亚热带森林根系和菌根真菌调控凋落叶分解和主场效应

根系向凋落物层生长是森林生态系统中存在的普遍现象,研究根系和菌根真菌如何调控凋落物分解对理解森林生态系统的养分循环具有重要意义。通过在亚热带楠木(丛枝菌根树种)和格氏栲(外生菌根树种)人工林中进行了2年的凋落物互换和菌根排除实验,研究根系及其共生菌根真菌如何影响森林凋落物的分解速率和主场效应。结果发现:经过720 d的分解,在楠木人工林中,根系的存在促使楠木和格氏栲凋落物的分解速度分别提高了29%和47%,而在格氏栲人工林中,根系存在对格氏栲凋落物分解无显著影响,但增加了楠木凋落物的分解速率。此外,楠木人工林中,有根和无根处理下凋落物分解均无主场效应,而格氏栲人工林凋落物仅在根系存在的情况下显示出负的主场效应。进一步发现格氏栲凋落物的负主场效应归因于楠木人工林凋落物层更大的腐生真菌丰度和更强的磷降解酶活性。结果表明,在亚热带不同菌根类型树种中,菌根真菌与腐生真菌的相互作用(拮抗或促进),很有可能通过影响磷降解酶的活性,进而影响凋落物的分解率和主场效应。     

丛枝菌根真菌与氮添加对不同根形态基因型水稻氮吸收的影响

植物主要依赖自身根系从土壤中获取矿质养分; 具有不同根形态的植物对于养分的吸收能力存在差异。丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)能与陆地植物根系形成共生关系, 帮助植物吸收矿质养分。但是, AMF对于植物根系养分吸收的促进效应是否会受根形态的影响还鲜有研究。该研究选取4种不同根形态基因型水稻(根毛缺陷突变体rhl1、侧根缺陷突变体iaa11、不定根缺失突变体arl1和野生型Kas)为研究对象, 设置2种施氮水平处理(低氮: 20 mg·kg^-1氨氮; 高氮: 100 mg·kg^-1氨氮), 利用稳定同位素¹⁵N示踪标记技术, 探究AMF和氮添加对不同根形态植物氮吸收的影响。研究结果发现, 相比低氮处理, 高氮处理下, rhl1、Kas、iaa11与arl1的茎叶¹⁵N浓度分别提高了60%、72%、128%与118%, 说明氮添加显著促进了水稻氮吸收, 且iaa11与arl1对氮添加的响应更强烈。在低氮水平下, AMF对rhl1、Kas、iaa11与arl1氮吸收的平均效应值分别为17%、31%、42%、51%, 表明AMF对于植物氮吸收的促进效应受根形态影响, iaa11与arl1对AMF的响应明显高于Kas与rhl1; 相较于低氮水平, 高氮水平下AMF对于不同根形态水稻氮吸收的促进效应都会显著降低, 表明氮添加削弱了AMF对植物氮吸收的促进效应。该研究阐明了4种不同根形态基因型水稻氮养分吸收存在显著差异, 其中氮吸收能力较弱的基因型水稻对AMF的响应更强, 该结果补充了植物与AMF在养分吸收上存在功能互补的控制实验证据。     

Combined effects of nitrogen addition and litter manipulation on nutrient resorption of Leymus chinensis in a semi‐arid grassland of northern China

