高山森林林窗和粗木质残体对木生苔藓生物量和多样性的影响

木生苔藓植物是原始森林的基本组成部分,其生长和分布对林窗和粗木质残体(CWD)等环境因子的响应可能非常敏感,但林窗和CWD对木生苔藓植物群落的影响研究未见报道。因此,我们研究了高山森林不同林窗位置(林窗、林缘和林下)和不同粗木质残体类型(倒木、大枯枝、枯立木和根桩)木生苔藓生物量(储量、单位面积生物量和生物积累量)和多样性(Shannon多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数)特征。结果表明:川西高山粗木质残体木生苔藓植物生物量储量为141.14 kg/hm~2,倒木生苔藓生物量储量最大为78.80 kg/hm~2,枯立木生苔藓生物量储量最小为3.11 kg/hm~2。其中,第III、IV腐解等级粗木质残体木生苔藓生物量储量较高,在I腐解等级时为最低。整体来看不同粗木质残体类型木生苔藓单位面积生物量均在林缘最高,但不同粗木质残体类型单位面积木生苔藓生物量积累量差异显著。木生苔藓生物多样性受林窗位置和粗木质残体类型显著影响。倒木、大枯枝和根桩的苔藓Simpson优势度指数从林窗至林下均为下降趋势。倒木的苔藓Shannon多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数在林下最高,在林缘最低。林窗大枯枝木生苔藓三种多样性指标均大于倒木。枯立木和根桩木生苔藓多样性指标随林窗变化表现各异。研究也发现,曲尾藓(Dicranum)和平藓(Neckera)在川西高山苔藓生物量中比重较大。我们的研究结果表明在高山森林生态系统中,林缘效应对木生苔藓生物量具有促进作用,但对木生苔藓生物多样性的影响作用不明显。这也意味着,森林更新导致林窗形成和CWD产生对木生苔藓生长具有显著影响。     

西藏色季拉山暗针叶林苔藓多样性及林窗干扰的影响

为了解西藏色季拉山暗针叶林苔藓多样性及林窗干扰的影响,在过去工作积累的基础上研究了色季拉山西坡5块样地内不同林内环境(林窗、林缘和林下)地面、腐木和树附生苔藓生物量特征。结果表明, 地面生单位面积苔藓植物生物量储量最高,平均910.10 g/m²,其次为腐木生(221.90 g/m²),树附生的最低(53.59 g/m²)。林窗地面生苔藓单位面积生物量最高,均值为360.47 g/m²,其次为林下(305.51 g/m²),最小为林缘(244.11 g/m²);林窗、林缘和林下间的地面生苔藓单位面积生物量差异显著(P＜0.05)。沿海拔梯度,林窗苔藓单位面积生物量表现出先增加后减少的趋势。因此,在西藏色季拉山暗针叶林内,林窗对地面生苔藓单位面积生物量有显著影响。     

小秦岭自然保护区苔藓植物群落数量分类、排序及多样性垂直格局

苔藓物种多样性沿海拔梯度呈什么样的分布格局?基于53个20 m×20 m样地,采集并鉴定了样地内所有生境中的苔藓物种;采用多元回归树(multivariate regression trees,MRT)对苔藓植物进行分类;采用典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)进行排序分析;用广义线性模型(Generalized Linear Model,GLM)研究苔藓物种多样性沿海拔的分布格局。结果如下:(1)采集的1378份苔藓植物标本经过鉴定,共有33科89属240种,其中藓类226种,苔类14种;(2)经交叉验证认为本区苔藓植物可分为4类,Ⅰ长肋青藓(Brachythecium populeum)+大叶匐灯藓(Plagiomnium succulentum)+圆叶匐灯藓(Plagiomnium vesicatum)群落,Ⅱ灰白青藓(Brachythecium albicans)+宽叶青藓(Brachythecium curtum)+短肋羽藓(Thuidium kanedae)+平肋提灯藓(Mnium laevinerve)群落,Ⅲ短肋羽藓(Thuidium kanedae)+光萼叶苔(Jungermannia leiantha)+薄罗藓(Leskea polycarpa)+叉肋藓(Trachyphyllum inflexum)群落,Ⅳ宽叶青藓(Brachythecium curtum)+垂蒴棉藓(Plagiothecium nemorale)+全缘匐灯藓(Plagiomnium integrum)群落;(3)海拔、坡度和坡向对苔藓物种分布的解释量为7.29%;(4)苔藓物种多样性随海拔的变化成明显的上升格局。通过研究了解了小秦岭国家级自然保护区苔藓物种组成、群丛划分以及每种苔藓植物的海拔分布范围;苔藓物种多样性随海拔的上升呈显著的上升格局,与乔木、灌木和草本的分布格局不同。希望此研究能为苔藓植物生态学研究和物种多样性保护提供参考。     

