microRNAs——脂质代谢调控新机制

综述了近年来microRNAs,尤其是miR-33在脂质代谢调控方面的功能研究进展.脂质代谢在细胞水平进行有规律的调控,主要参与者有肝X受体(LXRs)和固醇调节元件结合蛋白(SREBPs)等.最近研究发现,非编码RNAs家族成员microRNAs在转录后水平调节脂质代谢相关基因表达,参与胆固醇、甘油三酯和脂肪酸代谢.其中miR-33可靶向沉默三磷酸脂苷结合盒(ABC)转运体家族成员ABCA1和ABCG1,抑制胆固醇流出和高密度脂蛋白(HDL)合成;通过靶向沉默脂肪酸β-氧化相关基因,如CPT1A、CROT和HADHB表达,抑制脂肪酸氧化;还可沉默AMPK和RIP140的表达,影响甘油三酯代谢.其他microRNAs如miR-122、miR-370、miR-125a-5p、miR-27、miR-320等,也参与调控胆固醇、甘油三脂、脂肪酸代谢及脂肪细胞分化.     

固醇调节元件结合蛋白与脂质代谢

固醇调节元件结合蛋白(sterol regulatory element-binding proteins,SREBPs)是脊椎动物细胞脂质稳态的转录调节物,可直接激活多个参与胆固醇、脂肪酸、甘油三酯、磷脂合成和摄取,以及辅助因子NADPH等基因的表达,从而调控胆固醇及脂肪酸等脂类的代谢过程。本文综述了SREBPs转运和活化的过程,以及调节细胞脂质稳态功能的分子机制,并探讨了其在脂代谢紊乱相关疾病发生中的重要作用。     

急性期应答与胆固醇逆向转运

胆固醇逆向转运(reverse cholesterol transport,RCT)是促进外周胆固醇从细胞内流出,然后转运到肝脏进行代谢的过程,是机体抗动脉粥样硬化相关疾病的重要机制。研究表明,感染、炎症及创伤等诱导的急性期应答(acute phase response,APR)影响高密度脂蛋白的结构和功能,抑制细胞内胆固醇流出、血浆胆固醇转运及肝脏胆固醇代谢和排泌等环节,因此抑制体内RCT。APR短期抑制RCT有利于机体抗感染和组织损伤,然而,APR对RCT的进一步抑制将促进外周组织胆固醇蓄积及代谢紊乱,可能是多种感染免疫性疾病、代谢性疾病与动脉粥样硬化呈正相关的关键因素。本文就APR调节机体RCT的最新研究进展作一综述。     

载脂蛋白基因和功能研究

绝大部分载脂蛋白(Apo)一级结构已阐明,目前进入基因水平的研究。Apo 结构多态性和功能之间关系值得注意。Apo 是脂蛋白必要的结构蛋白,它们作为配体与相应受体相互作用,同时调节脂蛋白代谢三个关键酶:脂蛋白脂酶,肝性甘油三酯脂酶和卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶的活性。Apo 可能作为一种代谢程序剂,编序和调节脂蛋白代谢和体内胆固醇平衡。     

PPAR在动脉粥样硬化发生与发展中的作用

动脉粥样硬化(AS)是一种以动脉壁脂质蓄积为特征的复杂病变过程。过氧化酶体增殖物激活型受体(PPAR)是核内孤儿受体家族成员,它作为脂质和脂蛋白代谢的调节物,可以调控血浆胆固醇及甘油三酯的水平、促进脂肪细胞分化、影响巨噬细胞内胆固醇内稳态、稳定斑块、抑制血小板聚积从而影响AS的发生和发展。PPAR可通过对基因转录的调控来调理脂质代谢紊乱,并在血管壁水平直接产生抗AS作用。     

固醇调节元件结合蛋白2信号通路与非酒精性脂肪性肝病北大核心CSCD

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是以肝细胞内甘油三酯和胆固醇等脂毒性脂肪过度沉积为主要特征的一种临床获得性代谢综合征。最新研究表明,NAFLD向非酒精性脂肪肝炎(NASH)进展时,肝内胆固醇积累可能较甘油三酯更具有细胞毒性风险。固醇调节元件结合蛋白2(sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2,SREBP2)是脂质代谢重要的核转录因子之一,主要调控胆固醇的生物合成和体内平衡。SREBP2及其靶基因调控的胆固醇异常是引起非酒精性脂肪肝病发生发展的重要因素之一。因此,认识SREBP2信号通路中,上下游各因素的表达调控作用与NAFLD发病机制之间关系,就显得非常重要。本文总结了受SREBP2调控表达的靶基因的特点,着重介绍SREBP2调控胆固醇体内合成与平衡的信号通路与NAFLD发病机制之间关系,为研究和指导治疗NAFLD及其代谢性疾病提供新的思路。     

