干旱-复水-再干旱处理对玉米光合能力和生长的影响

为了探求玉米(Zea mays)光合作用和生长对重复干旱的响应机制, 采用盆栽试验, 分别测定了不同程度土壤干旱处理3周时、随后复水1周时以及再次不同程度干旱处理3周时玉米幼苗光合参数和生长的变化。第一次土壤干旱处理后, 重度干旱处理显著降低玉米株高、单株总叶面积、地上部分及根系生物量以及叶片的蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、净光合速率(P_n)和最大净光合速率(A_max), 但显著提高光补偿点和暗呼吸速率; 中度干旱处理同样显著降低玉米株高、叶面积和地上部分生物量, 但对根系生物量无影响, 因而根冠比增大, 对上述光合参数的负效应也不具有显著性。复水可使前期经受中度和重度干旱处理的玉米植株的光合能力和生长速率恢复到正常水分条件下生长的植株的水平, 但株高和叶面积没有恢复到对照水平。当玉米再次经受水分亏缺处理时, 与只遭受第二次中度或重度干旱处理的植株相比, 经历过前期中度干旱处理的植株的株高、生物量和光合参数没有显著变化, 但叶面积显著下降; 经历过前期重度干旱处理植株的T_r、G_s、C_i、P_n、A_max和表观量子效率显著升高, 而株高、叶面积和生物量显著降低。综上所述, 第一次重度干旱处理显著降低玉米叶片的光合能力和生长, 复水可使光合能力和生长速率恢复到正常水分条件下生长植株的水平, 但不能消除前期干旱对生长产生的不利影响。前期中度干旱可以刺激玉米根系的生长和显著提高根冠比, 有利于提高对二次干旱的抵抗能力, 并使总的生物量保持在对照水平, 而前期重度干旱处理虽然在光合作用上能提高植株对二次干旱的抵御能力, 但不能弥补前期干旱处理对生长的不利影响。因此, 在生产实践中, 如果进行抗旱锻炼, 应限制在中度干旱水平, 避免重度干旱。     

干旱与复水对小麦光合和产量的影响

通过不同生育期变水处理,研究干旱胁迫和复水处理分别对不同基因型小麦光合和产量影响。结果表明：拔节期为亏缺敏感期,该期胁迫引起产量显著降低,相比充分供水处理普通小麦减产25．93％,同时光合速率、水分利用效率、收获指数均下降,蒸腾增强;灌浆期为复水高效期,对比胁迫处理普通小麦增产38．78％,光合增强,水分利用效率和收获指数增加,蒸腾减弱。     

两个种源木荷幼苗对干旱-复水的生理生态响应

为探讨不同种源树木对干旱-复水的生理生态响应,该研究以广东与福建种源木荷为对象,通过盆栽控水方式模拟干旱及复水条件,研究两个种源木荷的水力及碳生理特征、脯氨酸(Pro)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)对干旱-复水的响应。结果表明:(1)对照情况下,广东种源木荷的茎木质部水势(Ψ_xylem)、叶片相对含水量(RWC)、光合速率(A_sat)与气孔导度(G_s)均低于福建种源木荷的。(2)两个种源木荷的水力特征、Pro与SOD对干旱-复水的响应呈一致趋势,其中Ψ_xylem、RWC与Pro均能较快恢复至对照水平,而茎木质部栓塞程度与SOD未恢复至对照水平。(3)福建种源木荷叶片的A_sat对干旱的敏感性较广东种源的高且复水后恢复至对照水平需要更长时间。(4)复水后福建种源木荷非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)的恢复速率高于广东种源木荷。综上认为,福建与广东两个种源木荷均不能通过短期复水(30 d)来修复被栓塞的木质部。尽管广东种源木荷的光合速率能够更快地恢复至对照水平,但其光合速率低于福建种源木荷,并且其NSC的恢复能力较福建种源荷的低。因此,在未来干旱加剧背景下,广东种源木荷的生长及存活可能受到更大威胁。该研究结果有助于了解种源地气候条件对树木抗旱性的影响,为未来森林的经营与管理提供了理论参考。     