Plant growth in semi‐arid ecosystems is usually severely limited by soil nutrient availability. Alleviation of these resource stresses by fertiliser application and aboveground litter input may affect plant internal nutrient cycling in such regions. We conducted a 4‐year field experiment to investigate the effects of nitrogen (N) addition (10 g N·m^?2·year^?1) and plant litter manipulation on nutrient resorption of Leymus chinensis, the dominant native grass in a semi‐arid grassland in northern China. Although N addition had no clear effects on N and phosphorus (P) resorption efficiencies in leaves and culms, N fertilisation generally decreased leaf N resorption proficiency by 54%, culm N resorption proficiency by 65%. Moreover, N fertilisation increased leaf P resorption proficiency by 13%, culm P resorption proficiency by 20%. Under ambient or enriched N conditions, litter addition reduced N and P resorption proficiencies in both leaves and culms. The response of P resorption proficiency to litter manipulation was more sensitive than N resorption proficiency: P resorption proficiency in leaves and culms decreased strongly with increasing litter amount under both ambient and enriched N conditions. In contrast, N resorption proficiency was not significantly affected by litter addition, except for leaf N resorption proficiency under ambient N conditions. Furthermore, although litter addition caused a general decrease of leaf and culm nutrient resorption efficiencies under both ambient and enriched N conditions, litter addition effects on nutrient resorption efficiency were much weaker than the effects of litter addition on nutrient resorption proficiency. Taken together, our results show that leaf and non‐leaf organs of L. chinensis respond consistently to altered soil N availability. Our study confirms the strong effects of N addition on plant nutrient resorption processes and the potential role of aboveground litter, the most important natural fertiliser in terrestrial ecosystems, in influencing plant internal nutrient cycling.     

接种丛植菌根真菌对湿生植物氮磷吸收能力的影响

丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌是一类能够与大多数陆生植物共生,并改善植物生长和氮磷吸收的微生物.湿生植物在湿地污染净化过程中起着决定性的作用,但利用AM真菌改良湿生植物氮磷吸收能力的研究鲜有报道.本研究选取了3种湿生植物千屈菜、旱伞草和黄花鸢尾,在盆栽培养的基础上,分别接种根内球囊霉(RE)、摩西球囊霉(GM)、幼套球囊霉(CE)三种AM真菌,并和空白对照比较接种AM真菌对不同植物地上、地下及整株的生物量和氮磷吸收的影响.结果表明,接种AM真菌对植物生长和氮磷吸收的影响呈现出植物间和植物内的差异,促进与抑制效应表现不一.综合AM真菌对植物生物量和氮磷吸收的促进效应,最佳AM真菌-植物的组合为:千屈菜-RE,旱伞草-RE,黄花鸢尾接种-GM.三种植物接种最佳的AM真菌后植物生物量、TN量和TP量分别提高了17.7%~29.8%、15.7%~39.0%和22.3%~62.6%.本研究为今后强化湿生植物的氮磷吸收能力提供了一种新的可选择的途径.     

内生真菌和丛枝菌根真菌对羊草生长的影响

该研究比较了摩西球囊霉(Glmous mosseae)和幼套球囊霉(Glmous etunicatum)两种丛枝菌根真菌和内生真菌单独及混合接种对羊草(Leymus chinensis)生长的影响。结果表明, 内生真菌对2种菌根真菌的侵染均无显著影响, 内生真菌可极显著增加羊草的分蘖数、地上生物量、总生物量。内生真菌与菌根真菌之间的相互作用因菌根真菌种类而不同, 幼套球囊霉对宿主植物生长无明显影响且和内生真菌之间也无明显的相互作用; 单独接种摩西球囊霉显著增加羊草的地上、地下和总生物量, 当其与内生真菌共同存在时, 二者之间存在一定的拮抗作用。冗余分析结果表明, 在内生真菌-AM真菌-羊草共生体中, 内生真菌对宿主植物生长的影响最大, 摩西球囊霉对宿主植物生长也有一定的贡献, 幼套球囊霉对宿主植物生长无明显影响。     

Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and selenium uptake by garlic plants