固醇调节元件结合蛋白2信号通路与非酒精性脂肪性肝病

非酒精性脂肪性肝病（non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD）是以肝细胞内甘油三酯和胆固醇等脂毒性脂肪过度沉积为主要特征的一种临床获得性代谢综合征。最新研究表明,NAFLD向非酒精性脂肪肝炎(NASH)进展时,肝内胆固醇积累可能较甘油三酯更具有细胞毒性风险。固醇调节元件结合蛋白2（sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2,SREBP2）是脂质代谢重要的核转录因子之一,主要调控胆固醇的生物合成和体内平衡。SREBP2及其靶基因调控的胆固醇异常是引起非酒精性脂肪肝病发生发展的重要因素之一。因此,认识SREBP2信号通路中,上下游各因素的表达调控作用与NAFLD发病机制之间关系,就显得非常重要。本文总结了受SREBP2调控表达的靶基因的特点,着重介绍SREBP2调控胆固醇体内合成与平衡的信号通路与NAFLD发病机制之间关系,为研究和指导治疗NAFLD及其代谢性疾病提供新的思路。     

巨噬源性泡沫细胞形成过程中的机理研究及其进展

巨噬源性泡沫细胞的形成是动脉粥样病变的关键环节,清道夫受体与胆固醇代谢相关受体在此过程中发挥极其重要的作用。下面就泡沫细胞形成过程中的关键因素及机理做如下综述,并探讨通过调节这些潜在因素和机理,开发靶向药物治疗方法,有效抑制动脉粥样硬化的发生发展。     

靶向PCSK9催化结构域的重组蛋白疫苗降胆固醇效果初步评价

PCSK9是机体内调节低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)代谢的重要蛋白之一,抑制PCSK9能够显著地降低血清LDL-C的水平。本研究的目的是构建靶向PCSK9的重组蛋白疫苗,为降低胆固醇疫苗药物的开发提供实验基础。本课题通过重叠PCR方法将白喉毒素跨膜结构和人PCSK9催化结构域基因串联,构建重组基因片段DTT-h PCSK9,在大肠杆菌中表达后经GST亲和纯化制备重组蛋白DTT-h PCSK9。用该蛋白免疫Balb/c小鼠后通过ELISA方法检测抗体应答水平,并测定小鼠体内胆固醇含量。结果显示,在小鼠体内DTT-h PCSK9引起了抗人PCSK9免疫反应,抗血清效价为1:10 000,并且该疫苗能够显著降低小鼠体内血清胆固醇含量(p0.05)。     

动脉粥样硬化中胆固醇逆向转运的研究进展

胆固醇逆向转运(reverse cholesterol transport,RCT)是指胆固醇从外周组织细胞流出,通过高密度脂蛋白转运至肝脏进行代谢转变的过程,是维持细胞脂质稳态的重要机制。RCT相关基因的功能障碍是动脉粥样硬化脂质沉积、慢性炎症和泡沫细胞形成的主要病因,已成为抗动脉粥样硬化的主要靶点。该文就近年来关于胆固醇逆向转运的调节和定量分析在动脉粥样硬化中的最新研究进展作一综述。     

Effects of dietary soybean peptides on hepatic production of ketone bodies and secretion of triglyceride by perfused rat liver

Soybean protein isolate (SPI) was digested with protease to produce a peptides containing the low-molecular fraction (LD3) or a mixture of high- and low-molecular fractions (HD1). Rats were fed a diets containing SPI, LD3, or HD1 at a protein level equivalent to the 20% casein diet for 4 weeks. The serum triglyceride concentration was lower in rats fed SPI, LD3, and HD1 diets than in rats fed the casein diet, and the differences were significant for the cholesterol-enriched diet. The value for the LD3 group was the lowest among all groups for both the cholesterol-free and -enriched diets. The level of triglyceride in the post-perfused liver was significantly lower in the LD3 and HD1 groups and the SPI group than in the casein group irrespective of the presence of cholesterol in the diet. In the cholesterol-free diet, LD3 feeding as compared to casein feeding caused a reduction in triglyceride secretion from the liver to perfusate and an increment of hepatic ketone body production. The addition of cholesterol to the diets somewhat attenuated these effects of LD3. These results suggest that the low-molecular fraction in soybean peptides causes triglyceride-lowering activity through a reduction in triglyceride secretion from the liver to the blood circulation and the stimulation of fatty acid oxidation in the liver. There is a possibility that soybean peptides modulate triglyceride metabolism by changes in the hepatic contribution.     

