Stable free radicals in ozone-damaged wheat leaves

Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were performed on attached leaves of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Nandu) that were exposed to ambient air and to air supplemented with 80 and 120nmol mol^-1 ozone. Decreases in the “current photochemical capacity” were observed that were dependent on both the ozone concentration and duration of exposure. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra on freeze-dried samples from the same batches of plants showed the presence of an unidentified stable free radical, whose spectra had similarities to that of the ubisemiquinone radical. The intensity of this radical signal increased with the duration of ozone exposure in leaves that received an additional 120nmol mol^-1 ozone. In contrast, with exposure to air with 80nmol mol^-1 added ozone, there was little if any change in free radical signal intensity over the 4 week period of the experiment. The increase in intensity of the EPR signal occurred later than the chlorophyll fluorescence changes, which suggests that it is associated with permanent leaf damage.     

大气臭氧浓度升高对银杏叶片活性氧代谢及相关基因表达的影响

采用开顶式气室熏蒸法,设置自然条件下臭氧(O₃)浓度(对照,约40 nmol·mol^-1)、80、160及200 nmol·mol^-14个臭氧浓度,观测了不同浓度臭氧条件下银杏叶片可见伤害、活性氧生成量、抗氧化酶活性及相关基因表达变化情况,分析大气臭氧浓度升高对植物活性氧代谢的影响.结果表明: 160和200 nmol·mol^-1 O₃熏蒸明显伤害银杏叶片,80 nmol·mol^-1与对照无差异,无可见伤害.O₃处理20 d后,160和200 nmol·mol^-1条件下银杏叶片的超氧自由基(O₂^-·)产生速率显著高于80 nmol·mol^-1和对照,而80 nmol·mol^-1与对照无差异;O₃处理40 d后,160和200 nmol·mol^-1熏蒸下叶片过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量显著高于80 nmol·mol^-1和对照,而过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于80 nmol·mol^-1和对照,各臭氧处理抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性均低于对照.熏蒸40 d后,CAT、APX基因的转录表达持续加强;防御素(GbD)的表达强度则随着臭氧浓度的增加及熏蒸时间的延长而呈显著加强.高浓度臭氧胁迫可使银杏叶片活性氧生成量增加、抗氧化酶活性下降、相关基因表达水平上调,有明显可见叶片伤害.     

Photosynthesis in ozone-exposed duckweed (Lemna gibba)

The photosynthetic light saturation curve in duckweed was lowered by 20–25% after ozone exposure (300 nmol mol⁻¹, 1 h). The light flux and oxygen concentration during ozone-exposure had no effect on reduction of net photosynthesis. Net photosynthesis and photorespiration were both depressed by about 40% after exposure for 1 h to 360 nmol mol⁻¹ ozone. We could not find any change in dark respiration after ozone exposure below 300 nmol mol⁻¹. When the concentration of ozone was doubled from 150 nmol mol⁻¹ to 300 nmol mol⁻¹, the uptake of ozone in duckweed changed from 100 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹ to 170 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. We found no differences in fluorescence (pattern) between ozone treated plants and the control plants during a period of 150 min after ozone treatment, but there was an increase in synthesis of the Dl-protein and a significant reduction in degradation after ozone treatment (300 nmol mol⁻¹, 1 h). These results, together with fluorescence measurements, indicate that photochemical electron transport was not responsible for the ozone-induced reduction in net photosynthesis.     

Effects of ozone on apoplast/cytoplasm partitioning of ascorbic acid in snap bean

Apoplast/cytoplasm partitioning of ascorbic acid (AA) was examined in four genotypes of snap bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) known to differ in ozone sensitivity. Plants were grown in pots under field conditions using open-top chambers to establish charcoal-filtered (CF) air (36 nmol mol⁻¹ ozone) or elevated ozone (77 nmol mol⁻¹ ozone) treatments. AA in fully expanded leaves of 36-day-old plants was separated into apoplast and cytoplasm fractions by vacuum infiltration methods using glucose 6-phosphate as a marker for cytoplasm contamination. Apoplast ascorbate levels ranged from 30 to 150 nmol g⁻¹ fresh weight. Ozone-sensitive genotypes partitioned 1–2% of total AA into the apoplast under CF conditions and up to 7% following a 7-day ozone exposure. In contrast, an ozone-tolerant genotype partitioned 3–4% of total leaf AA into the leaf apoplast in both CF and ozone-treated plants. The results suggest that genetic background and ozone stress are factors that affect AA levels in the extracellular space. For all genotypes, the fraction of AA in the oxidized form was higher in the apoplast compared to the cytoplasm, indicative of a more oxidizing environment within the cell wall.     

