Freshwater Crustacea (Cladocera,Copepoda) of Iceland: taxonomy,ecology, and biogeography

Of the many types of freshwater bodies across Iceland (e.g., lakes, springs, rivers, and ponds), greater effort has been invested in researching the freshwater Crustacea (Cladocera, Copepoda) of more permanent, larger, and deeper water bodies than on smaller or more ephemeral sites. To address this, we described the fauna of 12 shallow freshwater bodies distributed from the coast to the central highlands of Iceland. We identified 16 species in 11 genera belonging to six families of Cladocera, and 12 species in eight genera belonging to four families of Copepoda. Five of the species we identified (Alona werestschagini, Cyclops vicinus, Daphnia cristata, Diacyclops abyssicola, and Heterocope borealis) represent new distribution records for Iceland, increasing the number of species now known from this region to 34 Cladocera and 38 Copepoda taxa. Additionally, we discuss the taxonomy of some species with doubtful taxonomical status. Six crustacean taxocenes are described, each characterized by the dominance of different taxa, with bottom sediment characteristics best explaining species assemblage structure. We evaluated the relationships between Icelandic Cladocera and Copepoda faunas and those of the adjacent Svalbard, Faroe, and Shetland Islands, Greenland, and the mainland Norway. The taxonomic composition of the Icelandic fauna is dominated by widely distributed Holarctic, and secondarily Palaearctic and Nearctic species, and is more similar to the faunas of the major North Atlantic islands (64.2–71.8 % similarity) than it is to that of continental Norway.     

Middle Ottnangian (late Burdigalian) mollusks from the Rott Valley (SE Germany): the ultimate marine fauna of the Western Paratethys

The Bivalvia and Gastropoda from the Upper Marine Molasse deposits of the lower Rott Valley (North Alpine Foreland Basin, Lower Bavaria, SE Germany) comprise the first mollusk fauna of middle Ottnangian age (ca 17.5 Ma) to be documented in detail. Altogether, the assemblages from Brombach, Kainerding and Anzenkirchen yielded 27 species of Bivalvia and 9 species of Gastropoda. The bivalve species Spisula brombachensis n. sp. is described as new to science, and Aequipecten camaretensis is first reported from the Ottnangian of the North Alpine Foreland Basin. Furthermore, the well-preserved material allowed for the taxonomic revision of the Ottnangian index fossil Pecten herrmannseni. The bivalve community is dominated by suspension feeders, mostly shallow, soft bottom dwellers (Glycymeris, Anadara) and cementing epifauna (Ostrea). Gastropods almost exclusively comprise carnivorous browsers and predators. The parautochthonous assemblages are indicative of normal marine, well-oxygenized sandy-silty shoals at a water depth of presumably less than 20 m. Except for the presence of a single estuarine Crassostrea, the middle Ottnangian fauna is not indicative of reduced salinities. Consequently, the paleoenvironmental turnover to the brackish-water fauna of the directly overlying upper Ottnangian deposits of the Rzehakia Lake was abrupt. Glycymeris–Anadara–Ostrea communities similar to the one recorded from the Rott Valley are widespread in European seas and beyond during the Neogene and Quaternary.     

Influence of bovine lactoferrin on the growth of selected probiotic bacteria under aerobic conditions