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on garlic plants growth and the uptake of selenium (Se). Garlic plants were grown in the pots inoculated with Glomus fasciculatum and G. mosseae and maintained in a greenhouse. Three weeks after planting, the pots had received different concentrations of Se (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 mg kg^?1 of soil) in the form of selenium dioxide (SeO₂) at 3 weeks intervals up to 12 weeks. For physiological and biochemical analysis, the samples were randomly collected from five plants of each experiment. Maximum AM infection, spore population and plant biomass were observed in the roots of mycorrhizal-mediated plants without Se, and they were gradually declined in both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants with increasing concentrations of Se. Among the two Glomus species tested, G. fasciculatum-mediated plants showed higher AM infection, spore population and plant biomass than G. mosseae. No differences were observed for the uptake of Se in mycorrhizal plants and NM plants. However, NM plants uptake more Se than mycorrhizal plants. Higher contents of total chlorophyll and sugars were observed in plants inoculated with G. fasciculatum without Se and they were decreased in the presence of Se. In contrast, increased amount of glutathione peroxidase was observed at increasing concentrations of Se up to 20 mg kg^?1. High-performance liquid chromatography data revealed that SeO₂ converted to organic form of Se as γ-glutamyl-Se-methylselenocysteine. These results are basis for further investigations on the role of AMF on plant growth and uptake of Se in crop plants.     

丛枝菌根真菌对黄花蒿生长及药效成分的影响

通过盆栽接种试验,研究丛枝菌根（AM）真菌对药用植物黄花蒿的生长、营养吸收和药效成分的影响.结果表明：接种摩西球囊霉和地表球囊霉增加了黄花蒿对N、P、K的吸收,及叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、茎粗和地上生物量,尤其以接种摩西球囊霉的促进作用更强;接种摩西球囊霉后植株茎、小枝和叶中的青蒿素含量分别提高了32.8%、15.2%和19.6%,接种地表球囊霉后分别提高了26.5%、10.1%和14.9%;接种摩西球囊霉和地表球囊霉的黄花蒿地上部的挥发油收油率比未接种的分别提高45.0%和25.0%,而且挥发油成分发生了改变.     

氮素和植物生长促进剂对羊草生长及竞争力的影响

选取羊草、斜茎黄芪、克氏针茅3种内蒙古典型草原常见植物,通过不同植物物种组合(单独种植或者羊草与其他两种混合种植)、施加不同剂量的氮素(0、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8mg·g^-1)和植物生长促进剂——油菜素内酯(0.005 mg·g^-1)的温室盆栽试验,分析氮素和油菜素内酯对羊草生长及其与其他植物竞争力关系的影响.结果表明:添加氮素对羊草、斜茎黄芪的生物量影响显著,对克氏针茅的生物量影响较弱,并且氮素的影响因其伴生植物的不同而改变.氮素添加显著增加了羊草在单独种植和与斜茎黄芪混合种植时的地上生物量,但显著降低了与克氏针茅混合种植时的地下生物量.由于土壤可利用氮增加,羊草的地上与地下分配发生变化,表现为单独种植、与克氏针茅混合种植时,根冠比下降;与斜茎黄芪混合种植时,氮素添加对羊草根冠比的影响则不显著.油菜素内酯对植物生长的显著影响不普遍,仅显著降低了斜茎黄芪单独种植时的地下生物量;在羊草与斜茎黄芪混合种植时,显著增加了羊草地上生物量.油菜素内酯和氮适量联用可有效增加特定物种组合的生物量,从而在退化草地恢复中具有一定的应用前景.     

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, organic fertilizer and soil sterilization on maize growth

The effects of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, organic fertilizer (F) applications, and soil sterilization on maize growth were evaluated in a pot experiment. The experiment was in a completely randomized factorial design (2 × 4 × 2) with six replicates for each treatment. There were two soil treatments (sterilized soil, SS and unsterilized soil, US), four organic fertilizer treatments (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g kg^?1 soil), and two AM fungi treatments (inoculation with Glomus mosseae, +AM and uninoculated control, ?AM). Inoculated plants generally had greater AM colonization, plant height, dry weight and phosphorus (P) uptake than uninoculated controls, and these parameters were significantly increased as the organic fertilizer application increased up to 0.5 g kg^?1 but decreased or had no significant effect compared to the uninoculated plants at the highest fertilizer rate (2.0 g kg^?1). Plant growth, P uptake and AM colonization of root system were significantly higher in sterilized soil compared to the unsterilized control. Our results indicated that the inoculation of AM fungi in field soil with optimal organic fertilizer application greatly improved maize growth and nutrient uptake, and the effect was greater under sterilized soil condition.     