阶段性干旱及复水对小麦光合特性和产量的影响

在田间人工遮雨条件下,研究了持续、缓慢的干旱胁迫及复水对小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响.结果表明:返青至成熟期充分供水(S0)的小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数、光合参数和产量较高;返青至成熟期(S3)或开花至成熟期(S2)遭受干旱胁迫的小麦上述光合特征参数与产量显著下降;开花至成熟期复水(S1)的小麦其上述光合参数与S0相比表现出超补偿效应,但产量略低于S0;S1、S2与S3水分利用效率分别为S0的143.2％、86.5％和97.3％;由此得出0～ 40 cm土层平均土壤相对含水量在返青至开花期保持在55％±5％,开花至灌浆期保持在70％±5％,可在获取一定产量的同时高效节水;由于水分和密度在产量表现上存在互作,得出0 ～ 40 cm土层平均土壤相对含水量在返青至开花期保持在55％ ±5％,开花至灌浆期保持在70％ ±5％,并采取675株·m-2的密度是该地区最佳的水分密度组合.     

干旱和复水对崖柏光合特性及水分利用效率的影响

以4年生崖柏(Thuja sutchuenensis Franch.)盆栽实生苗为材料,试验干旱和复水对崖柏光合特性及水分利用效率的影响。结果显示,在自然干旱处理过程中,叶片相对含水量(LRWC)在土壤相对含水量(SRWC)降至30%之后开始出现下降;净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、光饱和点(LSP)和最大光合速率(P_max)随着土壤可利用水分的减少而逐渐降低;而表观量子效率(Q)、表观量子需要量(1/Q)及光补偿点(LCP)未发生明显变化;水分利用效率(WUE)则随着SRWC的下降而逐渐提高。在停止浇水50 d后(SRWC下降约95%),叶片萎蔫,净光合速率接近零,复水后3 d,净光合速率(P_n)恢复至对照的88.59%,WUE降至对照的88.63%。通过干旱-复水一系列生理指标的变化分析认为,崖柏为干旱避免型植物。     

干旱胁迫与复水对块根紫金牛生理特性的影响

以岩溶特有药用植物块根紫金牛为试材,研究土壤水分胁迫及复水条件下其叶片光合参数、相对含水量、质膜透性、渗透调节物质含量的变化特性。结果表明:水分胁迫下,块根紫金牛的叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均几乎接近零点,但胞间CO2浓度上升,即非气孔因素限制是光合速率下降的主要原因。水分胁迫不影响块根紫金牛单位面积的总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,但干旱处理的Chl a/b和Car/Chl分别显著低于和高于对照。水分胁迫下,块根紫金牛的叶片相对含水量、相对电导率和丙二醛含量显著增大,即膜系统受到一定的伤害;块根紫金牛叶片脯氨酸含量显著降低,可溶性蛋白含量无显著变化,可溶性糖含量显著增大,但增大幅度不大,说明其在干旱胁迫下的渗透调节能力较弱。复水处理后,块根紫金牛全部指标均能恢复到对照水平,说明其对干旱胁迫较为敏感,主要采取避旱策略。     

复水对旱后不同玉米品种植株生长恢复能力及其生理响应特性的影响

该研究选用2个抗旱能力相似但旱后恢复能力存在显著差异的玉米品种‘P3’和‘郑单958’为材料,采用盆栽称重控水法在苗期进行干旱及复水处理,通过测定其生长、水分状况、光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数以及叶绿素含量在干旱及复水过程中的变化规律,探讨干旱及复水过程中生理生化响应与旱后恢复能力的关系。结果发现:(1)抗旱性相同的2个玉米品种在干旱复水后的生长恢复能力表现为‘P3’显著强于‘郑单958’。(2)干旱胁迫后,‘郑单958’和‘P3’的叶片相对含水量差异不显著,但‘P3’能维持较高的叶水势、PSⅡ最大光化学效率和叶绿素含量。(3)经干旱胁迫复水后,‘P3’的净光合速率,PSⅡ最大光化学效率和气孔导度恢复速度快于‘郑单958’,说明‘P3’光合损失恢复能力高于‘郑单958’。研究表明,玉米品种‘P3’的旱后复水生长恢复能力较强,因‘P3’在干旱胁迫下能维持较高的Fv/Fm值和叶绿素含量,光系统的损伤较轻,而且复水后也能较快的恢复;在干旱过程中减轻干旱胁迫对植物光合系统的伤害是旱后复水快速恢复生长的基础,而在复水后快速修复光系统损失能够加快植物复水的恢复速度。     

