地利用其防治空心莲子草。【方法】采用室内继代饲养的方法,设置3个温度,对莲草直胸跳甲福州本地种群和泰国热带种群的成虫产卵量及存活率进行了研究。【结果】在相同温度条件下,泰国热带种群的繁殖力显著高于福州本地种群。随着温度的升高,泰国热带种群和福州本地种群的产卵量均有显著下降,但泰国热带种群的产卵量均稍高于福州本地种群。在3个试验温度下,莲草直胸跳甲泰国热带种群的成虫寿命较福州本地种群的寿命长。【结论与意义】莲草直胸跳甲泰国热带种群对温度的适应性和繁殖力强,更容易构建种群,有利于对空心莲子草的生物防治。     

空心莲子草在我国的适应性及入侵机制

空心莲子草是入侵我国的重要杂草之一,它在我国能广泛传播和迅速蔓延,与其自身特有的形态生理适应性、强大的繁殖特性和竞争力,以及传入地缺乏自然控制机制密切相关.空心莲子草从其原产地过渡到新的侵入地的过程中,在生态环境适应方面发生重大变化,产生一系列的形态结构、生理过程,以求适应陆地生活条件.其表型可塑性使得空心莲子草有更宽的生态幅,可利用的潜在资源范围也随之扩展;强大的营养繁殖能力,使其迅速产生大量的后代,在失去自然天敌调控的情况下,尤为适应其侵入种的生长、繁殖、发展和传播,种群数量的激增又会加速其传播扩散速度,导致空心莲子草爆发成灾.在综述空心莲子草在形态、生理、繁殖的适应性特征及天敌因素和入侵特性的基础上,根据前人的有关论述,分析了空心莲子草在我国的适应性特征及入侵机制,指出了空心莲子草在我国适应性及入侵机制应着重研究的方向,提出了综合治理和充分利用空心莲子草的对策.     

喜旱莲子草在青藏高原对模拟增温的可塑性: 引入地和原产地种群的比较

气候变暖背景下植物可通过关键性状的表型可塑性来适应环境温度的增加。表型可塑性增强进化假说预测定植到新环境中的入侵植物种群具有演化出更强表型可塑性的潜力。此前对可塑性进化的研究涵盖了外来植物性状对水分条件、光照变化、土壤养分、邻体根系以及天敌防御等的响应, 而较少有研究关注增温条件下植物重要性状的可塑性进化。已有的部分研究多集中在温带和热带地区, 而较少关注入侵植物在高寒地区对增温的响应; 且研究多集中在植物生长相关性状, 较少关注功能性状和防御性状。本研究采用同质园实验比较了喜旱莲子草6个引入地(中国)种群和6个原产地(阿根廷)种群, 在西藏拉萨模拟全天增温2℃处理下的适合度性状、功能性状和防御性状的响应差异。结果表明: (1)高寒地区模拟全天增温显著提高了喜旱莲子草总生物量(+36.4%)、地上生物量(+34.5%)、贮藏根生物量(+51.4%)和毛根生物量(+33.6%), 降低了分枝强度(-19.8%)和比茎长(-30.2%); (2)模拟全天增温使引入地种群的比叶面积和黄酮含量增加, 而原产地种群则相反。这些结果表明高寒地区全天增温2℃对喜旱莲子草可能是一种有利条件。引入地种群的适合度性状对模拟全天增温2℃的响应比原产地种群更强, 而其光能利用相关性状和防御性状的响应可能提升了其在高寒地区的适合度。因此, 在未来全球气候变暖的背景下, 高寒地区温度升高可能更有利于喜旱莲子草引入地种群的定植和扩散。     

Responses of morphological and physiological traits to herbivory by snails of three invasive and native submerged plants

