2000—2015年西南地区土地利用与植被覆盖的时空变化

西南地区是我国重要的生态资源区和生态脆弱区,在国家“绿水青山”战略发展中具有重要地位。本研究基于1 km空间分辨率的土地利用数据集,结合土地利用转移矩阵,定量分析2000—2015年间西南地区土地利用变化特征及其驱动力。并基于MODIS遥感植被指数,利用像元二分模型计算西南地区植被覆盖度,分析归一化植被指数(NDVI)和植被覆盖度的变化规律。结果表明: 研究期间,西南地区的主要地类是林地、农田和草地。建设用地面积增加5874 km²,增长率为55.8%;农田面积减少最多,下降6211 km²,其次是草地,减少2099 km²。2000—2015年间,西南地区建设用地的转入面积最多,主要由农田(贡献率68.2%)、林地(贡献率19.2%)和草地(贡献率13.1%)转化而来,转化的区域多靠近城区。农田的转出面积和转出率分别为7079 km²和2.2%,占所有转出类型面积的46.0%。林地多由草地(贡献率61.8%)转化而来,转化区域多分布在贵州中南部和云南西部等地。全区NDVI和植被覆盖度均呈显著增加趋势,说明研究区整体呈变绿趋势。其中,自然植被和农田的NDVI均显著增长,建设用地扩张地区的NDVI下降,说明自然植被和农田主导了该地区植被变化。通过残差分析发现,气候变化和人类活动对研究区变绿趋势的贡献显著。     

黄土高原植被恢复成效及影响因素

黄土高原是退耕还林还草工程背景下地表格局及植被变化最为显著的地区之一,评估黄土高原的植被恢复成效及影响因素是促进区域植被恢复政策优化的关键环节。基于不同时间尺度植被覆盖度和植被净初级生产力趋势变化,提出了量化区域植被恢复成效的新方法,采用结构方程模型研究社会经济因素对植被恢复成效的影响及其随时间产生的变化,通过地理加权回归探索气候和关键社会经济因子对植被恢复成效的空间非平稳影响。研究结果刻画了2000-2015年黄土高原植被恢复的持续改善过程：截止2015年,黄土高原88.20%的面积植被恢复成效明显,高值区集中于陕北地区及山西省各县区。农村劳动力的下降使得植被恢复所受人口压力减缓,负影响由-0.95变为-0.86;农业生产力的提升是黄土高原植被恢复成效改善的重要社会经济因素。气候及社会经济因子对黄土高原植被恢复成效的影响呈现显著的空间差异：多年平均降水对黄土高原东部29.30%的地区影响最大,且为促进作用,平均温度是北部和西部风沙草地植被恢复成效的主导影响因子（占总面积20.93%）;黄土高原中西部47.02%的地区则受社会经济因素的影响更加明显。当前研究揭示了黄土高原的植被恢复效果及关键影响因子,可为区域植被恢复政策的优化提供科学支撑。     

卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区鹅喉羚生境适宜性评价

在卡拉麦里山保护区内选取具有代表性的研究样区约1 447 km² 作为评价区,基于2005 年以来对卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区鹅喉羚野外调查和样方采集,利用模糊赋值法建立生境评价模型,结合GIS 技术的空间分析功能,以植被类型、坡度、坡向和人类干扰活动为评价因子进行生境适宜性研究。结果表明:春、夏、秋、冬四季实际生境面积分别为 1146.9km² 、1137.1 km² 、991.6 km² 和499.8 km² ,分别占研究区域总面积的79.3% 、78.6% 、68.5% 和34.5% ;其中适宜生境面积分别为304.1 km² 、599.4 km² 、303.6 km² 和56.2 km² ,分别占研究区域总面积的21.0% 、41.4% 、21.0% 和3.9% 。人类活动影响下,一些潜在生境转变为不适宜生境,春、夏、秋、冬四季生境分别丧失4.0% 、3.1% 、4.3% 和48.5%。在各种人类活动中,居民点、国道、采矿点对鹅喉羚生境具有一定的干扰作用,使其质量有所降低,但未造成严重影响;而冬季牧民的放牧行为,导致鹅喉羚的适宜生境被家畜占据,鹅喉羚生境质量大面积下降。本文基于评价结果提出了保护措施。     