干旱胁迫及复水对香樟幼树生理特性及生长的影响

通过盆栽和持续干旱处理研究了轻度干旱(持续干旱2~4d)、中度干旱(持续干旱6~8d)和重度干旱胁迫(持续干旱10~16d)及复水对香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)幼树生理特性和生长的影响,为香樟育苗、造林及合理的水分管理提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)干旱胁迫下香樟幼树地径生长量(Zd)和树高生长量(Zh)受到了抑制;轻度、中度干旱处理(土壤体积含水量从正常状态下降到7%)下叶片相对含水量(LRWC)与对照差异不显著,重度干旱处理(土壤体积含水量下降到3%)下显著低于对照。(2)轻度、中度干旱处理的超氧阴离子和过氧化氢含量与对照无显著差异,重度干旱处理较对照显著上升。(3)在活性氧酶促清除系统中,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性在轻度干旱时显著上升,而过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在重度干旱时才显著上升,在复水48h后3种酶活性均恢复到对照水平。(4)在轻度、中度干旱处理中叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量无显著变化,而在重度干旱下显著升高,且复水48h后未见显著降低。(5)在渗透调节物质中,轻度干旱时可溶性蛋白(SP)含量开始显著升高,中度干旱时可溶性糖(SS)含量显著升高,重度干旱时脯氨酸(Pro)含量显著上升;复水48h后Pro含量显著降低,而可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量无显著变化。研究发现,香樟幼树在轻度干旱胁迫下能通过自身抗氧化酶系统和渗透调节物质维持正常生长,而在中度和重度干旱胁迫条件下,其水分生理状况变差,膜系统遭受伤害,酶活性受到抑制,最终导致其形态生长和地上部分生物量积累受限。     

苗期干旱及复水条件下不同花生品种的光合特性

为探索不同花生(Arachis hypogaea)品种的旱后恢复能力, 研究花生品种耐旱性与光合特性的关系, 通过盆栽土壤水分控制实验, 测定了12个花生品种苗期对干旱胁迫与复水过程的光合响应特征, 并讨论了所测各性状参数与抗旱性强弱的关系, 包括对水分胁迫伤害的修复能力。结果表明, 根据苗期生物量抗旱系数, ‘山花11号’、‘如皋西洋生’、‘A596’、‘山花9号’、‘农大818’的抗旱性较强, 且复水后植株产生超补偿生长效应, 补偿生长能力与抗旱性呈极显著正相关。叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学效率(Φ_PSII)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)随干旱进程逐渐降低, 复水后逐渐增加, 抗旱性强的花生品种变幅较小。干旱7天, 大多数花生品种的光合参数值未有显著性差异。干旱14天, 抗旱性越强的花生品种光合参数值越高, 不同抗旱性花生品种的光合参数值有显著差异。‘山花11号’、‘如皋西洋生’、‘A596’、‘山花9号’的P_n、G_s、Φ_PSII、F_v/F_m、q_P在复水5天时恢复至对照水平, 复水10天时超过对照, ‘79266’、‘ICG6848’、 ‘白沙1016’、‘花17’在复水10天时仍未达到对照水平, 复水过程中抗旱性强的品种的光合参数显著高于抗旱性弱的品种。相关分析表明, 干旱胁迫14天和复水5天后, 花生的P_n、Φ_PSII、F_v/F_m、q_P与品种抗旱性呈极显著正相关。因此, 可在苗期用40%土壤相对含水量胁迫14天及复水5天时花生的P_n、Φ_PSII、F_v/F_m、q_P鉴定品种的干旱伤害程度及修复能力, ‘山花11号’可作为强干旱适应性鉴定的标准品种。     