3种入侵和本地沉水植物形态和生理性状对螺类牧食的响应 沉水植物水盾草(Cabomba caroliniana)已成为中国太湖流域的优势入侵水生植物。与外来物种的原产地环境相比,引入地新环境中存在的专食性天敌较少。外来物种可能会逃避其原产地环境中的天敌牧食,又因为它们的适口性相对较差,从而导致在引入地外来物种通常比本地物种遭受的牧食者影响更低(天敌逃逸假说)。本研究的目的是比较水盾草与共生的本地沉水植物对本地牧食者的响应。我们进行了一个中宇宙尺度实验,研究了水盾草和两种共生的本地沉水植物黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)和穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)对两种本地广食性腹足纲螺类萝卜螺(Radix swinhoei)和环棱螺(Sinotaia quadrata)的牧食响应。记录了它们的形态性状指标(总生物量、冠根比和相对生长率)和生理性状指标(叶片总非结构性碳、木质素和纤维素)。研究结果表明,环棱螺对3种沉水植物性状指标的影响较少。随着本地广食性螺类萝卜螺数量的增加,黑藻和穗花狐尾藻大部分植物性状发生了改变,而水盾草的植物性状表现出相对稳定的趋势。水盾草对萝卜螺的牧食更具抵抗力,这与天敌逃逸假说的假设一致。这一发现说明牧食性螺类促进了水盾草的入侵,这可能会改变沉水植物群落中的物种组成。     

Impacts of a native parasitic plant on an introduced and a native host species: implications for the control of an invasive weed

Background and Aims: While invasive species may escape from natural enemies in thenew range, the establishment of novel biotic interactions withspecies native to the invaded range can determine their success.Biological control of plant populations can be achieved by manipulationof a species' enemies in the invaded range. Interactions weretherefore investigated between a native parasitic plant andan invasive legume in Mediterranean-type woodlands of SouthAustralia. Methods: The effects of the native stem parasite, Cassytha pubescens,on the introduced host, Cytisus scoparius, and a co-occurringnative host, Leptospermum myrsinoides, were compared. The hypothesisthat the parasitic plant would have a greater impact on theintroduced host than the native host was tested. In a fieldstudy, photosynthesis, growth and survival of hosts and parasitewere examined. Key Results: As predicted, Cassytha had greater impacts on the introducedhost than the native host. Dead Cytisus were associated withdense Cassytha infections but mortality of Leptospermum wasnot correlated with parasite infection. Cassytha infection reducedthe photosynthetic rates of both hosts. Infected Cytisus showedslower recovery of photosystem II efficiency, lower transpirationrates and reduced photosynthetic biomass in comparison withuninfected plants. Parasite photosynthetic rates and growthrates were higher when growing on the introduced host Cytisus,than on Leptospermum. Conclusions: Infection by a native parasitic plant had strong negative effectson the physiology and above-ground biomass allocation of anintroduced species and was correlated with increased plant mortality.The greater impact of the parasite on the introduced host maybe due to either the greater resources that this host providesor increased resistance to infection by the native host. Thisdisparity of effects between introduced host and native hostindicates the potential for Cassytha to be exploited as a controltool.     

Reciprocal interactions between native and introduced populations of common milkweed,Asclepias syriaca,and the specialist aphid,Aphis nerii

Following its introduction into Europe (EU), the common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) has been free of most specialist herbivores that are present in its native North American (NA) range, except for the oleander aphid Aphis nerii. We compared EU and NA populations of A. nerii on EU and NA milkweed populations to test the hypothesis that plant–insect interactions differ on the two continents. First, we tested if herbivore performance is higher on EU plants than on NA plants, because the former have escaped most of their herbivores and have perhaps been selected for lower defence levels following introduction. Second, we compared two A. nerii lines (one from each continent) to test whether genotypic differences in the herbivore may influence species interactions in plant–herbivore communities in the context of species introductions. The NA population of A. nerii developed faster, had higher fecundity and attained higher population growth rates than the EU population. There was no overall significant continental difference in aphid resistance between the plants. However, milkweed plants from EU supported higher population growth rates and faster development of the NA line of A. nerii than plants from NA. In contrast, EU aphids showed similar (low) performance across plant populations from both continents. In a second experiment, we examined how chewing herbivores indirectly mediate interactions between milkweeds and aphids, and induced A. syriaca plants from each continent by monarch caterpillars (Danaus plexippus) to compare the resulting changes in plant quality on EU aphid performance. As specialist chewing herbivores of A. syriaca are only present in NA, we expected that plants from the two continents may affect aphid growth in different ways when they are challenged by a specialist chewing herbivore. Caterpillar induction decreased aphid developmental times on NA plants, but not on EU plants, whereas fecundity and population growth rates were unaffected by induction on both plant populations. The results show that genetic variation in the plants as well as in the herbivores can determine the outcome of plant–herbivore interactions.     