2000年来吕梁连片贫困区植被净初级生产力时空变化特征

多年来吕梁连片贫困区实施的生态恢复措施对其生态环境产生了较大影响,为掌握该区域在生态恢复措施实施(2000年)以来植被净初级生产力的变化状况,利用2000—2018年时序的遥感数据和基于光能利用率的CASA模型对其进行了模拟,并分析了导致其变化的主要控制因素,结果显示:(1)2000年以来吕梁连片贫困区NPP整体上升,其中93.46%的区域NPP呈增长状态,6.54%的区域呈减少状态,2010—2015年区域NPP出现下降。(2)受人类活动影响,过去18年来区域土地利用类型变化较为显著,耕地面积缩减,草地面积基本保持稳定,林地与城镇面积增加且城镇面积扩张迅速,不同土地利用下的NPP特征差异显著,耕地NPP年均值增长最为迅速,为5.9 gC m^-2 a^-1,林地最为平稳,为1.32 gC m^-2 a^-1。(3)研究区降水量波动对区域NPP的变化影响显著,未来气候变化中降水量的变化可能对区域NPP产生直接影响。研究结果将为区域生态恢复、精准扶贫及黄河中游地区的经济发展提供重要的理论支撑。     

基于叶面积指数估算植被总初级生产力

长时间序列的陆地碳通量数据在全球生态环境变化研究中具有重要意义。采用MODIS GPP(Gross Primary Productivity)算法,基于GIMMS LAI3g,MODIS15和Improved-MODIS15三种叶面积指数(LAI),估算了全球2000至2010年的植被总初级生产力(GPP)。该估算的GPP数值经过全球20个通量站点的验证,并结合MODIS17分析了它们在时空变化上的异同。结果表明:(1)4种GPP精度如下:GPP_(MOD17)GPP_(impro_MOD15)GPP_(LAI3g)GPP_(MOD15)。(2)4种GPP整体上具有一致的季节波动,冬季和夏季整体好于春季和秋季。GPP_(LAI3g)的4个季节精度较相近,而GPP_(MOD17)除了春秋季外其它季节都较好。(3)GPP_(LAI3g)在中等GPP值分布区的估值相对较高,其全球总GPP大体为(117±1.5)Pg C/a,GPP_(MOD17)和GPP_(impro_MOD15)相近且都低于该值。(4)GPP_(LAI3g)和GPP_(impro_MOD15)在大约63.29%的陆面上呈显著(P0.05)的正相关关系,它们和GPP_(MOD17)在LAI不确定性小的地区呈显著的正相关关系。GPP_(LAI3g)和GPP_(MOD15)正相关分布面积占比为40.61%。     

基于DEM的黄河中游植被恢复对年均径流量影响的估计

植被恢复及其对年均径流量影响的空间格局对黄土高原生态环境建设及水资源管理具有重要指导作用。在分析植被适宜性分布规律的基础上, 基于黄河中游河口-龙门区间100 m 地形高程模型(DEM)和专家经验进行了区域植被适宜性制图, 并基于参数率定后的多年平均蒸散量计算公式和水平衡模型, 估算了不同植树造林情景下年均径流量的变化。结果表明, 河龙区间符合植被带分布规律的适宜区植树面积为6.6×10³ km², 次适宜区植树面积为4.8×10³ km², 分别占研究区总面积的5.8%和4.3%。土地覆被现状条件下区域产水约为33.8 mm (38.07×10⁸m³)。适宜区植树后, 区域产水减少量约为1.9 mm (2.12×10⁸m³), 减少5.6%。适宜区和次适宜区均植树后, 区域产水减少量约为3.1 mm (3.49×10⁸m³), 减少9.2%。空间分布格局表明, 区域局部减水最大达到48 mm。受气候条件影响, 东南部高降雨量地区的流域适宜植树面积达45.1%, 相应减水比例达36.0%。西北部低降雨量地区的流域植树面积约为0.7%, 相应的减水比例为0.4%。     