干旱和复水对大豆光合生理生态特性的影响

选用大豆作为实验材料,研究干旱和复水对大豆光合生理的影响,以期为大豆抗旱栽培和高效利用水分提供理论依据.通过研究发现,在土壤相对含水量高于47%时,处理组大豆凌晨叶片水势和对照组相比基本没有下降,但当土壤相对含水量低于47%时,处理组叶片水势急剧下降,表现为一定的阈值反应,存在明显的凌晨叶水势临界值.大豆开花前期叶片的凌晨叶水势阈值约为-1.02MPa,低于此临界值,叶片水势急剧下降,叶片净光合速率也明显降低.研究发现,在实验的第3天,处理组土壤相对含水量为47%,叶片水势与对照组相比下降了7%,蒸腾速率为对照组的67%,净光合速率为对照组的90%,水分利用效率比对照组高35%,这说明大豆的蒸腾比光合对干旱更敏感.因此,可利用这一结果采取适度干旱等措施达到节水增产的目的.复水后大豆叶片水分状况得到改善,大豆叶片的净光合速率和蒸腾速率都表现为接近于直线的上升,气孔导度的恢复也很快,这表明大豆存在着胁迫解除后快速生长的特征.但是,干旱对大豆的生长等生理过程是否存在滞后效应,滞后效应的大小等问题还需要进一步的研究.     

Photosynthetic characteristics and growth of Mosla hangchowensis and M. dianthera under different irradiances

The photosynthetic and growth characteristics of Mosla hangchowensis, an endangered species and M. dianthera, a weed, were compared under three irradiances (PPFD) similar to shaded forest understory, forest edge and open land. Both species grown at lower PPFD had lower PPFD-saturated photosynthetic rate (P_max), saturation PPFD, compensation PPFD, apparent quantum yield, total mass and root/shoot ratio and higher specific leaf area, leaf area ratio and height ratio. At the same PPFD treatment, however, specific leaf area and leaf area ratio of M. hangchowensis were higher than those of M. dianthera, other above parameters were lower than those of M. dianthera. Water use efficiency did not differ between M. hangchowensis and M. dianthera, but it reached its maximum at 70 % of full PPFD. These results suggested the optimum habitat of M. hangchowensis is the forest edge.     

不同干旱处理刺槐、侧柏光合特性与内源脱落酸含量的相关关系

为揭示干旱介导植物光合同化能力的内源脱落酸(ABA)调控机制,以北京地区典型树种刺槐和侧柏为研究对象,探讨土壤快速干旱-复水(T1)和慢速干旱-复水(T2)处理下,树木碳同化与ABA器官分配模式间相关关系。结果表明:(1)刺槐与侧柏在T1和T2干旱处理阶段的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)均随土壤体积含水量(SWC)下降显著降低(P<0.05)。T1两树种P_n降幅(99.18%和57.30%)大于T2(91.97%和36.69%),且T1、T2刺槐P_n、G_s降幅均大于侧柏。T1和T2旱后复水阶段,T1两树种P_n、G_s恢复程度大于T2,刺槐光合能力恢复至胁迫处理前水平,而侧柏仅部分恢复。(2)T1和T2两树种叶片、小枝、粗根、细根ABA均随SWC下降显著上升(P<0.05),且T2两树种全株ABA上升幅度(21.21%和26.01%)均大于T1(13.71%和8.91%)。T1和T2两树种粗根在旱后复水阶段ABA显著低于干旱阶段,其它器官ABA均维持干旱阶段水平。(3)探究两树种光合特性与ABA相关关系随土壤水分变化的规律发现,T1和T2处理下两树种光合参数与ABA含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。SWC下降速度越慢,两树种光合参数与器官ABA协同变化程度越高,且刺槐光合、ABA两者相关系数高于侧柏。综上所述,光合参数、器官ABA含量变幅及其二者相互关系程度均显著受到土壤干旱节律的影响作用,且存在种间特异性。研究旨在揭示植物应对不同干旱胁迫的碳同化与内源激素调控响应机制,为区域城市园林耐旱林木的选培与管理提供理论参考。     