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, organic fertilizer and soil sterilization on maize growth ☆

The effects of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, organic fertilizer (F) applications, and soil sterilization on maize growth were evaluated in a pot experiment. The experiment was in a completely randomized factorial design (2 × 4 × 2) with six replicates for each treatment. There were two soil treatments (sterilized soil, SS and unsterilized soil, US), four organic fertilizer treatments (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g kg^-1 soil), and two AM fungi treatments (inoculation with Glomus mosseae, +AM and uninoculated control, －AM). Inoculated plants generally had greater AM colonization, plant height, dry weight and phosphorus (P) uptake than uninoculated controls, and these parameters were significantly increased as the organic fertilizer application increased up to 0.5 g kg^-1 but decreased or had no significant effect compared to the uninoculated plants at the highest fertilizer rate (2.0 g kg^-1). Plant growth, P uptake and AM colonization of root system were significantly higher in sterilized soil compared to the unsterilized control. Our results indicated that the inoculation of AM fungi in field soil with optimal organic fertilizer application greatly improved maize growth and nutrient uptake, and the effect was greater under sterilized soil condition.     

Higher temperature reduces the effects of litter quality on decomposition by aquatic fungi

1. We investigated the effects of riparian plant diversity (species number and identity) and temperature on microbially mediated leaf decomposition by assessing fungal biodiversity, fungal reproduction and leaf mass loss. 2. Leaves of five riparian plant species were first immersed in a stream to allow microbial colonisation and were then exposed, alone or in all possible combinations, at 16 or 24 °C in laboratory microcosms. 3. Fungal biodiversity was reduced by temperature but was not affected by litter diversity. Temperature altered fungal community composition with species of warmer climate, such as Lunulospora curvula, becoming dominant. 4. Fungal reproduction was affected by litter diversity, but not by temperature. Fungal reproduction in leaf mixtures did not differ or was lower than that expected from the weighted sum of fungal sporulation on individual leaf species. At the higher temperature, the negative effect of litter diversity on fungal reproduction decreased with the number of leaf species. 5. Leaf mass loss was affected by the identity of leaf mixtures (i.e. litter quality), but not by leaf species number. This was mainly explained by the negative correlation between leaf decomposition and initial lignin concentration of leaves. 6. At 24 °C, the negative effects of lignin on microbially mediated leaf decomposition diminished, suggesting that higher temperatures may weaken the effects of litter quality on plant litter decomposition in streams. 7. The reduction in the negative effects of lignin at the higher temperature resulted in an increased microbially mediated litter decomposition, which may favour invertebrate‐mediated litter decomposition leading to a depletion of litter stocks in streams.     

毛乌素沙地克隆植物生长对AM真菌多样性和菌根形成的影响

克隆植物的生态功能在沙地植被恢复过程中占据着重要位置。在毛乌素沙地由北向南选择两个典型样地,以根茎克隆植物沙鞭和羊柴为试验材料,连续2a系统地研究了克隆植物生长对AM真菌物种多样性和菌根形成的影响。结果表明:克隆植物生长对AM真菌物种多样性和丛枝菌根形成的影响因植物种类和样地不同而异。沙鞭通过克隆生长侵入灌丛空地后,AM真菌多样性指数在中国科学院植物研究所鄂尔多斯沙地草地生态研究站(简称OSES)和陕西榆林珍稀沙生植物保护基地(简称RSCF)样地均上升;孢子密度、菌丝、丛枝和总定殖率均显著提高;泡囊定殖率也有所增加,在OSES样地达显著水平,在RSCF样地未达显著水平。羊柴通过克隆生长侵入灌丛空地后,AM(Arbuscular mycorrhizal)真菌多样性指数在OSES样地上升,而在RSCF样地下降;孢子密度和丛枝定殖率在OSES和RSCF样地均显著增加,而泡囊定殖率均显著降低;菌丝和总定殖率也降低,在OSES样地未达显著水平,在RSCF样地达显著水平。     