重庆大巴山国家级自然保护区苔藓植物多样性

大巴山国家级自然保护区是我国35个生物多样性优先保护区域之一, 但苔藓植物的相关研究仍是空白。本文在详细的野外调查基础上, 记录该保护区苔藓植物57科141属390种, 其中苔类21科31属82种, 藓类36科110属308种, 新增重庆市苔藓植物新记录80种。物种多样性最丰富的科(种数≥ 10种)分别是青藓科、丛藓科、灰藓科、真藓科、提灯藓科和曲尾藓科, 共占总种数的41.03%。物种多样性最丰富的属(种数≥ 10种)分别是青藓属(Brachythecium)、真藓属(Bryum)、绢藓属(Entodon)、光萼苔属(Porella)和耳叶苔属(Frullania), 共占总种数的15.64%。在海拔1,000-2,480 m之间, 苔藓植物的物种多样性呈现随海拔升高先增加后减少的趋势, 其中, 在海拔1,200-1,600 m段物种最为丰富, 建议将这一地带进行优先保护。     

贵州省新路卡林型金矿区苔藓植物多样性及重金属污染监测

研究发现新路卡林型金矿区苔藓植物有10科17属28种,其中,丛藓科有9种,占总数的32.14%,真藓科有8种,占总数的28.57%。真藓科和丛藓科为优势科。分析该卡林型金矿区4个生境的β多样性,发现废石区—废渣区与相对污染区—清洁区的β多样性指数差异最大,苔藓群落结构差异性最大,相似性成分最低。测定该矿区苔藓植物及相应基质的重金属元素Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Hg、As含量,发现这些重金属元素含量呈现了一定的规律性,即：废渣区>废石区>相对污染区>清洁区,这可能与金矿的开采和冶炼有密切联系。因此,通过对苔藓植物的深入研究,可用以监测卡林型金矿区重金属污染情况。     

南京市主城区苔藓植物多样性及其与环境的关系

苔藓植物是结构特殊的高等植物,种类数量仅次于被子植物,具有独特的观赏价值,应用前景广阔.为了更好地利用苔藓植物进行园林造景,本研究对南京市主城区10个绿地样点77个样地的苔藓植物进行了调查.结果表明: 共记录苔藓植物21科36属55种,其中丛藓科、羽藓科等苔藓种类在调查区域内分布广泛.苔藓种类丰富度由城中心向周围逐渐降低.根据苔藓植物多样性的聚类分析可将10个绿地样点分为3组,与园林生境、人为干扰频度、面积等因素有关.典范对应分析(CCA)表明,郁闭度、湿度和基质类型是影响苔藓植物分布的主要环境因子.南京市多数苔藓植物喜欢生长在湿度适中、较为开阔的区域.     

山东昆嵛山苔藓植物多样性及区系特征

通过对采自山东昆嵛山的4000余号苔藓植物标本进行鉴定,发现昆嵛山分布有苔藓植物56科131属318种,包括山东新记录种69种。在昆嵛山的苔藓植物中,苔类植物有22科28属41种,藓类植物有34科103属277种。昆嵛山苔藓植物区系主要由青藓科（45种）、真藓科（33种）、丛藓科（31种）、灰藓科（24种）、绢藓科（18种）、曲尾藓科（15种）等一些大科组成。单种属和寡种属数量较多,但特有现象不明显。土生和石生群落优势明显,水生和树生群落缺乏。区系地理成分复杂,分布类型多样,温带成分优势明显,但也具有一定的热带成分。本研究旨在进一步促进山东苔藓植物研究,并与现代苔藓植物学的发展接轨,也为中国苔藓植物的研究提供新的资料。     

