Distribution of artemisinin and bioactive flavonoids from Artemisia annua L. during plant growth

Artemisia annua L. (Qinghao, Asteraceae) is a promising and potent antimalarial herbal drug. Its activity has been ascribed to the content of artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone that is very effective against drug-resistant Plasmodium. Many studies have pointed out that the presence of polymethoxyflavonoids in the phytocomplex can enhance the bioavailability or the activity of artemisinin. In this study the production of both artemisinin and flavonoids by plants of an aromatic ecotype of A. annua L. was characterized in different aerial parts of the plants at different developmental stages. The qualitative profile of the investigated plant parts was similar; in addition to artemisinin, four flavonoids were identified: chrysoplenetin, casticin, eupatin and artemetin. The highest contents of both flavonoids and artemisinin were found at the full blooming stage. At this developmental stage, artemisinin was higher in leaves than in inflorescences, while the total flavonoid levels were similar in both plant organs.     

Toll样受体4(TLR4)基因剔除小鼠构建及初步表型分析

目的 利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建Toll样受体4(TLR4)基因敲除小鼠模型,并观察突变小鼠对革兰氏阴性细菌脂多糖(LPS)刺激响应的变化。方法 针对TLR4基因外显子2设计并合成1对sgRNA片段,与编码Cas9的mRNA混合后通过受精卵显微注射方法,建立TLR4基因敲除小鼠,通过繁育获得基因敲除纯合子小鼠(TLR4^-/-小鼠);通过LPS刺激,分析TLR4^-/-小鼠对炎症应激的反应情况,并在分子和病理水平上和野生型对照(WT)进行比较。结果 PCR及测序检测表明TLR4基因外显子2在小鼠基因中被成功敲除;给予LPS刺激后,IL1β、IL6、MyD88、iNOS及TNFa等炎症因子的表达在野生型小鼠的心、肝和肺组织中显著上调,而在TLR4^-/-小鼠中则几乎没有变化;血生化指标显示LPS刺激后WT小鼠血清中的尿素(Urea)和肌酐(Cre)水平显著升高,而TLR4^-/-小鼠刺激前后无显著变化,病理分析同样发现TLR4^-/-小鼠能够抵抗LPS对肾组织的损伤。结论 利用CRISPR/Cas9技术成功构建了TLR4基因剔除小鼠模型,TLR4的缺失能够降低IL1β、IL6、MyD88、iNOS及TNFa炎症因子对LPS刺激的响应,抑制LPS引起的炎症反应及对组织的损伤。     

热带、亚热带典型森林-土壤系统植硅体碳演变规律

分别选取中国亚热带毛竹林、马尾松林、青冈林、杉木林和热带青梅林、芭蕉林、橡胶林、马占相思林8种森林类型,采集其鲜叶、凋落叶以及0～10和10～30 cm土层土壤,通过微波消解法提取其中的植硅体,并采用碱溶法测定植硅体中碳含量.结果表明: 4种亚热带森林类型鲜叶、凋落叶和0～10 cm土层中植硅体碳含量均以马尾松林(230.24、229.17、20.87 g·kg^-1)最高,毛竹林(30.55、37.37、3.38 g·kg^-1)最低,10～30 cm土层则以青冈林(18.54 g·kg^-1)最高,毛竹林(2.90 g·kg^-1)最低.热带森林鲜叶中植硅体碳含量以马占相思林(377.66 g·kg^-1)最高,青梅林(46.83 g·kg^-1)最低,凋落叶中则是橡胶林(218.23 g·kg^-1)最高,芭蕉林(27.66 g·kg^-1)最低,而0～10和10～30 cm土层土壤中均以马占相思林(23.84、24.90 g·kg^-1)最高,芭蕉林(3.89、3.93 g·kg^-1)最低.与0～10 cm表层土相比,杉木林、青冈林、马尾松林、毛竹林、橡胶林、马占相思林、芭蕉林和青梅林鲜叶植硅体碳含量分别下降97.4%、94.9%、90.9%、88.9%、95.9%、93.7%、93.3%和63.7%.青冈林、芭蕉林和马占相思林鲜叶植硅体碳含量显著高于凋落叶,而毛竹林、马尾松林、杉木林、青梅林和橡胶林之间无显著差异.8种森林类型土壤植硅体碳含量均显著低于鲜叶和凋落叶,表明植硅体在通过凋落物释放到土壤的过程中是不稳定的.     