A meta‐analysis of the effects of nutrient enrichment on litter decomposition in streams

The trophic state of many streams is likely to deteriorate in the future due to the continuing increase in human‐induced nutrient availability. Therefore, it is of fundamental importance to understand how nutrient enrichment affects plant litter decomposition, a key ecosystem‐level process in forest streams. Here, we present a meta‐analysis of 99 studies published between 1970 and 2012 that reported the effects of nutrient enrichment on litter decomposition in running waters. When considering the entire database, which consisted of 840 case studies, nutrient enrichment stimulated litter decomposition rate by approximately 50%. The stimulation was higher when the background nutrient concentrations were low and the magnitude of the nutrient enrichment was high, suggesting that oligotrophic streams are most vulnerable to nutrient enrichment. The magnitude of the nutrient‐enrichment effect on litter decomposition was higher in the laboratory than in the field experiments, suggesting that laboratory experiments overestimate the effect and their results should be interpreted with caution. Among field experiments, effects of nutrient enrichment were smaller in the correlative than in the manipulative experiments since in the former the effects of nutrient enrichment on litter decomposition were likely confounded by other environmental factors, e.g. pollutants other than nutrients commonly found in streams impacted by human activity. However, primary studies addressing the effect of multiple stressors on litter decomposition are still few and thus it was not possible to consider the interaction between factors in this review. In field manipulative experiments, the effect of nutrient enrichment on litter decomposition depended on the scale at which the nutrients were added: stream reach > streamside channel > litter bag. This may have resulted from a more uniform and continuous exposure of microbes and detritivores to nutrient enrichment at the stream‐reach scale. By contrast, nutrient enrichment at the litter‐bag scale, often by using diffusing substrates, does not provide uniform controllable nutrient release at either temporal or spatial scales, suggesting that this approach should be abandoned. In field manipulative experiments, the addition of both nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) resulted in stronger stimulation of litter decomposition than the addition of N or P alone, suggesting that there might be nutrient co‐limitation of decomposition in streams. The magnitude of the nutrient‐enrichment effect on litter decomposition was higher for wood than for leaves, and for low‐quality than for high‐quality leaves. The effect of nutrient enrichment on litter decomposition may also depend on climate. The tendency for larger effect size in colder regions suggests that patterns of biogeography of invertebrate decomposers may be modulating the effect of nutrient enrichment on litter decomposition. Although studies in temperate environments were overrepresented in our database, our meta‐analysis suggests that the effect of nutrient enrichment might be strongest in cold oligotrophic streams that depend on low‐quality plant litter inputs.     

氮、磷和水分供给对羊草枯叶分解质量的影响

研究不同氮(N)、磷(P)和水分梯度上植物枯叶的N和P浓度及C : N和C : P的响应格局, 对于预测N沉降增加和降水格局改变对枯叶分解乃至养分循环的潜在影响具有一定的实践意义。该研究通过3个盆栽控制试验(N、P添加试验: 0、0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0、8.0、16.0、32.0、64.0和128.0 g N(P)∙m^-210个水平; 控水试验: 3 600、3 900、4 500、5 100、6 000、7 200、9 000、12 000、 18 000和36 000 mL∙pot^-110个水平), 探讨了这些环境因子改变对羊草(Leymus chinensis)枯叶分解质量的影响。结果表明, 在一定范围内, N添加提高了羊草枯叶的N浓度, 降低了C : N, 对P浓度和C : P没有明显的影响; P添加提高了枯叶的N和P浓度, 降低了C : N和C : P; 供水量增加显著降低了枯叶的N和P浓度, 提高了C : N和C : P。这表明, N、P和水分因子的改变影响了植物枯叶的性状, 且不同梯度的影响程度不同。因此, 全球气候变化可能影响植物枯叶的分解质量, 进而可能改变植被-土壤系统的养分循环。     