Steady state levels of free radicals in tomato fruit exposed to drought and ozone stress in a field experiment

The influence of drought and elevated ozone levels on the free radical contents of fruit from tomato has been investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Under water deficit no differences in the signal intensity were observed between drought-stressed and control fruits, or between different harvests, from the same variety, whereas a reduction in the stomatal conductance of leaves under water deficit indicated a physiological effect of the drought stress on plants. One of the varieties investigated (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Kremser Perle) generally showed higher radical levels than the other two. For relatively short periods of stress (≤ 20 d), the free radical contents of fruits that had received moderate ozone exposure were significantly higher than in fruits grown in filtered chambers with charcoal filtered air. However, all fruits had similar free radical levels after ~25 d of ozone fumigation.     

臭氧浓度升高对坪用高羊茅生长、亚细胞结构及活性氧代谢的影响

通过开顶箱(OTCs)模拟,以环境臭氧(O₃)浓度约40 nmol·mol^-1为对照,研究大气O₃浓度升高(80和160 nmol·mol^-1O₃)对冷季型草坪草高羊茅生长、亚细胞结构及其活性氧代谢的影响.结果表明: 14 d的80 nmol·mol^-1O₃熏蒸使高羊茅株高和叶宽降低,总生物量降低43.7%,老叶变黄,而160 nmol·mol^-1O₃处理高羊茅叶出现大量枯死褐斑,叶尖坏死,新叶卷曲,总生物量降低46.2%,叶肉细胞膜卷曲,叶绿体和线粒体受损严重.与对照相比,80和160 nmol·mol^-1O₃熏蒸下高羊茅叶片超氧阴离子(O₂^-·)产生速率、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加,抗氧化酶活性显著升高,但叶片总酚含量和抗氧化能力随O₃浓度升高而先升高后降低.在明显O₃伤害症状出现之前,O₃已对高羊茅的生长和抗氧化代谢产生不利影响;高羊茅抗氧化系统虽对O₃浓度的升高存在一定的适应性反应,但其不能抵御过高浓度的长期胁迫和伤害.     

Ozone tolerance in snap bean is associated with elevated ascorbic acid in the leaf apoplast

Ascorbic acid (AA) in the leaf apoplast has the potential to limit ozone injury by participating in reactions that detoxify ozone and reactive oxygen intermediates and thus prevent plasma membrane damage. Genotypes of snap bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L) were compared in controlled environments and in open-top field chambers to assess the relationship between extracellular AA content and ozone tolerance. Vacuum infiltration methods were employed to separate leaf AA into extracellular and intracellular fractions. For plants grown in controlled environments at low ozone concentration (4 nmol mol⁻¹ ozone), leaf apoplast AA was significantly higher in tolerant genotypes (300–400 nmol g⁻¹ FW) compared with sensitive genotypes (approximately 50 nmol g⁻¹ FW), evidence that ozone tolerance is associated with elevated extracellular AA. For the open top chamber study, plants were grown in pots under charcoal-filtered air (CF) conditions and then either maintained under CF conditions (29 nmol mol⁻¹ ozone) or exposed to elevated ozone (67 nmol mol⁻¹ ozone). Following an 8-day treatment period, leaf apoplast AA was in the range of 100–190 nmol g⁻¹ FW for all genotypes, but no relationship was observed between apoplast AA content and ozone tolerance. The contrasting results in the two studies demonstrated a potential limitation in the interpretation of extracellular AA data. Apoplast AA levels presumably reflect the steady-state condition between supply from the cytoplasm and utilization within the cell wall. The capacity to detoxify ozone in the extracellular space may be underestimated under elevated ozone conditions where the dynamics of AA supply and utilization are not adequately represented by a steady-state measurement.     