废弃汞矿山苔藓植物群落生态研究

对贵州省铜仁市云场坪镇废弃汞矿山的苔藓植物群落进行了研究,通过野外全面调查和实验室仔细鉴定,发现废弃汞矿山苔藓植物群落的种类组成有13科52属62种(苔类植物2科2属2种,藓类植物11科50属60种)。应用双向指示种分析法(TWlNSPAN)和除趋势对应分析(DCA)分析其分布格局表明,该区12个样点分为2个类型组,组1为废石、废渣样地,组2为废洞样地,说明废洞与废石、废渣生境差异性较大,废石、废渣生境较相似;北地扭口藓群落（Barbula fallax Com.）、阔叶小石藓群落（Weisia planifolia Com.）、尖叶扭口藓群落（Barbula constricta Com.）、拟丛净口藓群落（Gymnostomum anoectangioides Com.）、硬叶净口藓群落（Gymnostomum subrigidulum Com.）为该矿区废石、废渣上的优势群落,其生物量为55.20~448.20 g·m^-2,饱和吸水量为260.80~3 599.40 g·m^-2,说明在矿区这种干旱且保水能力弱的环境区域,苔藓植物群落以其特有的生态功能在矿区生态环境治理中具有十分重要的作用。     

长白山暗针叶林苔藓植物生物量的研究

在长白山北坡暗针叶林对地面和树附生苔藓植物的生物量进行了测定．地面生苔藓采取样带调查取样法测定,树附生苔藓应用McCune方法对树干和树枝的附生苔藓生物量都做了细致的测定．结果表明,长白山暗针叶林中的苔藓植物分布很不均匀,随海拔变化差异很大,海拔1100m最低,仅为543kg·hm^-2;海拔1250m最高,达5097kg·hm^-2．苔藓植物生物量的变化对生境有很好的指示作用,特别是塔藓和拟垂枝藓的生物量随海拔的变化与森林系统的群落学特点有一定的相关性：在海拔1100～1700m,塔藓的生物量与臭冷杉的重要值变化趋势相近,随海拔升高而减少;拟垂枝藓的生物量与鱼鳞云杉重要值的变化趋势相似,随海拔升高而增加．此外,生物量随海拔的变化表明了不同苔藓植物对环境条件要求的差异,拟垂枝藓比塔藓水分条件要求更高．因此,生物量的研究在植物生理上也有一定的指示作用．     

喀斯特石漠化区苔藓植物物种多样性变化

为了揭示喀斯特石漠化地区苔藓植物的物种多样性,通过野外实地调查对贵州喀斯特地区不同程度石漠化区域苔藓植物进行研究。结果表明,苔藓的科、属、种数量随着石漠化程度加剧而下降,其中,强度石漠化的科数最少且显著低于其他三种石漠化类型,比潜在、轻度、中度石漠化地区苔藓科数分别降低70.00%、57.14%、33.33%;轻度石漠化地区的真藓科、青藓科、丛藓科、曲尾藓科等包含属数较多,占总属数34.62%;Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数变化基本一致,随石漠化程度加剧而下降,其中苔藓植物在潜在石漠化地区Shannon-Wiener指数为1.9393,高于其他三种石漠化区域,比强度石漠化区高43.97%,Simpson指数以轻度石漠化过渡到中度石漠化地区物种丰富度下降最快,下降26.73%;潜在石漠化区较其他三个区域拥有更高的苔藓数量。说明苔藓植物的分布和石漠化程度密切相关,随着石漠化程度加重,苔藓植物的科、属、种总数均有不同程度下降。     