Bovine lactoferrin (bLf) is a natural glycoprotein, and it shows broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. However, reports on the influences of bLf on probiotic bacteria have been mixed. We examined the effects of apo-bLf (between 0.25 and 128 mg/mL) on both aerobic and anaerobic cultures of probiotics. We found that bLf had similar effects on the growth of probiotics under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, and that it actively and significantly (at concentrations of >0.25 mg/mL) retarded the growth rate of Bifidobacterium bifidum (ATCC 29521), B. longum (ATCC 15707), B. lactis (BCRC 17394), B. infantis (ATCC 15697), Lactobacillus reuteri (ATCC 23272), L. rhamnosus (ATCC 53103), and L. coryniformis (ATCC 25602) in a dose-dependent manner. Otherwise, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were 128 or >128 mg/mL against B. bifidum, B. longum, B. lactis, L. reuteri, and L. rhamnosus (ATCC 53103). With regard to MICs, bLf showed at least four-fold lower inhibitory effect on probiotics than on pathogens. Intriguingly, bLf (>0.25 mg/mL) significantly enhanced the growth of Rhamnosus (ATCC 7469) and L. acidophilus (BCRC 14065) by approximately 40–200 %, during their late periods of growth. Supernatants produced from aerobic but not anaerobic cultures of L. acidophilus reduced the growth of Escherichia coli by about 20 %. Thus, bLf displayed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the growth of most probiotic strains under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. An antibacterial supernatant prepared from the aerobic cultures may have significant practical use.     

A new alloantigen,Ly-8, recognized by C3H anti-AKR serum

A new membrane alloantigen, designated Ly-8.2, is defined by a C3H anti-AKR serum. The locus,Ly-8, which controls this determinant is not linked toThy-1, Ly-4, Ly-6, H-2, albino (c), or brown (b). Ly-8.2 has a unique strain distribution, and appears to be present on both T and B lymphocytes.     

Early Silurian (Rhuddanian) rugose corals and sponges from the Ak-Kerme Peninsula,Kazakhstan

An assemblage of earliest Silurian (Llandovery, Rhuddanian) fossils from South Kazakhstan (Ak-Kerme Peninsula, Lake Balkhash) contains solitary rugose corals (Calostylis denticulata, Streptelasma? sp., and Cystipaliphyllum sp.) and the demosponge Calycocoelia typicalis, which are described here. This assemblage occurs with previously described brachiopods and constitutes a post extinction survival fauna; such faunas are poorly known and this study fills a gap in our knowledge. All three genera of Rugosa were transitional across the Ordovician–Silurian boundary and are also reported from other parts of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan during the Llandovery. Streptelasma had already been present in Kazakhstan during the Ordovician, while during the Rhuddanian Calostylis immigrated from Baltica or China, and Cystipaliphyllum from the Australian part of Gondwana. Demosponges are rare during the Llandovery but probably had a cosmopolitan distribution. Calycocoelia typicalis marks the first Rhuddanian record of lithistid demosponges, and the first record of Silurian demosponges from Kazakhstan.     

The age and geographical distribution of fossil cercopithecids in China

Cercopithecids did not arrive in China until the latest Tertiary, relatively late in their evolutionary history. Cercopithecines are represented in the Chinese fossil record by two genera,Procynocephalus andMacaca, both of which made their appearance in the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene, but only one of which,Macaca, was widely distributed throughout the Quaternary and remains in the country today. The much less well known genusProcynocephalus disappeared from China in the late Early Pleistocene, but is of considerable interest because it appears to have been part of a radiation of large terrestrial cercopithecines that extended throughout portions of southern and eastern Asia. Colobines are poorly represented in the fossil record of China. Aside from a few scattered occurrences ofRhinopithecus in the Middle and Late Pleistocene records of southern China, the subfamily is represented by only one other intriguing specimen. This is the large and nearly complete mandible now classified as «Megamacaca lantianensis» from the Gongwangling locality of Lantian, Shaanxi Province. The specimen was retrieved from sediments of late Early Pleistocene age and was associated with elements of a typical southern,Ailuropoda — Stegodon fauna. The distribution of cercopithecids, especiallyMacaca, in China followed the southern and eastern retreat of subtropical habitats during the course of the Pleistocene.     