遥感GPP模型在中亚干旱区4个典型生态系统的适用性评价

总初级生产力(GPP)是全球生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分,对全球气候变化有重要影响。目前有多种遥感模型可以模拟总初级生产力,比较不同遥感模型在中亚干旱区上的适用性对推进全球干旱区碳收支估算具有重要意义。基于涡度协相关技术观测的四个地面站数据验证MOD17、VODCA2、VPM、TG、SANIRv五种模型的模拟精度。结果表明：(1)基于光能利用率理论的MOD17、VPM模型模拟咸海荒漠植被和阜康荒漠植被GPP的精度最高(R²分别为0.52和0.80),但在模拟草地、农田生态系统生产力时存在较明显的低估(RE>20%);基于植被指数的遥感模型TG模型、SANIRv模型模拟巴尔喀什湖草地生态系统和乌兰乌苏农田生态系统GPP的精度最高(R²分别为0.91和0.81),同时模拟值与实测值的相对误差也较低;基于微波的VODCA2模型模拟各生态系统生产力的效果最差。(2)水分亏缺是限制植被GPP的主要因素,因此是否合理考虑水分胁迫是影响GPP模型在中亚干旱区适用性的重要因素。研究揭示了遥感GPP模型在中亚干旱区的应用潜力,为推进全球植被碳通量的准确估...     

黄土丘陵区植被恢复的土壤碳水效应

黄土高原大规模植被恢复显著影响了这一区域土壤水分和有机碳(SOC),从而影响其承载的土壤水源涵养和固碳服务。明确深层土壤水分和有机碳对植被恢复的响应特征是当前黄土高原地区生态水文与生态系统服务研究的一个重要科学问题,其中植被类型以及生长年限是这一过程的重要影响因素。然而,目前关于深层土壤有机碳和土壤水分对植被恢复的响应及二者关系的研究较少。通过对陕北典型黄土丘陵区不同植被类型和生长年限下0—5 m土壤水分与有机碳的监测,分析了深层土壤水分和有机碳对植被恢复的响应及其特征。研究发现:(1)植被恢复后0—5 m土层均出现水分亏缺,土壤水分亏缺在表层1 m最低,2—3 m最高;对于不同恢复方式,林地土壤水分亏缺在恢复至21—30a时显著高于前一阶段(11—20a),而在恢复31a后水分开始恢复,而灌木、草地土壤水分亏缺程度则随恢复年限延长不断增加。(2)林地、灌木、草地0—5 m平均土壤有机碳含量为1.97、1.77、1.72 g/kg;林地土壤固碳量随恢复年限的增加而增加,并且在恢复20a时固碳量与对照农田相比出现净增;灌木土壤固碳量随恢复年限先增加后降低;草地土壤固碳量则随退耕年限增加呈下降趋势并且低于对照农田。(3)表层0—1 m土壤水分随恢复年限增加变化不显著,深层土壤水分则随恢复年限增加显著降低;相比而言,随恢复年限增加,土壤有机碳随年限的变化在各层土壤中均不显著。深层土壤水分与土壤有机碳呈现显著的正相关,且土壤有机碳的增加速率低于土壤水分,研究认为,深层土壤固碳与土壤水分关系密切,且深层土壤固碳需要充足水分参与。深层土壤水分亏缺可能限制植被细根的发展,使深层土壤有机碳输入减少。     