Antioxidant metabolite levels in ozone-sensitive and tolerant genotypes of snap bean

Ozone-sensitive and tolerant genotypes of snap bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were compared for differences in leaf ascorbic acid (vitamin C), glutathione and α -tocopherol (vitamin E) content to determine whether antioxidant levels were related to ozone tolerance. Seven genotypes were grown in pots under field conditions during the months of June and July. Open top chambers were used to establish either a charcoal filtered (CF) air control (36 nmol mol⁻¹ ozone) or a treatment where CF air was supplemented with ozone from 8:00 to 20:00 h with a daily 12 h mean of 77 nmol mol⁻¹. Fully expanded leaves were analyzed for ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, glutathione, guaiacol peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) and α -tocopherol. Leaf ascorbic acid was the only variable identified as a potential factor in ozone tolerance. Tolerant genotypes contained more ascorbic acid than sensitive lines, but the differences were not always statistically significant. Genetic differences in glutathione and α -tocopherol were also observed, but no relationship with ozone tolerance was found. Guaiacol peroxidase activity and leaf α -tocopherol content increased in all genotypes following a one week ozone exposure, indicative of a general ozone stress response. Ozone had little effect on the other variables tested. Overall, ozone sensitive and tolerant plants were not clearly distinguished by differences in leaf antioxidant content. The evidence suggests that screening for ozone tolerance based on antioxidant content is not a reliable approach.     

亚洲季风区大气CH4浓度时空变化特征与影响因素

基于2009—2018年亚洲季风区7个大气本底站[印度尼西亚Bukit Kototabang(BKT)站、中国鹿林(LLN)站和瓦里关(WLG)站、日本Ryori(RYO)站和Yonagunijima(YON)站、韩国Tae-ahn Peninsula(TAP)站、蒙古Ulaan Uul(UUM)站]地面观测资料,利用谐波模型拟合和最大信息非参数探索方法,对亚洲季风区大气CH₄浓度时空变化特征及影响因素进行分析。结果表明: 亚洲季风区大气CH₄浓度范围在1853.04～1935.61 nmol·mol^-1,高于同期美国夏威夷Mauna Loa(MLO)站观测值(1838.33 nmol·mol^-1),总体呈现由北向南依次递减的纬向分布特征,两个高值中心为韩国TAP站(1935.61 nmol·mol^-1)和日本RYO站(1907.19 nmol·mol^-1)。大气CH₄浓度平均季振幅最大为日本YON站(108.20 nmol·mol^-1),最小为中国WLG站(29.48 nmol·mol^-1),同时韩国TAP(4.49 nmol·mol^-1·a^-1)站表现出更高的季振幅变化速率;除中国WLG站和韩国TAP站外,其他本底站均呈现夏低冬高的季节循环特征;从长期变化上看,中国LLN站(7.68 nmol·mol^-1·a^-1)和WLG站(7.56 nmol·mol^-1·a^-1)大气CH₄浓度增长趋势最明显。相对于风速而言,气温和降水量对亚洲季风区大气CH₄浓度的影响程度更高,两个气象因子与大气CH₄浓度之间均呈现显著负相关;局地排放对部分站点大气CH₄浓度具有显著正向效应。     

Survival and recovery of perennial forage grasses under prolonged Mediterranean drought: II. Water status, solute accumulation, abscisic acid concentration and accumulation of dehydrin transcripts in bases of immature leaves

Effects of ozone on spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Satu) were studied in an open-top chamber experiment during two growing seasons (1992–1993) at Jokioinen in south-west Finland. The wheat was exposed to filtered air (CF), non-filtered air (NF), non-filtered air+35 nl l⁻¹ ozone for 8 h d⁻¹ (NF⁺) and ambient air (AA). Each treatment was replicated five times. Two wk after anthesis, after 4 wk of ozone treatment (NF⁺, 45 nl l⁻¹ 1000–1800 hours, seasonal mean) the net CO₂ uptake of wheat flag leaves was decreased by c . 40% relative to CF and NF treatments, both initial and total activity of Rubisco and the quantity of protein-bound SH groups were decreased significantly. Added ozone also significantly accelerated flag leaf senescence recorded as a decrease in chloroplast size. The effect was significant 2 wk after anthesis, and senescence was complete after 4 wk. In the CF and NF treatments senescence was complete 5 wk after anthesis. The significant effect of ozone on the chloroplasts and net CO₂ uptake 2 wk after anthesis did not affect the grain filling rate. However, since the grain filling period was shorter for ozone fumigated plants, kernels were smaller. The decrease in 1000-grain weight explained most of the yield reduction in the plants under NF⁺ treatment. The results indicate that wheat plants are well buffered against substantial decrease in source activity, and that shortened flag leaf duration is the major factor causing ozone-induced yield loss.     