紫云英配施化肥对水稻氮素吸收利用和紫云英氮在水稻-土壤体系分配、残留的影响

明确紫云英配施化肥条件下水稻对氮素吸收利用和紫云英氮在水稻-土壤体系的吸收利用、分配及残留规律,能够为豫南稻区合理施肥提供依据。本研究利用原状土柱模拟和¹⁵N示踪技术,研究等氮条件下不施肥(CK)、化肥+22500 kg·hm^-2紫云英(FM1)、化肥+30000 kg·hm^-2紫云英(FM2)、化肥+37500 kg·hm^-2紫云英(FM3)、化肥+22500 kg·hm^-2紫云英+石灰(FM1+CaO)、化肥+30000 kg·hm^-2紫云英+石灰(FM2+CaO)、化肥+37500 kg·hm^-2紫云英+石灰(FM3+CaO)对水稻氮素吸收利用、水稻-土壤体系氮素养分平衡和紫云英矿化分解的氮在水稻各部位吸收利用、分配及残留的影响。结果表明: 与CK相比,施肥显著提高了稻谷氮吸收量、稻秆氮吸收量和氮素表观损失量、氮素盈余量。稻谷氮吸收量、稻秆氮吸收量和水稻氮利用率随紫云英翻压量增加呈先升高后降低趋势,氮素表观损失量和氮素盈余量随紫云英翻压量增加呈先降低后上升趋势,均以翻压30000 kg·hm^-2紫云英配施化肥处理效果较好。增施石灰可提高水稻稻谷氮吸收量、稻秆氮吸收量和水稻氮利用率,降低氮素表观损失量和氮素盈余量,以FM2+CaO处理效果最好。各施肥处理水稻吸收的氮来源于紫云英的比例为6.3%～13.2%,来源于土壤和肥料的比例为86.8%～93.7%;水稻对紫云英氮的当季利用率为23.8%～33.6%,水稻各部位对紫云英氮的利用率表现为籽粒>茎叶>根;紫云英氮在土壤中的残留率为37.6%～62.4%,损失率为7.8%～38.6%。综合考虑水稻氮素吸收利用、水稻-土壤体系氮素养分平衡和紫云英氮在水稻中的分配状况,该研究区以FM2+CaO处理为最优。     

Primary root and root hair development regulation by OsAUX4 and its participation in the phosphate starvation response

Among the five members of AUX1/LAX genes coding for auxin carriers in rice, only OsAUX1 and OsAUX3 have been reported. To understand the function of the other AUX1/LAX genes, two independent alleles of osaux4 mutants, osaux4-1 and osaux4-2, were constructed using the CRISPR/Cas9 editing system. Homozygous osaux4-1 or osaux4-2 exhibited shorter primary root (PR) and longer root hair (RH) compared to the wild-type Dongjin (WT/DJ), and lost response to indoleacetic acid (IAA) treatment. OsAUX4 is intensively expressed in roots and localized on the plasma membrane, suggesting that OsAUX4 might function in the regulation of root development. The decreased meristem cell division activity and the downregulated expression of cell cycle genes in root apices of osaux4 mutants supported the hypothesis that OsAUX4 positively regulates PR elongation. OsAUX4 is expressed in RH, and osaux4 mutants showing longer RH compared to WT/DJ implies that OsAUX4 negatively regulates RH development. Furthermore, osaux4 mutants are insensitive to Pi starvation (-Pi) and OsAUX4 effects on the -Pi response is associated with altered expression levels of Pi starvation-regulated genes, and auxin distribution/contents. This study revealed that OsAUX4 not only regulates PR and RH development but also plays a regulatory role in crosstalk between auxin and -Pi signaling.     