Effects of dietary protein type on oxidized cholesterol-induced alteration in age-related modulation of lipid metabolism and indices of immune function in rats

Exogenous oxidized cholesterol disturbs both lipid metabolism and immune functions. Therefore, it may perturb these modulations with ageing. Effects of the dietary protein type on oxidized cholesterol-induced modulations of age-related changes in lipid metabolism and immune function was examined using differently aged (4 weeks versus 8 months) male Sprague-Dawley rats when casein, soybean protein or milk whey protein isolate (WPI) was the dietary protein source, respectively. The rats were given one of the three proteins in diet containing 0.2% oxidized cholesterols mixture. Soybean protein, as compared with the other two proteins, significantly lowered both the serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value and cholesterol, whereas it elevated the ratio of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol/cholesterol in young rats, but not in adult. Moreover, soybean protein, but not casein and WPI, suppressed the elevation of Delta6 desaturation indices of phospholipids in both liver and spleen, particularly in young. On the other hand, WPI, compared to the other two proteins, inhibited the leukotriene B4 production of spleen, irrespective of age. Soybean protein reduced the ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+) T-cells in splenic lymphocytes. Therefore, the levels of immunoglobulin (Ig)A, IgE and IgG in serum were lowered in rats given soybean protein in both age groups except for IgA in adult, although these observations were not shown in rats given other proteins. Thus, various perturbations of lipid metabolism and immune function caused by oxidized cholesterol were modified depending on the type of dietary protein. The moderation by soybean protein on the change of lipid metabolism seems to be susceptible in young rats whose homeostatic ability is immature. These observations may be exerted through both the promotion of oxidized cholesterol excretion to feces and the change of hormonal release, while WPI may suppress the disturbance of immune function by oxidized cholesterol in both ages. This alleviation may be associated with a large amount of lactoglobulin in WPI. These results thus showed a possibility that oxidized cholesterol-induced perturbations of age-related changes of lipid metabolism and immune function can be moderated by both the selection and combination of dietary protein.     

转基因技术与大豆品质改良

大豆是重要的食用油、食用蛋白和饲用蛋白原料。应用转基因技术对调节大豆品质形成的关键基因进行定向操作,可大大加速优质大豆品种的选育进程,培育出适合不同消费需求的多样化优质大豆品种。文章主要综述了近年来转基因技术在大豆品质性状改良方面的应用进展,同时也简要介绍了目前已经发展起来的安全转基因技术。     

Natural variation of GmFATA1B regulates seed oil content and composition in soybean

Soybean (Glycine max) produces seeds that are rich in unsaturated fatty acids and is an important oilseed crop worldwide. Seed oil content and composition largely determine the economic value of soybean. Due to natural genetic variation, seed oil content varies substantially across soybean cultivars. Although much progress has been made in elucidating the genetic trajectory underlying fatty acid metabolism and oil biosynthesis in plants, the causal genes for many quantitative trait loci (QTLs) regulating seed oil content in soybean remain to be revealed. In this study, we identified GmFATA1B as the gene underlying a QTL that regulates seed oil content and composition, as well as seed size in soybean. Nine extra amino acids in the conserved region of GmFATA1B impair its function as a fatty acyl–acyl carrier protein thioesterase, thereby affecting seed oil content and composition. Heterogeneously overexpressing the functional GmFATA1B allele in Arabidopsis thaliana increased both the total oil content and the oleic acid and linoleic acid contents of seeds. Our findings uncover a previously unknown locus underlying variation in seed oil content in soybean and lay the foundation for improving seed oil content and composition in soybean.     