Effects of source-sink relations on photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO2

Abstract. While photosynthesis of C₃ plants is stimulated by an increase in the atmospheric CO₂ concentration, photosynthetic capacity is often reduced after long-term exposure to elevated CO₂. This reduction appears to be brought about by end product inhibition, resulting from an imbalance in the supply and demand of carbohydrates. A review of the literature revealed that the reduction of photosynthetic capacity in elevated CO₂ was most pronounced when the increased supply of carbohydrates was combined with small sink size. The volume of pots in which plants were grown affected the sink size by restricting root growth. While plants grown in small pots had a reduced photosynthetic capacity, plants grown in the field showed no reduction or an increase in this capacity. Pot volume also determined the effect of elevated CO₂ on the root/shoot ratio: the root/shoot ratio increased when root growth was not restricted and decreased in plants grown in small pots. The data presented in this paper suggest that plants growing in the field will maintain a high photosynthetic capacity as the atmospheric CO₂ level continues to rise.     

水分胁迫对大果沙枣光合特性及生物量分配的影响

选取大果沙枣1年生幼苗,盆栽于相对含水量分别为70%~75%(CK)、50%~55%(T1)、35%~40%(T2)和15%~20%(T3)的土壤中培养25 d,研究大果沙枣在水分胁迫下的光合特性变化和生物产量积累及其分配规律。结果显示:水分胁迫抑制了大果沙枣的光合作用,与对照相比,T2和T3处理导致净光合速率、叶片蒸腾速率和水分利用效率显著降低,气孔阻力、胞间二氧化碳浓度和叶绿素含量升高,而且光合午休明显,非气孔因素是干旱时大果沙枣净光合速率下降的主要原因;水分胁迫下,大果沙枣的生长受到抑制,地上部分和地下部分的干生物量积累同时降低,但地下干生物量降低的程度低于地上部分;干旱处理中,T3处理显著抑制大果沙枣的生长,但仍保持一定的生物量增加。结果表明:大果沙枣具有一定的自我调节与保护能力,在水分胁迫下大果沙枣趋于将更多的资源分配给根系,以提高根冠比而适应干旱的环境。     

干旱胁迫下菊芋各器官生物量及物质分配规律

以红皮和白皮菊芋为研究材料,通过设置不同的灌水梯度,研究了干旱胁迫对菊芋各器官生物量及物质分配规律的影响。试验结果表明,干旱胁迫降低了红皮和白皮菊芋各器官的生物量;其中,50%灌水条件下两种菊芋的总生物量、地上生物量和地下生物量显著高于10%、20%、30%和40%;红皮菊芋根冠比随着灌水量的减少呈现逐渐增加的变化趋势,白皮菊芋呈现"升-降-升"的变化趋势,且在相同水分处理条件下红皮菊芋茎叶比和根冠比均高于白皮;红皮菊芋随着灌水量的降低根系贡献率呈现逐渐增加的变化趋势,叶片贡献率、块茎贡献率、花贡献率、叶柄贡献率、茎秆贡献率均呈现逐渐降低的变化趋势,白皮菊芋块茎贡献率、花贡献率随灌水量的降低呈现逐渐降低的变化趋势,其他各器官的贡献率随灌水量降低没有规律可循。     

Phosphatase induction in roots of winter wheat during adaptation to phosphorus deficiency

The effect of phosphate supply during the first 4 weeks of the life cycle of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Martonvásári-8) was investigated by following growth of seedlings, P levels in roots and shoots, changes of soluble phosphatases in roots and alteration of Ca²⁺ - and Mg²⁺-ATPase activity in the microsomal fraction. Plants were grown in complete nutrient solution supplemented with different levels of phosphate. Maximal growth rate was attained at 0.2 m M phosphate. The total P level in plants increased with increasing phosphate concentration in the growth solution, however, it decreased with age. Microsomal ATPase activity in 14-day-old plants increased with phosphorus deficiency. Using phosphocellulose column chromatography, a phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) induced by phosphorus deficiency was purified and partially characterized from the 30 000 g supernatant from roots of 14- to 30-day-old wheat plants. Na-pyrophosphate, p -nitrophenylphosphate, ATP, ADP, AMP, O-phosphoryl- l -serine and glucose-6-phosphate were all substrates for the enzyme. Its native molecular weight was 42 kDa as determined by Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. Readdition of phosphate to the growth solution resulted in a gradual decrease of the phosphatase activity, probably due to repression of its synthesis. We hypothesize that the extra phosphatase may participate in the adaptation mechanism under phosphorus-deficient conditions.     