褪黑素对铅胁迫下虎舌红和朱砂根生理响应及DNA损伤的调控效应

铅胁迫是影响植物生长的主要非生物因素之一。以二年生虎舌红(Ardisia mamillata)和朱砂根(A. crenata)为实验材料, 探究外源褪黑素(MT)处理对不同浓度铅胁迫下2种植物生理响应及DNA损伤的调控效应。结果表明, 相同处理时间内, 随着铅胁迫浓度的升高, 虎舌红与朱砂根的3种抗氧化酶活性、脯氨酸(Pro)及可溶性蛋白(SP)含量均先升高后降低, 而丙二醛(MDA)含量先降低后升高, 根尖胼胝质含量持续升高, 根系DNA损伤加剧。施加适宜浓度的外源褪黑素(MT)后, 不同浓度铅胁迫下2种植物的抗氧化酶活性得到有效增强, 且均在100 µmol∙L^-1 MT处理时达到最大值, Pro和SP含量均显著升高, MDA含量则先显著降低而后缓慢升高, 根尖胼胝质含量持续增加, 根系DNA损伤得到改善; 随着MT浓度的持续升高, 其缓解作用逐渐减弱。相较于虎舌红, 朱砂根对铅胁迫的抗性更强, 生理响应更稳定。施加外源MT可有效缓解铅胁迫对虎舌红和朱砂根的毒害作用(缓解效果朱砂根>虎舌红), 增强二者对铅毒的耐受性, 其中100 µmol∙L^-1 MT处理下缓解效果最佳。研究揭示了虎舌红和朱砂根抗铅性的优劣及外源MT对铅毒的缓解效应, 为紫金牛属植物抗铅性研究提供理论参考。     

The RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN53 immune complex associates with LLG1 to positively regulate plant immunity

Pattern recognition receptors(PRRs) sense ligands in pattern-triggered immunity(PTI). Plant PRRs include numerous receptor-like proteins(RLPs), but many RLPs remain functionally uncharacterized. Here, we examine an Arabidopsis thaliana RLP, RLP53, which positively regulates immune signaling. Our forward genetic screen for suppressors of enhanced disease resistance1(edr1) identified a point mutation in RLP53 that fully suppresses disease resistance and mildewinduced cell death in edr1 mutants. Th...     

滨海沙地主要造林树种叶片功能性状及养分重吸收特征

为探讨不同树种对滨海沙地干旱贫瘠环境的适应策略,以滨海沙地主要造林树种木麻黄、湿地松、厚荚相思和尾巨桉为对象,研究了不同树种叶片功能性状及养分重吸收特征.结果表明:阔叶树种(厚荚相思和尾巨桉)的叶面积、比叶面积显著高于针叶树种(木麻黄和湿地松),而针叶树叶干物质含量、叶厚度最高.成熟叶和凋落叶的N、P含量表现为阔叶树高于针叶树,成熟叶高于凋落叶,但凋落叶N∶P较高.针叶树种的N、P养分重吸收效率大于阔叶树种,P重吸收效率明显高于N,木麻黄、湿地松、厚荚相思和尾巨桉的N、P吸收效率分别为64.2%、63.1%、47.0%、16.8%和92.5%、81.6%、80.3%、18.0%.比叶面积与叶片N、P含量呈显著正相关,与叶干物质含量,叶厚度以及N、P养分重吸收效率呈显著负相关;叶干物质含量与叶厚度及N、P养分重吸收效率呈显著正相关.就叶片功能的权衡关系而言,木麻黄和湿地松属于缓慢投资-收益型物种,具有较高的养分重吸收效率,而厚荚相思和尾巨桉属于快速投资-收益型物种,养分的重吸收效率较低.不同滨海沙地造林树种通过叶片功能性状及养分重吸收之间的相互协调实现对滨海沙地特殊生境的适应性.     

The Arabidopsis phosphatase PP2C49 negatively regulates salt tolerance through inhibition of AtHKT1;1