凋落物添加和模拟氮磷沉降对红松凋落物木质素降解和碳释放的影响

通过对阔叶红松林和红松人工林2种林型凋落物处理（分别为不添加凋落物（原样组）、添加凋落物（双倍组）和去除凋落物（去除组）等3个处理）与模拟氮磷沉降（分别为对照CK （0 g N m^-2 a^-1、0 g P m^-2 a^-1）、低浓度氮磷（5 g N m^-2 a^-1、5 g P m^-2 a^-1）、中浓度氮磷（15 g N m^-2 a^-1、10g P m^-2 a^-1）和高浓度氮磷（30 g N m^-2 a^-1、20 g P m^-2 a^-1）等4个强度）原位培养试验,研究凋落物质量的增加与氮磷沉降及两种处理的耦合作用对碳（C）和木质素分解释放的影响。结果表明：凋落物添加在试验前期（6月）抑制人工林L层的C释放,促进H层的C释放;试验后期（10月）促进人工林L层C释放,而抑制H层的C释放。凋落物添加在前期（6月）是促进天然林L层C释放的,但在后期（10月）产生抑制作用。与L层相反,凋落物添加持续促进天然林H层的C释放。低、中浓度氮磷沉降显著促进了红松人工林和阔叶红松林L、H层C释放和木质素降解,但高浓度的氮磷添加会抑制C释放和木质素的降解,两种处理之间无交互作用。     

荒漠草原不同放牧强度背景下添加氮水对凋落物分解的影响

凋落物分解是连接生态系统地上、地下过程的重要环节,决定了生态系统养分循环速率,但到目前为止对凋落物分解在荒漠草地生态系统受放牧以及外源资源补给影响的研究较少。本研究通过对不同放牧强度(对照、轻牧、中牧和重牧)短花针茅草原群落进行添加氮素(10.0 g N m~(-2) a~(-1))和增水(108 mm/a)处理,探讨群落水平凋落物分解速率的变化。研究结果显示,过去不同强度放牧历史对群落凋落物分解影响极显著(P0.0001)。凋落物前期分解(135 d)过程中,凋落物初始C∶N比与凋落物分解速率常数呈显著负相关关系,表明凋落物可降解性在凋落物前期分解中起主要作用。轻度放牧影响下凋落物分解速度最快,这与该条件下凋落物C∶N比显著低于其他放牧强度下的有关,说明适度放牧不仅有利于群落维持,也在一定程度上有利于生态系统养分循环。当凋落物分解更长时间(870 d)后,对照区凋落物分解速率显著低于放牧处理样地,但凋落物初始C∶N比对凋落物分解速率没有显著影响。进一步分析显示,不同放牧强度背景下长期凋落物分解速率与分解环境的土壤微生物多样性成正相关关系,与群落盖度呈极显著(P0.001)负相关关系。添加氮素显著(P0.05)降低凋落物分解速度,但对凋落物氮含量无显著影响。生长季加水未影响凋落物质量及凋落物分解速度。研究结果表明,凋落物前期分解受凋落物质量影响,但较长时间凋落物分解则与分解过程中接受到的太阳辐射量有关。     

