外来植物黄顶菊的入侵警报及防控对策

一种菊科外来植物最近出现在我国华北地区的天津市和河北省的衡水与廊坊市。专家鉴定结果证明这是一种我国从未报道过的外来物种Flaveria bidentis。本文拟定了它的中文名称：黄顶菊,并对其原产地、扩散范围以及形态学、生理学、生态学等方面的特征进行了介绍。通过分析其特性,我们认为黄顶菊是一种入侵性极高的一年生杂草,特别是对农牧业生态系统有极大的破坏性。为了防治、控制和根除这种新入侵的有害物种,本文借鉴国内外入侵物种防治的经验提出了一些建议,供有关方面参考,并呼吁各有关人员和部门积极行动起来,调查其入侵途径,分析其可能入侵的区域,评估其入侵性,拟定科学的防控方案。     

黄顶菊的大孢子发生、雌配子体与胚胎发育

用常规石蜡制片对黄顶菊(Flaveria bidentis(L.) Kuntze)大孢子发生、雌配子体和胚胎的发育过程进行了观察.黄顶菊雌蕊柱头二裂,2心皮,1室,单胚珠,基生胎座,单珠被,薄珠心,倒生胚珠,具发达的珠被绒毡层.珠心表皮下分化出孢原细胞,孢原细胞直接发育为大孢子母细胞,大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成直列四分体...     

四种牧草植物替代控制对黄顶菊入侵土壤细菌多样性的影响

土壤微生物群落与植物的生长发育密切相关, 入侵植物可以改变入侵地土壤微生物类群, 使土壤理化性质发生变化, 从而促进其入侵过程。该文通过比较高丹草(Sorghum bicolor × S. sudanense)、向日葵(Helianthus annuus)、紫花苜蓿(Medi- cago sativa)和多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)4种替代植物与黄顶菊(Flaveria bidentis)混合种植(以下简称混种)后不同时期的土壤细菌多样性的变化, 揭示土壤细菌群落对黄顶菊入侵及替代管理措施的响应规律。结果表明, 单独种植(以下简称单种)黄顶菊的土壤细菌多样性下降, 并且在整个生长期多样性指数多数情况下低于高丹草、向日葵、紫花苜蓿和多年生黑麦草单种或与黄顶菊混种的土壤。当4种替代植物与黄顶菊混种后, 土壤细菌16S rRNA的变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)图谱与它们分别种植时存在明显差异, 且不同生长期各个混种土壤都有特征细菌群落。4种替代植物单种或与黄顶菊混种的土壤细菌Shannon多样性指数变化规律与植物生长发育趋势相同, 7月份达到高峰, 8月份开始降低。总之, 黄顶菊入侵降低了土壤细菌群落多样性, 4种替代植物与黄顶菊混种后, 又可提高土壤细菌群落多样性, 这种变化对黄顶菊成功入侵和替代防控具有重要作用。     

黄顶菊小孢子发生与雄配子体发育的研究

利用常规石蜡切片技术,观察了黄顶菊小孢子发生及雄配子体发育过程.结果表明:(1)花药具4个花粉囊,花药肇发育为基本型,由4层细胞构成一表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层,绒毡层属于变形型,其细胞为双核;(2)从孢原细胞出现到二细胞花粉粒形成,同一花药四个花粉囊的发育不同步;(3)孢原细胞为单孢原起源;小孢子母细胞减数分裂为连续型,形成的四分体为四而体型排列;(4)成熟花粉粒为二细胞型,三个萌发孔,花粉外壁具有明显的刺,偶尔观察到巨大花粉;(5)小孢子母细胞时期,花药壁中层毗邻绒毡层的一面产生外绒毡层膜,包被绒毡层和小孢子母细胞.     

饲喂黄顶菊对黄粉虫生长发育及繁殖的影响

【背景】黄顶菊是近年来人侵我国的一种有害杂草,其竞争力强,给自然界造成了严重危害,同时也产生了大量的生物质资源。作为一种杂食性昆虫,黄粉虫易于饲养,可以用于多种生物质资源的转化处理。【方法】本研究分别以黄顶菊、小白菜和西瓜皮作为青料,与麦麸等配制成人工饲料后,对黄粉虫进行定期饲喂,研究其对黄粉虫幼虫、成虫生长发育及繁殖的影响。【结果】黄粉虫幼虫饲料中添加一定比例的黄顶菊与添加小白菜相比,虫体生物量增长率较低,饲料利用率和死亡率较高;成虫饲料中添加黄顶菊与添加西瓜皮相比,黄粉虫平均寿命延长,单雌产卵量减少,且差异均显著,体长略有减小。【结论与意义】本研究对利用黄粉虫转化处理黄顶菊的效果做出了初步评价,即黄粉虫能够取食黄顶菊,但转化处理效果不太理想。     