Type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) are the largest protein phosphatase family. PP2Cs dephosphorylate substrates for signaling in Arabidopsis, but the functions of most PP2Cs remain unknown. Here, we characterized PP2C49 (AT3G62260, a Group G PP2C), which regulates Na⁺ distribution under salt stress and is localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus. PP2C49 was highly expressed in root vascular tissues and its disruption enhanced plant tolerance to salt stress. Compared with wild type, the pp2c49 mutant contained more Na⁺ in roots but less Na⁺ in shoots and xylem sap, suggesting that PP2C49 regulates shoot Na⁺ extrusion. Reciprocal grafting revealed a root‐based mechanism underlying the salt tolerance of pp2c49. Systemic Na⁺ distribution largely depends on AtHKT1;1 and loss of function of AtHKT1;1 in the pp2c49 background overrode the salt tolerance of pp2c49, resulting in salt sensitivity. Furthermore, compared with plants overexpressing PP2C49 in the wild‐type background, plants overexpressing PP2C49 in the athtk1;1 mutant background were sensitive to salt, like the athtk1;1 mutants. Moreover, protein–protein interaction and two‐voltage clamping assays demonstrated that PP2C49 physically interacts with AtHKT1;1 and inhibits the Na⁺ permeability of AtHKT1;1. This study reveals that PP2C49 negatively regulates AtHKT1;1 activity and thus determines systemic Na⁺ allocation during salt stress.     

群落演替对呼伦贝尔草地两种优势植物繁殖分配及生态化学计量的影响

为了探究草地群落演替过程中不同优势种的生理生态适应性,本研究采用空间代替时间序列的方法,分析呼伦贝尔草地米氏冰草群落—米氏冰草+冰草群落—冰草群落演替系列的土壤养分、两优势种的生物量及C、N和P含量。结果表明: 随着米氏冰草群落—米氏冰草+冰草群落—冰草群落的演替,土壤全碳、全氮、速效氮及速效磷含量均显著升高;米氏冰草和冰草叶、茎和根的N、P含量及N/P均显著升高,而各构件的C/N降低;米氏冰草叶的C含量及冰草叶、茎和根的C含量均显著升高。米氏冰草叶C/P及冰草根和叶C/P均显著升高,而米氏冰草根和茎C/P及冰草茎C/P均显著下降。在米氏冰草+冰草共优势种群落中,米氏冰草通过降低茎和根C含量,增加叶C的积累,提高其种间竞争力, 而冰草通过降低根冠比和生殖比来适应环境变化。米氏冰草在不同群落中均受N限制(N/P<14);而冰草在单优势种群落中受P限制(N/P>16),在共优势种群落中受N和P限制(14相似文献   

利用锌特异性探针HL~1示踪植物细胞外Zn~(2+)的分布

以拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)和谷子(Setaria italic)为研究材料,利用锌特异性探针HL1,使用荧光分光光度仪、等温滴定热量测定仪(ITC200)和倒置荧光显微镜等仪器探究了该化学探针的特性以及植物细胞外游离Zn~(2+)的分布。结果表明,当HL1与不同元素溶液混合时,只与Zn~(2+)特异性结合,在紫外光(UV)激发下,发射出波长为500 nm的蓝色荧光;生成物的平衡解离常数KD=7.02×10–4 mol·L–1,具有很好的稳定性。拟南芥叶片中的Zn~(2+)分布于细胞间隙及叶表皮毛的外周和表层,且叶表皮毛的荧光强度具有明显的浓度依赖性;谷子叶片中的Zn~(2+)分布在细胞间隙以及维管组织。拟南芥根中的Zn~(2+)分布于根的伸长区,且荧光强度也明显地表现出与浓度相关。由此推断,根伸长区与Zn~(2+)运输有关,叶的维管组织是植物细胞外运输Zn~(2+)的主要途径,细胞间隙和叶表皮毛是植物储存Zn~(2+)的主要区域。HL1适用于检测细胞外Zn~(2+)的分布。     

“绿色革命”新进展:赤霉素与氮营养双重调控的表观修饰助力水稻高产高效育种

以半矮秆育种为代表的“绿色革命”极大地提高了作物产量,但也带来氮营养利用效率降低的严重问题。“绿色革命”主要基于调控赤霉素的代谢和信号转导而实现。前期的研究发现,赤霉素信号转导关键因子DELLA蛋白通过调控GRF4而负调控氮素的吸收利用,为半矮秆品系氮利用效率低的问题提供了解决方案。最近的一项研究进一步揭示了GA信号途径与氮响应交叉互作的新机制。该研究发现水稻(Oryza sativa)NGR5是氮素调控分蘖数目的一个关键基因,其表达受氮诱导。通过招募PRC2,NGR5对D14和OsSPL14等分蘖抑制基因所在位点进行H3K27me3甲基化修饰,从而抑制其表达。而在半矮秆背景下超表达NGR5可以提高低氮水平下的水稻产量。NGR5同时也被发现为赤霉素受体GID1的一个新靶标,受到其负调控。该研究发现了调控赤霉素信号通路的新机制,并对高产高效的新一代“绿色革命”育种实践具有重要启示。     