The metabolism of pyrimidines by proteolytic clostridia

Uracil was used by growing cultures of Clostridium sporogenes, and by proteolytic strains of C. botulinum types A and B. Uracil was not used by C. bifermentans; C. botulinum, type B (non-proteolytic); C. botulinum, type F (non-proteolytic); C. botulinum, type E; C. butyricum; C. cochlearium; C. difficile; C. histolyticum; C. oedematiens, type A; C. paraputrificum; C. scatologenes; C. septicum; C. sordellii; C. sticklandii; C. tertium; C. tetani; C. tetanomorphum; C. welchii, types A, B, C, E and 4 untyped strains. The growth of C. sporogenes was not increased by uracil; it was reduced to dihydrouracil. Experiments with washed cells of C. sporogenes showed that the uracil-reducing system was inducible. Washed cell suspensions incubated under hydrogen with uracil, thymine, iso-barbituric acid, 5-amino uracil and cytosine consumed 1 mole H₂/mole pyrimidine. The reduction product of cytosine was dihydrouracil indicating that it was deaminated before reduction. The reduction products of the remaining pyrimidines were the corresponding dihydro derivatives. Extracts of C. sporogenes reduced uracil in the presence of NADPH₂ but not NADH₂.     

H-2 restriction of cytolysis after immunization of minorH congenic pairs of mice

Mice of three congenic resistant lines differing from C57BL/10 at theH-3, H-13, H-7, andH-8 minor histocompatibility loci were used to immunize, and were immunized with, C57BL/10. Cytotoxic cells which were capable of causing rapid lysis of cells from the immunizing strain were generated at least one-way in all combinations tested. In order for a target to be susceptible to cytolysis, it had to carry both the sameH-2 ^b haplotype and the same differential minor histocompatibility alleles as the immunizing strain. That is, B10.C(47N) (H-2 ^b ,H-7 ^b ) anti-C57BL/10 (H-2 ^b ,H-7 ^a ) cytotoxic cells lysed C57BL/10 targets but not B10.BR (H-2 ^k ,H-7 ^a ) targets, nor BALB.B (H-2 ^b ,H-7 ^b ) targets. Crossreactions in the cytotoxic assay suggest that theH-3, H-13 congenic pair —B10.LP and C57BL/10 —may differ in at least two more minor histocompatibility loci which have not yet been defined. Although 6 x 10⁶6 C57BL/10 lymphoid cells primed B10.D2(57N) (H-8 ^b ) mice for a secondary in vitro cytotoxic response, a tenfold higher dose apparently made them tolerant. It is concluded that all minor histocompatibility differences can generate cytotoxic T cells which show specificity both for the minor and major histocompatibility alleles.     

Biodiversity and physiological characteristics of Antarctic and Arctic lichens-associated bacteria

The diversity and physiological characteristics of culturable bacteria associated with lichens from different habitats of the Arctic and Antarctica were investigated. The 68 retrieved isolates could be grouped on the basis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences into 26 phylotypes affiliated with the phyla Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Deinococcus-Thermus, and Firmicutes and with the classes Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria. Isolates belonging to the Alphaproteobacteria were the most abundant, followed by those belonging to Actinobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Deinococcus-Thermus. Phylogenetic analysis showed that approximately 21 % of the total isolates represented a potentially novel species or genus (≤97 % sequence similarity). Strains belonging to the genera Sphingomonas, Frondihabitans, Hymenobacter, and Burkholderia were recovered from lichen samples from both geographic locations, implying common and important bacterial functions within lichens. Extracellular protease activities were detected in six isolates, affiliated with Burkholderia, Frondihabitans, Hymenobacter, Pseudomonas, and Rhodanobacter. Extracellular lipase activities were detected in 37 isolates of the genera Burkholderia, Deinococcus, Frondihabitans, Pseudomonas, Rhodanobacter, Sphingomonas, and Subtercola. This is the first report on the culturable bacterial diversity present within lichens from Arctic and Antarctica and the isolates described herein are valuable resources to decode the functional and ecological roles of bacteria within lichens. In addition, the low similarity (≤97 %) of the recovered isolates to known species and their production of cold-active enzymes together suggest that lichens are noteworthy sources of novel bacterial strains for use in biotechnological applications.     