外来入侵种黄顶菊及其伴生植物光合特性初步研究

以不同生育期的外来入侵植物黄顶菊及其4种伴生杂草为材料,在实验网室条件下测定比较了它们的基本光合和叶绿素荧光特性,从而探讨黄顶菊具有高生物量及较强入侵性的原因,为其防控提供理论依据.结果表明:(1)5种植物的净光合速率日变化均呈单峰曲线,黄顶菊净光合速率以现蕾期最高,且大于其他4种伴生杂草;(2)3个生长时期的黄顶菊水分利用效率低于棒头草,高于齿果酸模和曼陀罗,而与反枝苋相当,显示较高的抗旱性;(3)影响5种植物光合速率主要因子为非气孔因素,影响黄顶菊以及棒头草、反枝苋等的主要生态因子是光合有效辐射,显示出其较强的喜光特性;(4)5种植物在午间较强的光照条件下均发生了不同程度光抑制,处于现蕾期和开花期的黄顶菊以及其余3种植物午间的Fv/Fm有轻微下降,其PSⅡ实际光化学效率维持在较高的水平.可见,黄顶菊具有较强的光合能力,更适应于在夏季高温干旱的环境下生长,从而表现出较强的入侵性.     

替代牧草对黄顶菊生物量分配及光合作用的影响

选用高丹草、沙打旺两种牧草对入侵植物黄顶菊进行生物替代,比较不同替代处理中黄顶菊的生物量分配和光合特性的差异以验证替代效果。结果表明:替代调控明显地影响了黄顶菊的生物量积累并且改变了其分配格局;替代处理区的各生物量指标均显著低于对照区;与黄顶菊单种对照相比,沙打旺和高丹草中的黄顶菊总生物量分别下降了90.2%、94.2%;沙打旺中的黄顶菊和高丹草中的黄顶菊叶生物量比升高,而根生物量比、支持结构生物量比、根冠比降低,显示黄顶菊在替代处理下倾向于增加光合同化器官面积。替代处理下的黄顶菊光合作用均受到显著影响,净光合速率Pn显著下降,其中高丹草中的黄顶菊的Pn仅为2.15 μmolCO2·m-2·s-1。试验结果显示,在替代条件下限制光合的主要因素是非气孔限制因素,即导致黄顶菊光合作用大幅下降的原因是替代牧草遮阴作用引起的光能供应的不足。可塑性指数分析表明,黄顶菊具有较高的表型可塑性,显示其对逆境条件较强的适应性与入侵能力。替代措施能抑制黄顶菊的生物量积累与繁殖,影响其光合生产力,具有较好的防控效果。     

施肥与竞争生长对入侵植物黄顶菊和本地植物光合特性的影响

【背景】黄顶菊具有较强的生态适应性和竞争能力,可压制或排挤本地物种,形成单优势种群,进而导致当地生物多样性下降。【方法】选取黄顶菊入侵域的4种伴生植物益母草、苘麻、马唐、反枝苋为研究对象,采用LI-6400便携式光合仪测定入侵植物黄顶菊与这4种植物竞争生长过程中的光合特性,并研究施肥对不同植物与黄顶菊竞争生长过程中光合速率、蒸腾速率和胞间CO2浓度的影响。【结果】竞争生长对黄顶菊净光合速率的影响与本地植物种类密切相关,施肥促进了黄顶菊的净光合速率;竞争生长显著抑制了益母草、马唐和反枝苋的净光合速率,促进了苘麻的净光合速率,施肥增强了这4种植物的净光合速率。竞争生长对益母草和苘麻蒸腾速率的影响显著,而对其他2种植物的影响较小;与苘麻、益母草和反枝苋竞争生长过程中黄顶菊的蒸腾速率显著降低;施肥显著降低了单种处理中黄顶菊的蒸腾速率。与益母草、苘麻和反枝苋竞争生长过程中黄顶菊的胞间CO2浓度明显降低,施肥处理对黄顶菊的CO2利用率有显著抑制作用。【结论与意义】施肥影响黄顶菊的光合特性,与不同本地植物竞争生长对黄顶菊光合特性的影响不同。本研究结果将为进一步揭示黄顶菊的入侵机制及其综合治理提供理论依据。     

Effect of nitrogen form and phosphorus source on the growth,nutrient uptake and rhizosphere soil property of Camellia sinensis L.