Free radical generation and antioxidant content in chloroplasts from soybean leaves exposed to ultraviolet-B

The aim of this work was to study the effect of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) exposure on oxidative status in chloroplasts isolated from soybean ( Glycine max cv . Hood). Chloroplasts were isolated from soybean leaves excised from either control seedlings or those exposed to 30 and 60 kJ m⁻² day⁻¹ of UV-B radiation for 4 days. Chloroplastic oxidative conditions were assessed as carbon-centered radical, carbonyl groups and ascorbyl radical content. Treatment with UV-B increased the carbon-centered radical-dependent EPR signal significantly by 55 and 100% in chloroplasts from leaves exposed to 30 and 60 kJ m⁻² day⁻¹ UV-B, respectively, compared to radical content in chloroplasts from control leaves. The content of carbonyl groups increased by 37 and 62% in chloroplasts isolated from soybean leaves irradiated for 4 days with 30 and 60 kJ m⁻² day⁻¹ UV-B, respectively. The content of soluble metabolites in isolated chloroplasts should not be taken as absolute in vivo values; however, these data are valuable for comparative studies. UV-B exposure did not significantly affect ascorbyl radical content compared to controls. The content of ascorbic acid and thiols in chloroplasts isolated from leaves exposed to 60 kJ m⁻² day⁻¹ UV-B was increased by 117 and 20.8%, respectively, compared to controls. Neither the content of total carotene nor that of β -carotene or α -tocopherol was affected by the irradiation. The results presented here suggest that the increased content of lipid radicals and oxidized proteins in the chloroplasts isolated from leaves exposed to UV-B could be ascribed to both the lack of antioxidant response in the lipid soluble fraction and the modest increase in the soluble antioxidant content.     

水稻叶片光合作用对开放式空气CO2浓度增高(FACE)的响应与适应

利用便携式光合气体分析系统(LI-6400),比较测定了高CO₂浓度(FACE,free-airCO₂enrichment)和普通空气CO₂浓度下生长的水稻叶片的净光合速率、水分利用率、表观量子效率和RuBP羧化效率等光合参数.在各自生长CO₂浓度(380vs580μmol·mol^-1)下测定时,高CO₂浓度(580μmol·mol^-1)下生长的水稻叶片的净光合速率、碳同化的表观量子效率和水分利用率明显高于普通空气(380μmol·mol^-1)下生长的水稻叶片.但是,随着FACE处理时间的延长,高CO₂浓度对净光合速率的促进作用逐渐减小.在相同CO₂浓度下测定时,FACE条件下生长的水稻叶片净光合速率和羧化效率明显比普通空气下生长的对照低.尽管高CO₂浓度下生长的水稻叶片的气孔导度明显低于普通空气中生长的水稻叶片,但两者胞间CO₂浓度差异不显著,因此高CO₂浓度下生长的水稻叶片光合下调似乎不是由气孔导度降低造成的.     

Ozone sensitivity in Triticum durum and T. aestivum with respect to leaf injury, photosynthetic activity and free radical content

Sensitivity to ozone is highly variable in cultivars of different wheat species, leading to differences in leaf injury and yield. Not much is known about the physiological background of these differences. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of ozone on photosynthetic parameters in Triticum aestivum L. (spring wheat cv. Nandu, winter wheat cv. Perlo) and Triticum durum Desf. (cv. Extradur). Plants cultivated in pots were exposed to 80 nmol mol^?1 ozone, or were used as control plants in a greenhouse. Stages of growth and senescence of single leaves were recorded. Light-saturated net photosynthesis, leaf conductance for water vapour, and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured. Stomatal limitation was calculated from CO₂ response curves, and the free radical content of whole leaves measured by EPR spectroscopy. Senescence of single leaves was enhanced by the ozone-treatment in all three cultivars, in the order Nandu > Perlo > Extradur. Development of whole plants was slightly delayed in Perlo and Nandu, but was accelerated significantly in Extradur. The rate of net photosynthesis under light saturation (A_sat) decreased significantly in older, ozone-fumigated leaves of Perlo and Nandu but not of Extradur. Leaf conductance (g₁) showed a similar behaviour, but stomatal limitation (l) was similar between ozone-treated and control plants. Thus, an ozone-induced closure of stomata was not the reason for the observed difference in A_sat. Perlo and Nandu showed a significant, only partly reversible decrease in F_v/F_m in ozone-fumigated leaves, whereas in Extradur the decrease was fully reversible only in older leaves. Whole leaves of Extradur, in contrast to Perlo and Nandu, showed no increase in EPR free radical signals. The higher ozone tolerance of Extradur was thus not caused by decreased ozone uptake via the stomata, but by a better ability of photosynthetically active mesophyll cells to cope with photooxidative stress.     