Genetic diversity of Azotobacter strains isolated from soils by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis

Strains of Azotobacter mediate in the nitrogen fixation process by reducing of N₂ to ammonia. In this study, 50 strains were isolated from different rhizospheric soil in central Iran, by using soil paste-plate method. These strains were biochemically identified and characterized on differential LG medium based on morphological and physiological properties. Results obtained showed that identified strains were belonging to three species, namely A. chroococcum, A. vinelandii and A. beijernckii. In order to molecular analysis, the 16S rRNA gene was amplified using 27f and 1495r primers and PCR products were subsequently restricted with RsaI, HpaII and HhaI. Cluster analysis based on amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis were revealed intraspecific polymorphism and differentiated strains into two mains clusters, clusters A and B. Cluster A strains were related to the A. vinelandii, whereas cluster B strains were related to the A. chroococcum and A. beijerinckii. The results show that amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis is a powerful and discriminatory tool for the identification of members of the genus Azotobacter.     

NaturalMycoplasma arthritidis infection in mice

B6C3F₁ mice from a hybrid production colony frequently were serologically positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and consistently negative by culture forMycoplasma pulmonis. Subsequently, 162 mice were obtained and intensively studied using an expanded group of cultural procedures, ELISA, and histopathology. Lesions attributable to mycoplasma infection were not found, butMycoplasma arthritidis was isolated from 20 mice. TheM. pulmonis ELISA was positive (IgM, IgG, or both) in 113 mice. Selected sera were tested simultaneously in both theM. pulmonis ELISA and in an ELISA usingM. arthritidis antigen, and were found to be positive in both the IgM and IgG classes in both ELISAs. Thus, cross-reacting antibody was produced in mice naturally infected withM. arthritidis, confirming previous observations based on experimental infections. To our knowledge, this is the first report of naturalM. arthritidis infection in laboratory mice.     

Genotyping and development of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with blast resistance genes in rice using GoldenGate assay

Development and large-scale genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is required to use identified sequence variation in the alleles of different genes to determine their functional relevance to the candidate gene(s). In the present study, Illumina GoldenGate assay was used to validate and genotype SNPs in a set of six major rice blast resistance genes, viz. Pi-ta, Piz(t), Pi54, Pi9, Pi5(1) and Pib, distributed over five chromosomes, to understand their functional relevance and study the population structure in rice. All the selected SNPs loci (96) of six blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) resistance genes were genotyped successfully in 92 rice lines with an overall genotype call rate of 92.0 % and minimum GenTrain cutoff score of ≥0.448. The highest genotyped SNPs were found in japonica type (97.1 %) rice lines, followed by indica (92.12 %), indica basmati (91.84 %) and minimum in case of wild species (82.0 %). Among the genotyped loci, the highest score (98.68 %) was observed in case of Piz(t), followed by Pi-ta, Pi5(1), Pib, Pi54 and Pi9. Polymorphism was obtained in 87.5 % SNPs loci producing 7,728 genotype calls. Minor allele frequency ranged from 0.01 to 0.49 and has good differentiating power for distinguishing different rice accessions. Population structure analysis revealed that a set of genotypes from four rice subpopulations had “admix” ancestry (>26 %) with more than one genetic background of indica, japonica and wild types. SNPs markers were validated in a set of 92 rice lines and converted into CAPS markers which can be used in blast resistance breeding programme.     

Aspergillus insulicola sp. nov.