Success of native and invasive plant congeners depends on inorganic nitrogen compositions and levels

入侵植物与同属本地植物的成功定植依赖于无机氮组成和水平外来植物的成功入侵常常表现为3种对策：逆境成功型、顺境成功型和两者兼备型。为了在植物群落水平探讨这些对策,我们研究了土壤无机氮组成和水平对入侵植物及其同属本地植物成功定植的影响。在实验中,我们选择21种植物(8种入侵植物、8种本地同属植物、5种本地非同属植物)构建人工植物群落,将每种群落置于3种氮组成(3:1、2:2、1:3硝铵比)和3种氮水平(低氮、中氮、高氮)构成的9种氮处理中。主要测定指标包括：总生物量、相对生物量(指示物种成功)、死亡率和死亡时间。当同时考虑9种氮环境时,入侵植物与同属本地植物具有相似的总生物量、相对生物量和死亡时间,但前者的死亡率较低。这种格局与两者间相似的生长和忍耐性有关。氮组成影响死亡时间,氮水平影响总生物量和相对生物量。最重要的是,物种来源、氮组成和氮水平共同影响总生物量、相对生物量和死亡时间。这些结果表明：生长在系列氮环境中的入侵植物与同属本地植物可能具有相似的成功定植,氮组成和氮水平共同决定外来植物的成功入侵。     

Variable effects on growth and defense traits for plant ecotypic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity along elevation gradients

Along ecological gradients, phenotypic differentiation can arise through natural selection on trait diversity and magnitude, and environment‐driven plastic changes. The magnitude of ecotypic differentiation versus phenotypic plasticity can vary depending on the traits under study. Using reciprocal transplant‐common gardens along steep elevation gradients, we evaluated patterns of ecotypic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity of several growth and defense‐related traits for two coexisting but unrelated plant species, Cardamine pratensis and Plantago major. For both species, we observed ecotypic differentiation accompanied by plasticity in growth‐related traits. Plants grew faster and produced more biomass when placed at low elevation. In contrast, we observed fixed ecotypic differentiation for defense and resistance traits. Generally, low‐elevation ecotypes produced higher chemical defenses regardless of the growing elevation. Yet, some plasticity was observed for specific compounds, such as indole glucosinolates. The results of this study may suggest that ecotypic differentiation in defense traits is maintained by costs of chemical defense production, while plasticity in growth traits is regulated by temperature‐driven growth response maximization.     

The effect of nitrogen and temperature changes on Solidago canadensis phenotypic plasticity and fitness

Phenotypic plasticity is commonly considered to contribute to the invasion success of invasive species. However, the importance of phenotypic plasticity, nitrogen (N) levels and warming to the invasion of invasive species is unclear. The effects of warming and N addition on the morphology, biomass allocation and biochemistry traits of Solidago canadensis and their plasticity were investigated by conducting a pot experiment. The results showed that the effect of N addition on biomass was improved for S. canadensis; whereas warming displayed no significant effect, their positive synergistic interact effect resulted in the overall significant increase in plant performance. The mean phenotypic plasticity indices (MPPI) of biochemistry and total parameters demonstrated a difference between operations, and the higher value was observed in N interaction with temperature treatments than N addition or warming alone. The observed MPPI indicated the biochemistry parameters > morphological parameters > allocation parameters. The MPPI of biochemistry parameters, morphological parameters and total parameters exhibited significant and positive correlations with N level and MPPI of morphological parameters was also significantly positively correlated with the fitness of S. canadensis. These results indicated that the global warming and N addition would make the invaded habitat more suitable for the growth of invasive S. canadensis, and even may effectively increase the invasion risk of S. canadensis through the enhanced phenotypic plasticity, which is a crucial factor to help species deal with the changing environment.     