地表臭氧浓度升高与干旱交互作用对杨树非结构性碳水化合物积累和叶根分配的短期影响

人类活动加剧和全球变化导致植物在生长季同时受到高浓度地表臭氧(O₃)和干旱的双重胁迫。为了探究两者对植物非结构性碳水化合物(TNC)积累和分配的影响, 该实验采用开顶式气室研究了2种O₃浓度(CF, 过滤空气; NF40, NF (未过滤空气) + 40 nmol·mol ^-1 O₃)和2个水分处理(对照, 充分灌溉; 干旱, 非充分灌溉)及其交互作用对杨树基因型‘546’ (Populus deltoides cv. ‘55/56’ × P. deltoides cv. ‘Imperial’)叶片和细根中TNC及其组分(葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、多糖、总可溶性糖和淀粉)含量的影响。结果表明: O₃浓度升高显著降低杨树叶片中淀粉和TNC的含量, 增加葡萄糖、果糖和总可溶性糖含量, 但对细根中淀粉和总可溶性糖含量的影响不显著。干旱胁迫显著增加细根中果糖和多糖含量, 降低蔗糖含量, 但对叶片中淀粉和总可溶性糖含量的影响不显著。充分灌溉下O₃浓度升高显著增加了杨树叶片多糖和总可溶性糖含量, 而干旱下O₃浓度升高显著增加了TNC含量的根叶比。该研究结果发现O₃主要影响叶片中TNC及各组分的含量, 而干旱主要影响细根中TNC及各组分的含量。从杨树叶片TNC的响应来看, 适度的水分限制有助于减缓O₃的负面伤害。     

Combination of u.v.-B. and ozone reduces pollen tube growth more than either stress alone

The rate of in vitro Nicotiana tabacum L. “Bel-W3” pollen tube growth was reduced 62 and 44%, respectively, when pollen tubes were exposed to 120 ppb ozone (O₃) for 3 hr or 300 μW/cm² ultraviolet-B (u.v.-B) radiation for 30 min. Petunia hybrida Vilm. “White Cascade” pollen tube growth was reduced 34 and 59%, respectively, upon exposure to O₃ or u.v.-B at the above doses. The combination of u.v.-B at 300 μW/cm² for 30 min, followed by O₃ at 120 ppb for 3 hr, reduced pollen tube growth by 79% for “Bel-W3” and 75% for “White Cascade”. The effect appeared to be additive, implying that different target areas may be affected by the two stressors. In the Northeast, plants are exposed to both u.v.-B and O₃ during the normal growing season. This may result in an unexpectedly higher stress on the reproductive system than had been previously suspected based on these two stressors acting individually.     

水稻田稗草叶片光合作用对开放式空气CO2浓度增高(FACE)的适应

于分蘖、拔节和抽穗3个时期在空气CO₂浓度(380μmol·mol^-1)下测定稻田中稗草叶片的净光合速率(Pn),发现在开放式CO₂浓度增高(FACE)条件下生长的稗草叶片后2个时期的Pn显著低于普通空气中生长的对照,比对照下降约20%,说明FACE条件下稗草叶片光合作用对高CO₂浓度发生了明显的适应.同时,叶片的气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)的下降更为明显.与对照相比,叶片可溶性蛋白含量明显降低,拔节期只有对照的62.4%;高CO₂浓度下生长的稗草叶片Rubisco含量也降低,分蘖期和拔节期分别为对照的87%和84%,但其差异未达到显著水平.可以认为,长期生长在高CO₂浓度下的C₄植物稗草叶片光合作用的适应是叶片气孔部分关闭和可溶性蛋白含量下降的结果.     

Use of Bel-W3 Tobacco as indicator plant for atmospheric ozone during different seasons in the coastal zone of Israel

Bel-W3 Tobacco, which is highly sensitive to ozone, was grown in two glass chambers and exposed to the ambient air at the periphery of Tel-Aviv, during winter, spring, summer and autumn 1978. During the exposure time, atmospheric ozone was continuously measured by a chemiluminescent monitor. Throughout the experiments, plants' height was measured and the number of leaves was determined three times weekly. The extent of injury to the tobacco plants was measured by the percentage of injured plants, the percentage of injured leaves and the percentage of leaves' area injured. Necrotic lesions, typical for ozone injury, appeared on the mature leaves of the exposed tobacco plants in three out of four exposures. Appearance of incipient injury differed among the experiments and depended not only on exposure duration and on ozone concentrations, but also on the exposure conditions (like light intensity, temperature and humidity), which considerably influenced the appearance of the injury. The percentage of injured leaves and the percentage of leaves' area injured, increased with the duration of exposure and with rising cumulative ozone concentrations.Presented at the Eighth International Congress of Biometeorology 9–14 September 1979, Shefayim, Israel.     