气候变化和人类活动对中国陆地生态系统总初级生产力的影响厘定研究

总初级生产力(GPP)是生态系统植被光合作用生成有机物的能力表征,是生态系统服务功能的基础,关系到区域社会经济可持续发展及区域生态安全。基于生态系统过程模型CEVSA2,应用中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)卫星遥感的叶面积指数数据产品(MCD15A2H),以强迫法构建了遥感数据驱动的模型新版本——CEVSA-RS;基于CEVSA-RS模拟分析了气候变化和人类活动对中国陆地生态系统GPP时空变化的相对影响,从气候潜在总初级生产力(GPP_CL)和现实总初级生产力(GPP_RS)的大小和趋势两方面厘定了人类活动影响。2000至2017年全国平均潜在GPP(1016.36 gC m^-2a^-1)略高于对应现实GPP(962.85 gC m^-2a^-1),但存在明显的空间分异:长江以南大部、秦岭、太行山脉以东以及大兴安岭以东和长白山地区等森林植被覆盖区,现实GPP高于潜在GPP;而西部草地及灌丛等地区现实GPP低于潜在GPP。全国GPP呈显著增加趋势(P<0.05)...     

基于多种遥感植被指数、叶绿素荧光与CO2通量数据的温带针阔混交林物候特征对比分析

植被物候学作为研究植被与环境条件相互作用的科学,在全球气候变化的大背景下已成为国际热点研究领域,其中森林植被在调节全球碳平衡、维护全球气候稳定的过程中有着至关重要的作用。随着遥感技术的发展,多种遥感指数被应用到森林植被物候研究中,其中以MODIS NDVI和EVI应用最为广泛,而叶绿素荧光(SIF)作为植被光合作用的"探针"也被广泛应用于森林植被物候研究中。为了探究3种指数在森林植被物候研究中的差异与特性,本文以长白山温带红松阔叶林通量观测站为研究区域,采用模型拟合结合动态阈值法提取2007—2013森林物候特征参数,并使用通量数据(总初级生产力GPP)进行验证。结果表明:NDVI与EVI、SIF相比,表现为生长季开始时间与结束时间的明显提前和滞后,与GPP数据偏差较大,且夏季生长季峰期曲线形态过宽且平坦,无法较好反映生长季变化特征;EVI相较于NDVI有所改善,整体变化趋势与SIF、GPP基本吻合,但依然存在秋季衰减时间稍迟于SIF与GPP的问题;SIF虽然存在夏季骤降现象,但依然与GPP数据一致性最好,可以较好反映出森林植被季节变化特征。SIF数据与植被光合作用的紧密关联使其在植被物候研究中具有优于植被指数的准确性,并随着遥感平台的增加和反演方法的改善,将会在多尺度、多类型的植被物候监测中发挥更加重要的作用。     

Transmembrane mechanisms in the assembly of the postsynaptic apparatus at the neuromuscular junction

The vertebrate neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is marked by molecular specializations that include postsynaptic clusters of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Whereas AChRs are aggregated in the postsynaptic muscle membrane to a density of 10,000/mum(2), AChE is concentrated, also to a high density, in the synaptic basement membrane (BM). In recent years considerable progress has been made in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of AChR clustering. It is known that during the early stages of motoneuron-muscle interaction, the nerve-secreted proteoglycan agrin activates the muscle-specific kinase MuSK, which leads to the formation of a postsynaptic cytoskeletal scaffold that immobilizes and concentrates AChRs through a process generally accepted to involve diffusion-mediated trapping of the receptors. We have recently tested this diffusion-trap model at the single molecule level for the first time by using quantum-dot labeling to track individual AChRs during NMJ development. Our results showed that single AChRs exhibit Brownian-type movement, with diffusion coefficients of 10(-11) to 10(-9)cm(2)/s, until they become immobilized at "traps" assembled in response to synaptogenic stimuli. Thus, free diffusion of AChRs is an integral part of their clustering mechanism. What is the mechanism for AChE clustering? We previously showed that the A(12) asymmetric form of AChE binds to perlecan, a heparan-sulfate proteoglycan which in turn interacts with the transmembrane dystroglycan complex. Through this linkage AChE becomes bound to the muscle membrane and, like AChRs, may exhibit lateral mobility along the membrane. Consistent with this idea, pre-existent AChE at the cell surface becomes clustered together with AChRs following synaptogenic stimulation. Future studies testing diffusion-mediated trapping of AChE should provide insights into the synaptic localization of BM-bound molecules at the NMJ.     