A strain of Aspergillus sp. is described and proposed as a new species under the name ‘Aspergillus insulicola sp. nov.’ Montemayor & Santiago, 1973. This strain was isolated from soil samples taken in ‘Aves Island’ during a scientific expedition. — Aves Island, situated at 15°, 40′, 42″ N and 63°, 36′, 47″ W, about 665 Km of the coast of Venezuela, has very special ecological conditions. Due to its smallness: 550 m long and 40 to 120 m across and to its low profile only 3 m over sea level, it is swept by the sea during the periodical storms and hurricanes in the area. It has thus a very interesting fauna and flora. We took a series of soil samples to study its mycological flora. Forty samples were inoculated by dilution method. In this first paper a species is described and proposed as a new species because of its macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, as well as by its biological properties, under the name ‘Aspergillus insulicola sp. nov.’. In its study we have tried to follow as closely as possible the methods recommended by Kennet B. Raper & Dorothy Fenell, world authorities on the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. The strain is being kept in USB under the number T1, and has been sent to ATCC & CBSC to be incorporated in their collections.     

The separation and comparison of albumin complexes of seed proteins in three cultivars ofPhaseolus vulgaris

Complexes of water soluble proteins (albumins) were investigated in three cultivarsof Phaseolus vulgaris, viz: Yeltruská Saxa, Vainica Saavegra B, and Krupnaya sakharnaya. The first two cultivars exhibit haemagglutinating activity against rabbit erythrocytes, but have different elution profiles on Sephadex G-100. Their individual peaks have a different subunit composition, as revealed by SDS gel electrophoresis, as well as a different immunoelectrophoretic pattern, although proteins I and II of the specificity Veltruská Saxa are present in both cultivars. The cultivar Krupnaya sakharnaya expressively differs from the preceding lectin cultivars; it has no erythroagglutinating activity, its albumin complex has a high-molecular component, absent in the preceding ones, and has no lectin peak in the region of molecular mass of 100 000 to 200 000. Immunoelectrophoresis gave no evidence of protein I and II of the specificity Veltruská Saxa.     

Long-term variability of meiobenthos: value,synopsis, hypothesis generation and predictive modelling

Few long-term data sets exist for meiofauna. Such data sets are expensive to collect, sort and identify; continuous meiofauna data for a period of greater than two years are limited to one site in Belgium (7 yrs) and two sites (one mud, one sand) in South Carolina, USA (11 yrs). The Belgian study concentrates on benthic copepod abundances whereas data from South Carolina includes major taxa and benthic copepods as well as 4 years of concurrent macrofauna abundance and 3 years of nematode species abundances. In South Carolina, the variance associated with meiofaunal abundance had 6 or 12 month recurrent cycles. Similar analyses on 4 years of macrofauna from the same 2 sites indicated the same cyclicity: one year. Seasonality of the South Carolina major taxa and the 6 most abundant mud copepod species was pronounced at the mud site, but absent or less pronounced at the sand site. Similar results were also found for the nematode species over three years. Variability in meiofaunal abundance was greater year-to-year than within a year. Many such long-term data sets are analysed and abandoned. Herewith, I use our long-term results to hypothesize the causes of the high temporal variance in mud and the lower temporal variance in sand. Is it because the mud fauna is controlled by seasonal inputs of natant predators while at the hydrodynamically active sand site temporal variability is homogenized by constant physical activity? By appropriate statistical modelling long-term data sets can also be used to assess the appropriateness of the sampling schedule (spatial and temporal) and as a predictor of future trends.     

The Significance and Mechanism of Propofol on Treatment of Ischemia Reperfusion Induced Lung Injury in Rats