Study on the Floristic Phytogeographical Differentiation of Xizang Tibet

The geoecological conditions of Xizang (Tibet) are very complicated. An approach on the floristic phytogeographical differentiation of Xizang has been made in the present paper with a quantitative floristic method. According to areal types of the species the flora of Xizang may be classified under five major geoelements: the north temperate zone geo-element (N), the Central Asiatic geoelemcnt (C), the Qinghai-Xizang Tibetan Plateau geo-element (T), the Sino-Himalayan geo-element (SH) and the tropical geo-element (Tr). Different diagrams of spectra of floristic elements of Xizang are presented. Four cross-sections were chosen for illustrating the regional differentiation of spectra of floristic elements of Xizang. It is obvious that the SH-geo-element prevails in the Eastern and Southeastern Xizang and the Trgeo-element is confined at lower elevation of the southern flanks of the Himalayas. On the contrary, on the Plateau proper the Tgeoelement dominates and the C-geo-element plays a significant role in the northwestern part of Xizang. It corresponds to the following horizontal zones of vegetation from southeast to northwest: montane forest-alpine meadow-alpine steppe-alpine desert. An example at the southern slopes of the Eastern Himalayas has been taken to investigate the vertical variation of the spectra of floristic elements, the boundary between the both subbelts of the montane evergreen broad-leaved forest belt at an elevation of 1,800 m has been proposed as the upper limit dominated by the tropical geo-element. On the basis of dominance spectra of the fioristic elements in the grid-square system floristic boundaries are defined, which separate different floristic regions from one another, thereafter a floristic division of Xizang has been discussed. There are the sub-region of the "Himalayan flanks belonging to the Indo-Malaysian sub-kingdom of the Palaeotropical kingdom, the Sino-Himalayan sub-kingdom and the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau sub-kingdom of the Holarctic kingdom.     

Microfungal diversity associated with Kindbergia oregana in successional forests of British Columbia

Species richness and species composition of microfungi associated with Oregon beaked moss (Kindbergia oregana) were studied at two forest chronosequences on southeast Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The purposes were to investigate the effects of clear-cutting and the transformation of old-growth forests into secondary forests on microfungi and the succession of microfungi in relation to long-term stand development. Green and brown parts of moss were collected from the forest floor of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands of four age classes: post-harvest regeneration (13–14 years), immature (50–51 years), and mature (85–101 years) stands, and a control old-growth (296–324 years) stand, and used for the isolation of microfungi. A total of 49 microfungal species were recorded. Study site, stand age, and moss parts significantly affected the species richness and species composition of microfungi. The species richness of microfungi was significantly greater on brown than on green moss parts and lower in post-harvest regenerations than in forest stands of the other age classes. The species composition of major microfungal species changed gradually along the seral stages. Possible environmental and biological factors that could account for the succession of microfungi were discussed.     

长白山暗针叶林苔藓植物群落特征与林木更新的关系

暗针叶林是长白山亚高山地区的主要森林植被,林下苔藓植物资源极其丰富,有些地段苔藓盖度可达80％以上。苔藓植物作为暗针叶林的主要活地被物,其对林木更新的影响不容忽视。研究了苔藓植物的盖度和厚度对暗针叶林主要树种更新的影响。对苔藓层盖度及厚度与主要针叶树种及亚乔木树种幼苗数量的相关关系分析发现,当苔藓盖度大于40％或厚度大于4cm时,苔藓层对红松、臭冷杉、花楷槭幼苗数量的负面影响较明显;而在苔藓厚度小于4cm时,苔藓层有利于花楷槭和花楸幼苗数量的增加;对苔藓层盖度及厚度与针叶树幼苗高度的相关关系分析发现,一定盖度和厚度的苔藓层对幼苗高生长有积极作用,但其影响程度在各树种间有明显差异。     

林芝云杉群落特征的研究

析了林芝云杉( Picea likiangensis var. linzhiensis )群落的种类组成、区系特征、群落外貌、垂直结构和水平结构等特性。结果表明：调查样地共有维管植物144种,隶属于53科116属,其中只含1种的属占81.03%。林芝云杉群落的区系组成、植物生活型谱、叶片性质等特征反映了群落的温带性质。群落垂直结构明显,可分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层及层间植物,乔木层郁闭度为0.4~0.8,林芝云杉大多为乔木层的单一优势种,有时与急尖长苞冷杉(Abies georgei var. smithii)、华山松(Pinus armandii)等混生,而群落植物的水平分布不均匀。优势种种群的年龄结构分析表明,该种群处于稳定状态;群落的物种丰富度为32.6364,其Shannon-Wiener指数为3.0926,Simpson指数为0.9366,均匀度指数为0.8942,且均为草本层>灌木层>乔木层。     