Functional differentiation of the anterior pituitary cells in the fetal pig

Summary The fetal porcine pituitary was investigated by means of ultrastructural immunocytochemistry (1) to identify the first cells synthesizing the adenohypophyseal hormones, (2) to follow their differentiation during fetal development, and (3) to compare their ultrastructural characteristics with those of mature adult cells.The first ACTH-cells, which produced and stored ACTH, -LPH, -MSH, and - and -endorphin in the same granules, were very numerous at day 34 and displayed a uniform morphology. At day 50 and thereafter, until the end of gestation, the ACTH-cells differed in their appearance probably reflecting various stages of differentiation of one cell type. The GH-cells gained rapidly ultrastructural features comparable to those of mature GH-cells. In contrast, in the case of PRL-cells, which appeared only at the end of the gestation period as immature elements containing very small secretory granules, the morphological maturation seemed to take place only after birth. The first cells synthesizing the glycoprotein hormones (LH, LH, FSH and TSH) displayed ultrastructural features of immature cells. At day 50, their ultrastructural organization started to show a different pattern. At the end of gestation, the TSH-cells and the gonadotropic cells displayed the ultrastructural features of mature cells.     

Coccidia of the Leporidae*

Thirty-six species of coccidia, all members of the genus Eimeria, have been described from 3 of the 9 genera and 11 of the more than 48 species in the lagomorph family Leporidae. All these are described briefly in the present paper and their synonymies are given. Coccidia have been described from the single species of Oryctolagus, from 4 of the 13 species of Sylvilagus and from 6 of the 26 species of Lepus. These genera have 12, 12, and 14 known species of Eimeria, of which only 2 are shared by Oryctolagus and Sylvilagus. Lepus has none of the coccidia of these genera. One species is known to occur in the bile ducts of the liver, 13 in the intestine, and the location of 22 is unknown. Life cycles have been determined for 9 of the species, of which 8 have been worked out in the domestic rabbit Oryctolagus and 1 in the cottontail Sylvilagus.     

HLA-DRB1基因多态性与新疆哈萨克族人群结核病易感性的研究

目的:研究HLA-DRB1基因多态性与新疆哈萨克族人群结核病(TB)的相关性。方法:采用病例-对照的研究方法,应用聚合酶链反应-序列特异性引物(PCR-SSP)技术对231例新疆哈萨克族肺结核患者和230例新疆哈萨克族健康对照者的13个HLA-DRB1等位基因进行分型,比较其等位基因频率(GF)并计算其比值比(OR)。结果:与新疆哈萨克族人群对照组相比,新疆哈萨克族人群结核病例组中HLA-DRB1*04显著增高(11.72%比6.75%,p0.05,OR=1.889),HLA-DRB1*10也增高(2.86%比1.09%),但统计学上无显著性差异(Pc0.05)。结论:HLA-DRB1*04可能是新疆哈萨克族人群结核病的易感基因。     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对翡翠贻贝抗氧化酶及脂质过氧化水平的影响

实验室条件下,研究了不同浓度邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)长期胁迫(15 d)对翡翠贻贝内脏团和外套膜抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶CAT)及脂质过氧化(LPO)水平(以MDA含量表示)的影响,以及受胁迫翡翠贻贝在清洁海水中恢复阶段上述生化指标的变化特征.结果表明:胁迫阶段,0.5和2.5 mg.L-1DBP下翡翠贻贝内脏团SOD活性表现为先抑制后逐渐恢复,12.5和62.5 mg.L-1下则持续受到显著抑制;不同浓度组CAT活性均明显被抑制.LPO水平明显升高.外套膜中,2.5 mg.L-1下SOD活性受到持续诱导,其他浓度组则先被抑制,后随曝露时间延长逐渐被诱导;各浓度组CAT的变化波动较大,没有明显规律;而LPO水平明显升高.净化恢复阶段,12.5和62.5 mg.L-1DBP胁迫下的内脏团SOD和CAT活性恢复较慢,其LPO水平随时间延长逐渐恢复至对照组水平;外套膜中SOD活性呈持续升高趋势,CAT活性和LPO水平则随时间延长恢复到对照组水平.     