除草剂胁迫对空心莲子草叶甲种群的影响及应对策略

为探讨除草剂胁迫对空心莲子草叶甲种群的影响,寻求合理施用除草剂,有效保护叶甲,提高其控草效果的应对策略,利用叶片残留法测试了在草甘膦、农达、水花生净与35%苄·丁可湿粉等除草剂胁迫下空心莲子草叶甲卵孵化率,幼虫、成虫存活率以及蛹羽化率。结果表明被测试的4种除草剂均不同程度地降低空心莲子草叶甲卵孵化率,幼虫与成虫存活率及蛹羽化率,特别是水花生净28.0、35.0 g/L两种浓度处理,35%苄·丁可湿粉4.0 g/L浓度处理显著降低卵孵化率;农达13.4 g/L浓度处理显著降低1龄前期幼虫存活率,农达40.1 g/L与 53.4 g/L两种浓度处理显著降低2龄前期幼虫存活率;水花生净28.0 g/L浓度处理显著降低3龄前期幼虫存活率;草甘膦97.6 g/L与 122.0 g/L浓度处理、农达26.7 g/L与66.8 g/L浓度处理、35%苄·丁可湿粉2.0 g/L浓度处理显著降低后期蛹的羽化率;35%苄·丁可湿粉1.0 g/L浓度处理显著降低羽化后3 d雌虫的存活率。除草剂除直接杀死空心莲子草叶甲,降低其种群数量外,使叶甲失去食物与避护所,快速地引起叶甲种群崩溃。建议合理施药,并在施药时,随机留若干小斑块不施药,保护叶甲,可望提高其田间控草效果。     

地上-地下植食性天敌对入侵植物空心莲子草与本地种莲子草种间关系的影响

生物入侵是全球生物多样性的主要威胁,外来种与本地种的种间竞争能力会影响其能否成功入侵.本研究选用入侵植物空心莲子草和其本地同属种莲子草为对象,探究其专食性天敌莲草直胸跳甲与南方根结线虫对空心莲子草与莲子草的生长及种间关系的影响.结果 表明:与无天敌胁迫相比,线虫处理显著降低了莲子草的株高(28.1％),但显著增加了空心...     

南方菟丝子寄生对喜旱莲子草生长及群落多样性的影响

菟丝子属植物是一种有潜力的入侵植物的生物防治剂。以南方菟丝子(Cuscuta australis)天然寄生的喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)群落为研究对象,对比分析了南方菟丝子寄生对入侵植物喜旱莲子草生长的影响,同时采用群落调查的方法分析南方菟丝子寄生对入侵群落多样性的影响,以判断南方菟丝子是否具有防治喜旱莲子草的能力。结果表明南方菟丝子寄生可以降低喜旱莲子草的根生物量、茎生物量、叶生物量和总生物量,但与对照之间均不存在显著性差异;南方菟丝子寄生可以显著降低茎生物量比,显著增加根生物量比和根冠比。在无南方菟丝子寄生的喜旱莲子草群落中,除南方菟丝子和喜旱莲子草外,共有10科14属14种植物;而在南方菟丝子寄生的喜旱莲子草群落中,除南方菟丝子和喜旱莲子草外,共有16科27属28种植物,南方菟丝子能以产生吸器而寄生生长的植物共有19种,占样地植物种数的67.86%。南方菟丝子寄生可使群落物种丰富度显著性增加,也可使群落Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、McIntosh指数和均匀度指数增加,但是与对照之间不存在显著性差异。南方菟丝子寄生使喜旱莲子草的多度显著性下降,使喜旱莲子草的盖度和高度下降,但与未寄生的喜旱莲子草群落相比不存在显著性差异。但是南方菟丝子寄生可使喜旱莲子草在群落上的相对盖度、相对高度和相对多度均显著性下降,从而导致群落中喜旱莲子草的重要值显著性下降。南方菟丝子寄生可以在一定程度上抑制入侵植物喜旱莲子草的生长,促使群落多样性增加,促进本地群落的恢复。     

The negative effects of soil microorganisms on plant growth only extend to the first weeks

土壤微生物对植物生长的负面影响只延续到最初几周 土壤微生物群落可以显著影响植物的生长表现。在本文中,我们提出一个问题：土壤微生物群落对植物生长的影响可以持续多久。我们监测了早期、中期和晚期3个阶段的植物生长速率,在无菌土壤或活土壤中对一种菊科植物疆千里光(Jacobaea vulgaris)进行了两次分别为49天和63天的生长实验。在第3个实验中,我们用4种不同的时间处理方法研究了种植前土壤接种时间对该植物相对生长速率的影响。研究结果表明,3个实验中,在无菌土壤和活土壤中生长的植物的生物量差异都增加了。此外,在前2–3周,灭菌土壤中植物的相对生长速率仅显著高于活土壤中植物的相对生长速率。在第3个实验中,植物生物量随着接种和种植之间时间的增加而减少。总体而言,这些结果表明,疆千里光在无菌土壤中的生长优于在活土壤中。土壤接种对植物生物量的负面影响似乎可以延伸到整个生长期,但源于最初几周发生的对相对生长速率的负面影响。