The effects of nitrogen form and phosphorus source on the growth, nutrient uptake and rhizosphere soil property of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) were investigated in a pot experiment. The experiment was performed with a compartmental cropping device, which enables the collection of rhizosphere soil at defined distances from the root of tea plant. Nitrogen was supplied as nitrate or ammonium in combination with soluble phosphorus as Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ or insoluble P as rock phosphate. The leaf dry matter production of tea was significantly greater in the treatments with NH₄ ⁺ than NO₃ ^-, whereas dry matter production of root and stem was not significantly affected. Addition of phosphorus as either source did not influence the dry matter production. The concentrations of K in root, Mg and Ca in both the shoot and root supplied with NO₃ ^- were significantly higher than in NH₄ ⁺ and influence of P sources was minor. On the contrary, Al and Mn concentrations were significantly larger in NH₄ ^--fed plants which could be attributed to remarkably increased availability of Al and Mn caused by acidification of the rhizosphere soil (the first 1-mm soil section from the root surface) with NH₄–N nutrition. The concentration of N in shoot was also significantly higher in NH₄- than in NO₃-fed plants, indicating higher use efficiency of NH₄–N. Whatever the phosphate source, rhizosphere pH declined in ammonium compared to in nitrate treatment. The pH decrease was much larger when no P or soluble P were applied and reached 0.85–1.30 units which extended to 3–5 mm away from the root surface. Exchangeable acidity, content of exchangeable Al and Mn were also considerably higher in the rhizosphere soils of NH₄ ⁺ fed tea plants. Significant amounts of P dissolved from rock phosphate accumulated in rhizosphere of NH₄ ⁺, not NO₃ ^-, suggesting that the dissolution of rock phosphate was induced by the proton excreted by tea root fed with ammonium. With soluble P addition, shoot and root P concentrations were greater in NH₄ ⁺ than in NO₃ ^- treatment and it appeared that this difference could not be sufficiently explained by the available P content in soil which was only slightly higher in NH₄ ⁺ treatment. With rock phosphate addition, the shoot and root P concentrations were hardly affected by nitrogen form, although the available P content was much higher and accumulated in the rhizosphere soil supplied with ammonium. The reason for this was discussed with regard to the inter-relationship of Al with P uptake. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)的生长、光合作用及其对扇贝排泄氮磷的吸收

研究了不同温度、光照条件下大型藻类龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)的生长和光合作用特性,及其对扇贝排泄氮、磷的吸收作用。结果表明温度与龙须菜的生长和光合作用显著相关,在本实验条件下,15~25℃都适宜龙须菜生长,其中20℃龙须菜具有较高的生长率(SGR),为2·8%/d;光合作用速率随温度升高和光照的增加而升高,30℃和120μmol/(m2·s)时最高,最大光合作用速率(Pmax)为5·0mg O2/(g dw·h)。龙须菜对扇贝排泄氮、磷有较强的吸收作用,其吸收率和去除效率与放养密度和养殖时间有关。对NH4-N和PO4-P的最大去除效率分别为83·7%和70·4%,最大吸收率分别为9·9μmol/(g ww·h)和4·3μmol/(g ww·h)。实验证明龙须菜生长温度范围和光照范围适合中国北方海区养殖,并且能有效吸收和去除扇贝排泄氮、磷,可以作为生物滤器与贝类及其他养殖动物进行综合养殖。     

伊乐藻(Elodea nuttallii)对高浓度氮磷营养盐的耐受性

通过5个相对恒定的TN、TP浓度梯度下伊乐藻(Elodea nuttallii)的生长实验,探讨了伊乐藻对高浓度氮磷营养盐的耐受性,比较了各营养盐浓度下水体的pH值、DO、浮游藻类叶绿素a和附着藻类叶绿素a以及伊乐藻的株高、湿质量、干质量和叶绿素a含量.结果表明:在实验条件下,伊乐藻能耐受TN=10 mg·L~(-1),TP=0.4 mg·L~(-1)的胁迫,且在该营养盐水平下水体中没有出现大量的浮游藻类;而在TN=50 mg·L~(-1)、TP=2 mg·L~(-1)和TN=100 mg·L~(-1)、TP=4 mg·L~(-1)的高营养盐条件下,伊乐藻的生长受到了明显的抑制,同时水体中的浮游藻类明显增多,而附着藻类则明显减少;在高营养盐水平下,一方面水体中的某些营养盐可能对伊乐藻产生了直接伤害,另一方面水体中浮游藻类的增多,所导致的遮光作用也可能限制了其生长;对水体中营养盐的平均水平低于TN=10 mg·L~(-1),TP=0.4 mg·L~(-1)的太湖而言,沉水植被的消亡可能不是由于氮磷营养盐所产生的直接伤害和胁迫.     