Reorientation of Microfibrils and Microtubules at the Outer Epidermal Wall of Maize Coleoptiles During Auxin-Mediated Growth

Auxin-mediated elongation growth of isolated subapical coleoptile segments of maize (Zea mays L.) is controlled by the extensibility of the outer cell wall of the outer epidermis (Kutschera et al., 1987). Here we investigate the hypothesis that auxin controls the extensibility of this wall by changing the orientation of newly deposited microfibrils through a corresponding change in the orientation of cortical microtubules. On the basis of electron micrographs it is shown that cessation of growth after removal of the endogenous source of auxin is correlated with a relative increase of longitudinally orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. Conversely, reinduction of growth by exogenous auxin is correlated with a relative increase of transversely orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. These changes can be detected 30–60 min after the removal and addition of auxin, respectively. The functional significance of directional changes of newly desposited wall microfibrils for the control of elongation growth is discussed.     

Modeling the spontaneous initiation of the polymerization of methyl methacrylate

The mechanism of the spontaneous initiation of the polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was investigated theoretically. The six minimum energy paths (MEP) of the possible reactions were calculated using the density functional theory (DFT) in conjunction with the B3LYP functional and 6-31G* basis set. The Diels-Alder initiation mechanism (path (I) and path (II)) with remarkably high energy barriers is not applicable to MMA. Four favorable paths were found (path (III), path (IV), path (V) and path (VI)), which are supporting the Flory mechanism. Path (V) has the lowest active energy. Therefore this path is considered as the main path for the spontaneous polymerization of MMA. Figure The mechanism of the spontaneous initiation of the polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was investigated theoretically. The six minimum energy paths (MEP) of the possible reactions were calculated using the density functional theory (DFT) in conjunction with the B3LYP functional and 6-31G* basis set.     

The role of the supramammillary area of the hypothalamus in cognitive functions

The supramammillary area (SUM) of the hypothalamus has wide spread connection with numerous brain structures. It is known that the SUM can control the frequency of the hippocampal theta rhythm, which plays a role in the cognitive functions of the hippocampal formation. In order to examine the role of the specific cells of the SUM in learning and memory, selective cholinergic neurotoxic or excitotoxic lesioned rats of the SUM were tested for spatial memory on the Morris water maze (MWM) test. After the behavior tests, the expression of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the hippocampus was studied using the immunohistochemistry. In the MWM test, both lesion of the SUM with 192 IgG-saporin or ibotenic acid produced the impairment of spatial learning and memory. The expression of AChE immunreactive neurons in the hippocampal CA3 region was decreased after injections of 192 IgG-saporin into the SUM. These findings suggest that cholinoceptive cells of the SUM area may play a critical role in the process of learning and memory.     

X-ray induction of dominant lethals in late spermatids and mature spermatozoa of Drosophila melanogaster: the role of oxygenation

The role of oxygenation in determining the sensitivity to the induction of dominant lethals was examined in late spermatids and mature spermatozoa of Drosophila melanogaster. 0–2-h-old or 7-day-old Oregon-K males were irradiated with different X-ray exposures in nitrogen, air or in oxygen and the frequencies of dominant lethals induced in these stages were studied. The results obtained confirm and extend Sobels' earlier observations and the interpretation derived therefrom namely, that under normal conditions in air, mature spermatozoa are characterised by a higher degree of oxygenation than late spermatids and this difference is sufficient to explain the differential response of these stages. Similar Oxygen-Enhancement-Ratios(OERs) (of about 2) were obtained for both the cell stages. The present data also revealed that late spermatids are significantly less sensitive than mature spermatozoa to the X-ray-induction of dominant lethals in a nitrogen atmosphere. A plausible mechanism is suggested to explain this observation.