种植模式对当归根际细菌群落多样性及代谢通路的影响

连作障碍严重限制了当归产业的可持续发展。为了探索当归(Angelica sinensis)高效栽培技术,本研究在当归主产区甘肃省渭源县设置5种种植模式(A: 豌豆-当归-当归,对照;B: 豌豆-小麦-当归;C: 豌豆-蒙古黄芪-当归;D: 豌豆-马铃薯-当归;E: 豌豆-休耕-当归),于采挖期分别测定不同种植模式下,当归根际土壤理化特性和细菌基因组DNA相对丰度,分析不同种植模式对当归根际土壤理化特性、细菌群落多样性和代谢通路的影响。结果表明: 1) 5种种植模式下当归根际土壤理化特性差异较大。与对照相比,C模式根际土壤的电导率显著增加,B、D和E模式的电导率略有下降,B、C、D和E模式的土壤CO₂呼吸速率显著提高。2) 5种种植模式的当归根际土壤细菌隶属于26门368属,其中,芽单胞菌门的芽单胞菌属、变形菌门的鞘脂单胞菌属和酸杆菌门的Subgroup_6属为优势菌属。与对照相比,B、C模式变形菌门和放线菌门的相对丰度显著增加,D模式酸杆菌门的相对丰度显著降低;E模式变形菌门、酸杆菌门和放线菌门的相对丰度显著增加。3) 5种种植模式下,当归根际土壤的pH值、电导率、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量与变形菌门细菌的相对丰度呈显著负相关。4) 5种种植模式下,当归根际土壤中6种代谢通路细菌的相对丰度差异显著。C模式对当归根际土壤理化特性和细菌群落有较好的调节作用,是克服当归连作障碍的主要种植模式。     

白音华矿区草地群落主要物种组成及空间分布

以内蒙古白音华矿区周边草地为对象,研究了矿区草地植物群落的主要物种组成及其空间分布特征。结果表明: 草地群落共出现55种植物,优势种为大针茅、黄囊苔草和糙隐子草,常见种有羊草、冰草和知母等,该6个物种的累计相对重要值为79.6%,其密度分别为 26.6、204.7、105.4、107.1、68.2和55.1株·m^-2。对6个主要物种的种群密度通过半方差函数进行模型拟合, 其种群分布分别符合指数模型、指数模型、指数模型、球状模型、线性模型和高斯模型;对其空间分布格局进行分析,各种群的结构比分别为59.2%、97.2%、89.1%、94.5%、62.6%和72.1%,表明黄囊苔草、糙隐子草和羊草种群的空间自相关性程度均较高, 主要受结构性因素影响, 而大针茅、冰草和知母种群主要受随机性因素影响。对分形维数进行分析发现, 大针茅、黄囊苔草、糙隐子草和冰草种群分布格局较简单,空间依赖性较强,而羊草和知母种群分布格局较复杂,空间依赖性较弱,结合2D及3D图看, 大针茅和知母呈现出梯度扩散,而黄囊苔草、糙隐子草、羊草和冰草则主要呈现斑块化分布,表明矿区草地群落主要物种的空间分布与开矿无显著关联性。     

First record of Alicia mirabilis (Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from the Aegean Sea and density assessment with distance sampling in a site of high abundance

The occurrence of the actiniarian Alicia mirabilis in the Aegean Sea is documented for the first time from five sites in the Saronikos Gulf. The density of A. mirabilis was assessed in one site (Lychnari bay) with line transects (underwater distance sampling with SCUBA). Its density ranged between 0 and 4.3 individuals are^-1 (1 are=100 m²) with a mean of 1.1±0.5 individuals are^-1. The species was found in a variety of substrates (sandy bottoms, weeds, seagrass beds, rocks, litter) and its distribution was aggregated. Distance sampling was an efficient way to estimate the density of A. mirabillis and is proposed as a good choice for density estimations of actiniarians and other benthic fauna.