Responses of wetland graminoids to the relative supply of nitrogen and phosphorus

The biomass production of wetland vegetation can be limited by nitrogen or phosphorus. Some species are most abundant in N-limited vegetation, and others in P-limited vegetation, possibly because growth-related traits of these species respond differently to N versus P supply. Two growth experiments were carried out to examine how various morphological and physiological traits respond to the relative supply of N and P, and whether species from sites with contrasting nutrient availability respond differently. In experiment 1, four Carex species were grown in nutrient solutions at five N:P supply ratios (1.7, 5, 15, 45, 135) combined with two levels of supply (geometric means of N and P supply). In experiment 2, two Carex and two grass species were grown in sand at the same .ve N:P supply ratios combined with three levels of supply and two light intensities (45% or 5% daylight). After 12-13 weeks of growth, plant biomass, allocation, leaf area, tissue nutrient concentrations and rates and nutrient uptake depended signi.cantly on the N:P supply ratio, but the type and strength of the responses differed among these traits. The P concentration and the N:P ratio of shoots and roots as well as the rates of N and P uptake were mainly determined by the N:P supply ratio; they showed little or no dependence on the supply level and relatively small interspeci.c variation. By contrast, the N concentration, root mass ratio, leaf dry matter content and speci.c leaf area were only weakly related to the N:P supply ratio; they mainly depended on plant species and light, and partly on overall nutrient supply. Plant biomass was determined by all factors together. Within a level of light and nutrient supply, biomass was generally maximal (i.e. co-limited by N and P) at a N:P supply ratio of 15 or 45. All species responded in a similar way to the N:P supply ratio. In particular, the grass species Phalaris arundinacea and Molinia caerulea showed no differences in response that could clearly explain why P. arundinacea tends to invade P-rich (N-limited) sites, and M. caerulea P-limited sites. This may be due to the short duration of the experiments, which investigated growth and nutrient acquisition but not nutrient con­servation.     

棉花秸秆还田对土壤团聚体有机碳及氮磷钾含量的影响

试验设置棉花秸秆还田和不还田两个处理,还田年限为3年.于第3年11月采集0～5、5～10、10～20和20～30 cm的原状土,采用干筛法将土壤团粒结构分级,研究棉花秸秆还田对土壤团聚体组成和不同粒径土壤团聚体中有机碳和速效氮、磷、钾含量的影响.结果表明: 在0～5 cm土层,棉花秸秆还田显著提高了>5和5～2 mm团聚体含量,显著降低了<0.25 mm微团聚体含量;团聚体有机碳、碱解氮和速效钾含量显著提高,平均提高幅度分别为19.2%、14.2%和17.3%.在5～10 cm土层中,棉花秸秆还田显著提高了>5和5～2 mm团聚体含量,显著降低了<0.25 mm微团聚体含量;团聚体有机碳、碱解氮和速效钾显著提高,平均提高幅度分别为19.6%、12.6%和23.4%.在10～20 cm土层中,棉花秸秆还田显著降低了<0.25 mm微团聚体含量;团聚体有机碳、碱解氮和速效钾含量显著提高,平均提高幅度分别为8.4%、10.9%和11.5%.在20～30 cm土层中,棉花秸秆还田仅显著提高了团聚体速效钾含量,比对照提高了12.0%.棉花秸秆还田显著提高了0～5、5～10 cm土层>5和2～5 mm团聚体各养分贡献率及0.25～0.5 mm团聚体有机碳、碱解氮贡献率,显著降低了<0.25 mm微团聚体各养分贡献率.棉花秸秆还田能增加大团聚体百分含量,降低微团聚体百分含量;显著提高各粒径土壤团聚体中有机碳、碱解氮和速效钾的含量,对速效磷含量无显著影响;提高了大团聚体对土壤养分的贡献率,有利于土壤结构及其养分状况的改善和棉花籽棉、皮棉产量的提高.     

芨芨草叶片养分特征对氮磷不同添加水平的响应

植物叶片氮(N)、磷(P)养分特征受土壤可利用性N、P含量和N、P相对比例(N:P)的共同影响, 研究其作用机制有助于解释和评估土壤养分变化对植物养分利用策略的影响。该研究通过盆栽实验, 探讨芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens)养分化学计量学特征和叶片养分回收特征对不同剂量的养分添加(低、中、高3个N添加水平: 1.5、4.5、13.5 g·m^-2·a^-1)及不同土壤N:P (5、15、25)的响应。结果表明: 养分添加水平的提高显著增加了成熟叶片P含量和衰老叶片N、P含量, 显著降低了叶片N、P养分回收效率(NRE, PRE)。土壤N:P的升高显著降低了衰老叶片P含量和叶片NRE, 但增加了成熟和衰老叶片N:P和叶片PRE。相同养分添加水平条件下, 土壤N:P与叶片PRE显著正相关, 但与叶片NRE无显著相关性; 相同N:P条件下, 养分添加水平与NRE负相关, 但与PRE无显著相关性。植物NRE:PRE可以有效地反映环境变化所导致的植物对N、P需求的改变。土壤养分添加水平和N:P共同影响着芨芨草的叶片养分生态化学计量学特征和养分回收。     