The response of sensitive and tolerant clones of Populus tremuloides to dynamic ozone exposure under controlled environmental conditions

Both sensitive and tolerant clones of aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) were exposed to ozone using four different exposure regimes under controlled environmental conditions. Based on data on ambient ozone from 10 cities in the USA, three treatments of 4-wk exposure to the same SUM06 (an accumulation of hourly O₃ concentrations greater than 0.06 ml l⁻¹) were constructed. The regimes allowed us to investigate: (a) the importance of long (3 wk, treatment 1) versus short (1 wk, treatment 2) duration of regimes with high peaks; (b) the effect of treatments with variable peak occurrence (treatments 1 and 2) versus uniform peak occurrence (treatment 3) during the exposure period. Nonfumigated control plants were maintained at ozone concentrations <10 nl l⁻¹. Bifacial black necrosis, a typical symptom of ozone injury on aspen leaves, occurred on both clones after 2 wk exposure. Up to 60% of the leaves on the sensitive clone were injured, with an average of 6% of total leaf area injured. In the tolerant clone only 10% of the leaves were injured, with less than 1% of the total leaf area symptomatic. The severity of injury was consistently greatest in treatment 2, followed by treatments 1 and 3, respectively. The interval between peak exposures was less important than the occurrence of peaks versus a stable maximum concentration. Premature leaf abscission occurred in the sensitive clone. Measures of gas exchange demonstrated reduced photosynthesis under ozone fumigation, but exposure regime was not a significant factor. Concentrations of two antioxidants, ascorbic acid and glutathione, were almost always greater in the resistant than in the sensitive clone, but the differences were not statistically significant. The levels of these antioxidants in aspen leaves did not change with ozone fumigation or leaf age.     

CO2浓度升高条件下长白赤松幼苗种植密度对净光合速率的影响

The effect of Pinus sylvestriformis seedlings density on net photosynthetic rate was studied under elevated CO₂. Atmospheric CO₂ concentration was controlled in OTC (Open Top Chamber). The results showed that elevated CO₂ not only made net photosynthetic rates (NPRs) of two Pinus sylvestriformis seedlings densities increased,but also mitigated their intra-specific competition. Meanwhile,the difference of seedling NPRs between100 and 400 plant·m^-2 under 500 μmol·mol^-1 air CO₂ concentration was less than that under 350 μmol·mol^-1 with the same PARlevels. When air CO₂ concentration reached 700 μmol·mol^-1, the NPRs of seedlings under both planting densities were close to each other with the same PARlevels. The intra-specific competition was minimized under air CO₂ concentration of 700 μmol·mol^-1.     

大气CO2浓度升高对香蕉光合作用及光合碳循环过程中叶氮分配的影响

生长在高CO₂浓度(700±5μl·L^-1)1周的香蕉叶片,其光合速率(Pn,μmol·m^-2·s^-1)为5.14±0.32,较生长在大气CO₂浓度(356±301μl·L^-1)的高22.1%,而生长在较高CO₂浓度下8周,叶片Pn较生长在大气CO₂浓度的低18.1%,表现香蕉叶片对较长期高CO₂浓度的驯化和光合作用抑制.生长在高CO₂浓度的香蕉叶片有较低光下呼吸速率(R_d),而不包括光下呼吸的CO₂补偿点则变幅较小.最大羧化速率(Vcmax)和电子传递速率(J)分别较生长在大气CO₂浓度的低30.5%和14.8%,根据气体交换速率计算的表观量子产率(α,mol CO₂·mol^-1光量子),生长在较高CO₂浓度下8周的叶片为0.014±0.01,而生长在大气CO₂浓度下的为0.025±0.005.较高CO₂浓度下叶片的表观量子产率降低44%.光能转换效率electrons·quanta^-1)亦从0.203降低至0.136.生长在较高CO₂浓度下香蕉叶片的叶氮在Rubicos分配系数(PR)、叶氮在生物力能学组分分配系数(P_B)和叶氮在光捕组分的分配系数(P_L)均较生长在大气CO₂浓度低,表明在高CO₂浓度下较长期生长(8周)的香蕉叶片多个光合过程受抑制,光合活性明显降低.