大豆肽体外抗氧化活性研究

研究大豆肽的体外抗氧化的作用。采用邻二氮菲-Fe^2＋检测大豆肽对羟自由基（·OH）的清除作用,邻苯三酚检测大豆肽对超氧阴离子（·O2^-）的清除作用,用硫代巴比妥酸法测定小鼠肝匀浆丙二醛（MDA）的含量,用比色法测定小鼠红细胞溶血度,来研究大豆肽的抗氧化效果。结果表明：大豆肽可以清除·OH和·O2^-,抑制·OH所致的丙二醛的产生,减少H2O2所致的红细胞溶血,在2～15g／L内均具有明显的量效关系。表明大豆肽在体外具有明显的抗氧化效果。     

大豆蛋白含量新位点qPRO-19-1的定位

大豆是重要的粮食作物和经济作物,其籽粒蛋白约为40%,是植物蛋白的重要来源之一。国产大豆主要用于食用,提高大豆蛋白含量是主要的育种目标。因此,发掘大豆蛋白含量相关基因,对开发分子标记并培育高蛋白食用大豆具有重要意义。本研究以低蛋白大豆品种中黄35为母本,以源自日本的高蛋白大豆十胜长叶为父本,构建了重组自交系(RIL,recombination inbred lines)群体。利用集群分离分析法(BSA,bulked segregant analysis)在3条染色体筛选出9个与蛋白含量相关的SSR标记,其中位于19号染色体的QTL尚未见报道。进一步利用完备区间作图法(ICIM-ADD)分析RIL群体F_2:15和F_2:16,在19号染色体重复定位了1个蛋白质含量相关QTL qPRO-19-1,位于分子标记SSR_19_38和SSR_19_59之间,LOD值分别为3.43和3.98,贡献率分别为7.81%和14.87%,高蛋白等位基因来自于高蛋白亲本十胜长叶。qPRO-19-1的定位区间长度为385 kb,共有注释基因36个。本研究定位了蛋白质含量相关的新位点qPRO-19-1,为大豆高蛋白基因的图位克隆及分子标记育种奠定了基础。     

Identification of new QTLs for seed mineral,cysteine, and methionine concentrations in soybean [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Glycine max</Emphasis> (L.) Merr.]

Increased concentrations of important nutrients in edible parts of plants could result in biofortified foods. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is a major legume crop and an important source of certain nutrients, including protein and minerals, in human and animal diets. Understanding the underlying genetic basis of seed composition is crucial to improving seed nutrient composition. In this study we used three soybean recombinant inbred line mapping populations derived from the crosses Williams 82 × DSR-173, Williams 82 × NKS19-90 and Williams 82 × Vinton 81, and constructed a joint linkage map from these populations. Forty quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected for 18 traits: seed weight, seed magnesium, sulfur, calcium, manganese, potassium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, selenium, molybdenum, cadmium and arsenic concentrations, total nitrogen:total sulfur (N:S) ratio, cysteine and methionine concentrations. Using the joint linkage map, we detected nine QTLs that were not identified in the individual populations. We identified several candidate genes that might contribute to these traits, including transporters and genes involved in nitrogen and amino acid metabolism. Some strong QTLs had no obvious candidate genes, offering the possibility that subsequent confirmation of these QTLs may result in identification of new genes affecting seed nutrients in soybean. Seed weight and seed mineral concentrations were not highly correlated, suggesting the possibility of improving seed mineral concentrations without significant changes in seed weight. An inverse relationship between N:S ratio and most other minerals suggests the possibility of using N:S ratio as an indirect measure of seed mineral concentration in soybean breeding programs.     

大豆耐低磷相关基因的定位与克隆

大豆是食用油和植物蛋白的主要来源,土壤有效磷含量低是限制当前大豆生产的重要因素之一。鉴定优异耐低磷种质资源、快速发掘利用优异耐低磷基因、通过分子育种培育磷高效品种、改善大豆应对低磷胁迫的能力,是解决土壤有效磷含量低这一问题的有效途径。近年来,国内外开展了一些大豆磷效率相关基因的定位与克隆研究,但由于QTL连锁作图的精度较低,难以准确地分离候选基因,而大豆基因组的复杂性及相关功能基因分子机制的不明确阻碍了人们对大豆耐低磷特性本质的认识。文章综述了大豆耐低磷相关基因的定位、克隆及功能验证等方面的研究进展,分析了大豆耐低磷相关基因研究中存在的问题,以期为快速有效地分离目的基因、验证基因功能、解析大豆磷高效分子机制提供参考。