Photosynthetic limitations in response to water stress and recovery in Mediterranean plants with different growth forms

* Whether photosynthesis is limited during water stress and recovery because of diffusive or biochemical factors is still open to debate, and apparent contradictions appear when various studies on species with different growth forms are compared. * Ten Mediterranean species, representing different growth forms, were subjected to different levels of water stress, the most severe followed by rewatering. A quantitative limitation analysis was applied to estimate the effects of water stress on stomatal (S(L)), mesophyll conductance (MC(L)) and biochemical limitations (B(L)). * Results confirmed a general pattern of photosynthetic response to water stress among C(3) plants when stomatal conductance (g(s)) is used as a reference parameter. As g(s) values decreased from a maximum to approx. 0.05 mol H(2)O m(-2) s(-1), the total photosynthetic limitation rose from 0 to approx. 70%, and this was caused by a progressive increase of both S(L) and MC(L) limitations, while B(L) remained negligible. When lower values of g(s) were achieved (total photosynthetic limitation increased from 70 to 100%), the contribution of S(L) declined, while MC(L) still increased and B(L) contributed significantly (20-50%) to the total limitation. * Photosynthetic recovery of severely stressed plants after rewatering showed a dominant role of MC(L), irrespective of the degree of photosynthesis recovery.     

干旱胁迫对大豆鼓粒期叶片光合能力和根系生长的影响

以晋大70(抗旱型)和晋豆26(敏感型)2个大豆品种为材料,采用盆栽方法,在鼓粒期设置充分供水、轻度干旱和重度干旱3种水分处理,研究了干旱胁迫对大豆鼓粒期叶片光合能力和根系生长的影响.结果表明： 随着干旱程度加剧,2个品种的叶面积、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、叶片气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO₂浓度、株质量、株高、籽粒产量和收获指数均降低;根长和根质量在轻度干旱胁迫下增加,在重度干旱胁迫下减少;根冠比随干旱程度加剧而升高.重度干旱胁迫下,抗旱型品种晋大70根冠比的增幅达到135.7%,大于敏感型品种晋豆26根冠比的增幅(116.7%),晋大70的叶面积和叶绿素含量分别为对照的69.3%和85.5%,均优于晋豆26,晋大70的气孔导度和净光合速率分别下降了67.9%和77.9%,降幅均小于晋豆26,晋大70的收获指数的降幅为43.8%,小于晋豆26 (78.8%).不同干旱处理下,2个品种的叶面积、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO₂浓度两两之间均呈显著正相关;株质量、株高、根长、根质量、籽粒产量、收获指数两两之间均呈显著正相关;根冠比与根质量呈显著正相关,而与其他5个指标呈显著负相关.     

Strigolactones activate different hormonal pathways for regulation of root development in response to phosphate growth conditions

Background

Strigolactones (SLs) – a group of plant hormones and their derivatives – have been found to play a role in the regulation of root development, in addition to their role in suppression of lateral shoot branching: they alter root architecture and affect root-hair elongation, and SL signalling is necessary for the root response to low phosphate (Pi) conditions. These effects of SLs have been shown to be associated with differential activation of the auxin and ethylene signalling pathways.

Scope

The present review highlights recent findings on the activity of SLs as regulators of root development, in particular in response to low Pi stress, and discusses the different hormonal networks putatively acting with SLs in the root''s Pi response.

Conclusions

SLs are suggested to be key regulators of the adaptive responses to low Pi in the root by modulating the balance between auxin and ethylene signalling. Consequently, they impact different developmental programmes responsible for the changes in root system architecture under differential Pi supply.