半干旱草地土壤团聚体氮磷转化相关酶活性对氮添加的响应

日益加剧的大气氮沉降对土壤养分循环过程产生了深刻影响,土壤养分转化相关酶是其关键调控途径,而土壤不同粒级团聚体结构和环境差异导致其中酶活性介导的养分转换过程可能不同。但目前对半干旱区土壤团聚体水平养分转化相关酶活性对氮沉降的响应还不清楚。基于黄土高原自然草地持续3年的野外氮添加控制试验,分析不同氮添加水平下土壤不同粒级团聚体中的基础理化性质、氮（亮氨酸氨基肽酶LAP和β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶NAG）和磷转化相关的酶（磷酸单酯酶PME、磷酸二酯酶PDE和植酸酶phyA）活性及酶计量比,探索氮添加对团聚体酶活性的影响。结果表明：（1）氮添加导致了不同粒级团聚体中pH显著降低;高氮添加引起土壤团聚体有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、C ： P和N ： P升高;（2）随氮添加浓度增加,不同粒级团聚体中PME、PDE和phyA活性先降低后升高,而LAP、NAG和酶活性氮磷比均逐渐升高;团聚体酶活性总体表现为小团聚体（<0.25 mm）>中团聚体（0.25-2 mm）>大团聚体（>2 mm）;（3）在中和大团聚体中氮添加通过影响土壤N相关养分调控P转化相关酶活性。总之,氮添加通过改变团聚体养分及其计量比、pH等影响氮、磷转化相关酶活性。     

根际土壤通透性对玉米水分和养分吸收的影响

为改善作物根系生长微环境,探索根际土壤通透性对作物水分和养分吸收的影响,在3个灌溉水平下（灌水量分别为每次600、400和200 ml）,采用盆栽玉米不通气、每隔2 d通1次气、每隔4 d通1次气等处理方法,研究了根际土壤通透性对盆栽玉米生理指标及水分和养分吸收的影响.结果表明：在相同灌水条件下,通气处理促进了玉米株高、叶面积的增长,提高了叶绿素含量;促进了玉米对土壤养分的吸收;显著提高了玉米的根系活力,灌水量为每次600 ml时,拔节期每隔4 d通气处理的玉米根系活力最大（8.24 mg·g^-1·h^-1）,较不通气处理（4.94 mg·g^-1·h^-1）提高了66.7%;根际土壤通气处理对盆栽玉米蒸腾的影响不显著,说明根际通气可提高玉米对水分与养分的吸收利用效率,促进植株生长发育.     

Convergent responses of nitrogen and phosphorus resorption to nitrogen inputs in a semiarid grassland

Human activities have significantly altered nitrogen (N) availability in most terrestrial ecosystems, with consequences for community composition and ecosystem functioning. Although studies of how changes in N availability affect biodiversity and community composition are relatively common, much less remains known about the effects of N inputs on the coupled biogeochemical cycling of N and phosphorus (P), and still fewer data exist regarding how increased N inputs affect the internal cycling of these two elements in plants. Nutrient resorption is an important driver of plant nutrient economies and of the quality of litter plants produce. Accordingly, resorption patterns have marked ecological implications for plant population and community fitness, as well as for ecosystem nutrient cycling. In a semiarid grassland in northern China, we studied the effects of a wide range of N inputs on foliar nutrient resorption of two dominant grasses, Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis. After 4 years of treatments, N and P availability in soil and N and P concentrations in green and senesced grass leaves increased with increasing rates of N addition. Foliar N and P resorption significantly decreased along the N addition gradient, implying a resorption‐mediated, positive plant–soil feedback induced by N inputs. Furthermore, N : P resorption ratios were negatively correlated with the rates of N addition, indicating the sensitivity of plant N and P stoichiometry to N inputs. Taken together, the results demonstrate that N additions accelerate ecosystem uptake and turnover of both N and P in the temperate steppe and that N and P cycles are coupled in dynamic ways. The convergence of N and P resorption in response to N inputs emphasizes the importance of nutrient resorption as a pathway by which plants and ecosystems adjust in the face of increasing N availability.