Simulation of moss and tree dynamics in the boreal forests of interior Alaska

We used a simulation model of forest dynamics to examine the ecological significance of the complex interactions among site conditions, tree growth, and the development of a thick forest floor moss layer found in many boreal forests. To examine the effect of site conditions on moss growth and forest dynamics, we simulated the dynamics of several different forest sites in the uplands of interior Alaska. Then we used a cold, wet permafrost site to examine the ecological consequences of direct moss and tree interactions. Our analyses revealed a tightly coupled system in which forest succession was highly sensitive to the interactions among site conditions, mosses, and trees. The effect of mosses on the soil thermal regime was a particularly important feedback. Direct interactions between mosses and trees that affected the development of a thick forest floor layer were also important. In particular, shading of moss by trees, reduced tree regeneration on moss-covered soils, and reduced moss growth with open forest canopies were also important determinants of forest succession. These complex feedbacks ensure that an ecosystem approach is needed to understand the ecology of boreal forests.     

Pollen Analytical Investigation of the Ruoguo Glacier in Southeast Xizang

In southeast Xizang, there is a tongue-like rainy zone stretching northward, where monsoon maritime glaciers develop with many organisms on the glacial surface. The Ruoguo glacier is one of these. In southeast Xizang the glacial terminal are very low (the lowest 2400 m), and ice tongues extend into subtropical forest. These glaciers closely resemble the maritime glaciers in the Alps and in New Zealand, but differ from the continental type in inland China. In order to confirm the stratigraphy of the annual net accumulation from 1972 to 1975, a detailed analysis of the firn stratigraphy of a 9.30 m deep firn pit on the Ruoguo glacier (4630m. a. s. 1) was carried out. In this paper it is shown that summer and winter layers can be easily distinguished by pollen analysis. The winter layers have a small pollen content while the summer layers have a large pollen content. There are also differences in the spectra of the species which enable a seasonal seperation of the layers. The investigation shows that the layer of annual net accumulation is composed primarily of the winter accumulation, and demonstrates that the displacement of pollen by melt- water incursion is not significant. To examine the accumulation of the different seasons, the samples have to be taken at very close intervals of about 10 cm. If only a separation between summer and winter layers is needed, no detailed exmination of the pollen species is necessary, because of the significant difference in the amount of pollen and spores in the summer and winter layers.     

The Floristic Characteristics and Geographical Distribution of the Rosaceae in Xizang

The Rosaceae is one of the five largest families of Xizang flora, consisting of 30 genera with 242 species, the total number of species is slightly less than those of Compositae, Graminae, Leguminosae and Ericaceae in Xizang, amounting to 62.5% of the total number of genera and 28% of the total number of species of the rosaceous flora in China. The four subfamilies of Rosaceae including primitive, intermediate and advanced groups have been found in Xizang. These groups consist of 11 types of floristic elements, i.e. 4 genera belong to cosmopolitan, 9 genera belong to North Temperate, 3, E. Asian-N. American, 3 Sino-Himalayan, 3 Sino-Japanesa, 2 Old World Temperate, 1 Temperate Asian, 2 Mediterranean-W. and O. Asian, 1 C. Asian, I Tropical Asian and 1 endemic to China. It is obvious that Rosaceae in Xizang comprises holarctic, Ancient Mediterranean and paleotropical elements, among which the temperate components are the most dominant. The characteristics of the floristic composition of Rosaceae in Xizang may be summarized as follows: (1) Xizang abounds in both genera and species of the family which are diverse in forms, including the primitive, intermediate and advanced groups, (2) The geographical elements are rather complex, mostly belonging to the temperate, among which the Sino- Himalayan components and the elements endemic to China are dominant, (3) The proportion of plants endemic to China and distributed in Xizang is much higher than those endemic to Xizang itself, but there exist newly arisen species and infraspecific forms or varieties which show that the speciation is apparently still active in Xizang. The rosaceous flora of Xizang is a combination of old and new floristic elements, based on the old floristic components, affected by the upheaval of the Himalayas, the differentiation and speciation have been taking place in the long history. The geographical distribution of Rosaceae in Xizang may be divided into 5 regions, i.e. the northeastern, southeastern, southern, northwestern and northern. The rosaceous plants are most abundant in the southeastern area, next in southern area, fewer in the northeastern and very rare in the northwestern and northern regions. The general tendency of the distribution of Rosaceae in Xizang is that the number of species gradually decreases from the southeast to the northwest and the habit gradually changes from trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants in the southeast to cushion-like scrubs and dwarf perennial herbs in the northwest. These facts clearly show that the uplift of the Himalayas has deeply affected the phytogeographical distribution of Xizang Rosaceae. The rosaceous flora of Xizang has close relationships with those of the adjoring regions, i.e. Yunnan and Sichuan. Besides, it is connected with floras of Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan nothern Buram and nothern India, but silghtly influenced by the Ancient Mediterranean flora.     