毛乌素沙地克隆植物沙鞭生长对AM真菌生态分布的影响

从毛乌素沙地沙鞭群落间隔空地沙鞭根状茎延伸方向设置样地,2007年5月、7月和10月在0-10、10-20、20-30、30-40和40-50 cm共5个土层分别采集土壤样品,研究了AM真菌时空分布及沙鞭侵入间隔空地前后对AM真菌分布的影响。结果表明,沙鞭能与AM真菌形成良好共生关系,菌根结构为中间型(I-型),AM真菌定殖率和孢子密度有明显的时空分布规律,并与土壤因子密切相关。随采样时间后延AM真菌定殖率先增后降,最大值出现在7月份;孢子密度先降后增,最大值出现在10月份。土壤采样深度对AM真菌定殖和孢子密度有显著影响,AM真菌最高定殖率和最大孢子密度均出现在0-20 cm浅土层。孢子密度仅与泡囊定殖率显著正相关。土壤速效N与菌丝和总定殖率极显著负相关;土壤温度与泡囊、丛枝、菌丝和总定殖率显著和极显著正相关,与孢子密度显著负相关;土壤湿度与丛枝、菌丝和总定殖率显著正相关,与孢子密度显著负相关。克隆植物沙鞭的生长对土壤AM真菌活动和分布有很大影响,沙鞭入侵前后样地中AM真菌孢子密度和定殖率变化显著。     

外源氮添加对温带荒漠地表凋落物分解及养分释放的影响

采用分解网袋法,在古尔班通古特沙漠南缘设置对照N₀(0 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、N₅(5 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、N₁₀(10 g N·m^-2·a^-1)和N₂₀(20 g N·m^-2·a^-1)4个施N处理,研究外源N添加对多枝柽柳、盐角草及两者混合凋落物分解过程及养分释放的影响,分析氮沉降对荒漠生态系统凋落物分解的影响。结果表明: 各物种凋落物的分解速率存在显著差异,经过345 d的分解,多枝柽柳、盐角草及混合物在不同N处理间的分解速率分别为0.64～0.70、0.84～0.99和0.71～0.81 kg·kg^-1·a^-1。凋落物分解过程中,N、P均表现为养分的直接释放,试验结束时,N₀、N₅、N₁₀和N₂₀处理单种凋落物及其混合物N分别释放60.6%～67.4%、56.7%～62.6%、57.4%～62.3%、46.8%～63.0%,P分别释放51.9%～77.9%、59.9%～74.7%、53.0%～79.9%、52.3%～76.4%。N处理对单种凋落物及其混合物的分解影响不显著,但各种凋落物的养分动态对N添加的响应不同,N处理抑制了盐角草N、P释放及混合凋落物P释放,而对多枝柽柳无影响。在温带荒漠,适量的N输入对凋落物分解速率影响不大,但可能会延缓个别物种养分向土壤系统的归还。     

Species of plants and associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mediate mycorrhizal responses to CO2 enrichment

It has been suggested that enrichment of atmospheric CO₂ should alter mycorrhizal function by simultaneously increasing nutrient‐uptake benefits and decreasing net C costs for host plants. However, this hypothesis has not been sufficiently tested. We conducted three experiments to examine the impacts of CO₂ enrichment on the function of different combinations of plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi grown under high and low soil nutrient availability. Across the three experiments, AM function was measured in 14 plant species, including forbs, C₃ and C₄ grasses, and plant species that are typically nonmycorrhizal. Five different AM fungal communities were used for inoculum, including mixtures of Glomus spp. and mixtures of Gigasporaceae (i.e. Gigaspora and Scutellospora spp.). Our results do not support the hypothesis that CO₂ enrichment should consistently increase plant growth benefits from AM fungi, but rather, we found CO₂ enrichment frequently reduced AM benefits. Furthermore, we did not find consistent evidence that enrichment of soil nutrients increases plant growth responses to CO₂ enrichment and decreases plant growth responses to AM fungi. Our results show that the strength of AM mutualisms vary significantly among fungal and plant taxa, and that CO₂ levels further mediate AM function. In general, when CO₂ enrichment interacted with AM fungal taxa to affect host plant dry weight, it increased the beneficial effects of Gigasporaceae and reduced the benefits of Glomus spp. Future studies are necessary to assess the importance of temperature, irradiance, and ambient soil fertility in this response. We conclude that the affects of CO₂ enrichment on AM function varies with plant and fungal taxa, and when making predictions about mycorrhizal function, it is unwise to generalize findings based on a narrow range of plant hosts, AM fungi, and environmental conditions.