西藏列当科一新记录属--野菰属

列当科野菰属主要分布于南亚和东南亚,在西藏的分布为新记录。     

长白山主要生态系统地面藓类植物的生态位研究

应用王刚提出的生态位重叠值公式,计测了长白山主要生态系统中41个样点42种主要地面藓类的生态位重叠值。以此为指标,分别应用主坐标排序、图论聚类及系统聚类分析方法,作出了反映42种地面藓类的种间生态关系的二维投影图、最小生成树和动态聚类图。3种方法相结合,能够对生态位重叠值矩阵进行直观地表达,并使所表达的藓类种间关系具有确切的生态学含义。研究表明,按生态位重叠值大小,长白山主要生态系统中地面主要藓类可区分出落叶松-沼泽藓类、高山苔原藓类和暗针叶林-岳华林藓类3大类。42种藓类中,生态位宽度(B)与种数(N)符合公式N=38.1985×e     

祁连山北坡青海云杉林下苔藓层对土壤水分空间差异的影响

苔藓层是青海云杉林(Picea crassifolia forest)下的一个重要层片,它通过截持降水和减少土壤蒸发,对土壤水分产生影响。以祁连山北坡排露沟小流域的一个阴坡(海拔2700 m,植被为青海云杉林)作为样坡,于2010—2012年生长季对青海云杉林下有、无苔藓层覆盖地点的土壤水分进行对比观测。结果表明在祁连山青海云杉林下,苔藓层覆盖能减少土壤水分的空间差异。主要表现为:(1)无苔藓覆盖各观测点土壤含水量极差达62.2 mm,空间变异系数(CV)为17.3%;有苔藓层覆盖观测点土壤含水量空间变异系数为2.3%,仅为无苔藓覆盖地点的1/7.5,空间差异极显著(sig.0.001)。(2)在持续无雨、小雨后和连阴雨天气下,有苔藓覆盖地点土壤含水量空间差异均显著小于无苔藓覆盖地点(sig.0.05)。在持续无雨的情况下,无苔藓层覆盖各观测点土壤含水量空间变异系数平均值为19.8%,有苔藓覆盖地点土壤含水量空间变异系数平均值为6.6%,仅为无苔藓覆盖地点的1/3。小雨后,无苔藓覆盖各观测点土壤含水量空间变异系数平均值为15.2%,有苔藓覆盖地点土壤水分空间变异系数平均为5.1%,为无苔藓覆盖地点的1/3。连阴雨后,无苔藓覆盖各观测点土壤含水量空间变异系数平均为15.4%,有苔藓覆盖地点土壤水分空间变异系数平均为4.6%,为无苔藓覆盖地点的1/3.3。(3)持续无雨的情况下,苔藓层减小土壤水分空间差异的作用主要反映在土壤表层0—15 cm,对深层的作用不显著。而小雨和连阴雨后,苔藓层对15—80 cm深层土壤影响显著,而表层0—15 cm没有明显规律。