This study is aimed to investigate the efficacy and underlying the mechanism of propofol in treatment of ischemia reperfusion (IR)-induced lung injury in rats, providing a novel insight of therapeutic strategy for IR-induced lung injury. 120 healthy SD rats were selected and randomly divided into sham operation group, IR group, and propofol group (40 rats per group). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein content, serum protein content, lung permeability index, lung water content rate, methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) in lung tissue, superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO), endothelin (ET-1), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor (NF-κB), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were examined and compared among different groups to evaluate the therapeutical effects of propofol on IR-induced lung injury and analyze the mechanism. In sham operation group, neither change in lung tissue nor pulmonary interstitial edema or alveolar wall damage was found under microscope; in IR group, marked pulmonary interstitial edema and alveolar wall damage complicated with inflammatory cell infiltration and hemorrhage were found; in propofol group, alveolar wall widening was observed, however, hemorrhage in alveolar cavity, inflammatory infiltration and tissue damage were less significant than in IR group. At 3 h after reperfusion, BALF protein content, lung permeability index, and lung water content rate were all significantly increased in IR group and propofol group, while the serum protein content was significantly lower than sham operation group (p < 0.05). Moreover, we found that the change of above parameters in propofol group was less significant than in IR group (p < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in ET-1 levels in different groups (p > 0.05). In contrast, MDA and NO in IR group and propofol group were significantly increased, while SOD activity was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the change of above parameters in propofol group was less significant than in IR group (p < 0.05). In addition, mRNAs of TLR4, NF-κB, and TNF-α were significantly increased in IR group and propofol group (p < 0.05) with more significant change in IR group compared with propofol group (p < 0.05). Propofol has protective effects against IR-induced lung injury by improving activity of oxygen radical and restoring NO/ET-1 dynamic balance. Besides, regulation of TLR4, NF-κB, and TNF-α by propofol also play important role in alleviating IR-induced lung injury.     

Bacterioplanes sanyensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a PHB-accumulating bacterium isolated from a pool of Spirulina platensis cultivation

A Gram-negative, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-accumulating rod bacterium, strain GYP-2^T, was isolated from a pool of marine Spirulina platensis cultivation, Sanya, China. Growth was observed at 10–45 °C and pH 6–10 in the presence of 1–10 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the new isolate belonged to Gammaproteobacteria and displayed 93.8–95.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequences similarities to members of the genera Thalassolituus, Oleibacter, and Oceanobacter, but house-keeping gene gyrB (encode DNA gyrase beta subunit) demonstrated that the new isolate was distantly related to Thalassolituus, Oleibacter, and Oceanobacter species (only 77–83 % gene gyrB sequences similarities).The G+C content of genomic DNA was 55 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was Q-9, while that for Oceanobacter kriegii LMG 6238^T was Q-8. Major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine. On the basis of its physiological, chemotaxonomic, and molecular properties, strain GYP-2^T is suggested to represent a novel species of a new genus in Gammaproteobacteria, for which the name Bacterioplanes sanyensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GYP-2^T (=CGMCC 1.12392^T=KCTC 32220^T).     

Phylogenetic and genetic characterization of Acidithiobacillus strains isolated from different environments

To study the phylogenetic relationships and genetic heterogeneity of 21 Acidithiobacillus strains isolated from different environments, we amplified and sequenced the 16S–23S rRNA gene intergenic spacers (ITS) of all these strains. These sequence data, combined with related sequences available from GenBank, were divided into six phylogenetic groups by 16S rRNA gene and by 16S–23S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The results of phylogenetic analysis were consistent with those obtained by repetitive element PCR and arbitrarily primed PCR. In this research, the Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A. ferrooxidans) strains were always separated into two groups in phylogenetic and cluster analyses. Genotypic analyses of the genes rusA, rusB, hip and iro suggest that these two groups may have different biochemical mechanisms for oxidizing ferrous iron. Strains in one A. ferrooxidans group were detected with rusA gene that encodes rusticyanin A which plays a very important role in the iron respiratory chain. The second A. ferrooxidans group was found to contain rusB gene which encode a homologous protein (RusB). The data suggested that ITS-based phylogeny is an effective tool to elucidate the relationships of Acidithiobacillus and that a different iron oxidation pathway may exist in different A. ferrooxidans groups.     

A high-throughput SNP array in the amphidiploid species Brassica napus shows diversity in resistance genes

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)are molecular markers based on nucleotide variation and can be used for genotyping assays across populations and to track genomic inheritance. SNPs offer a comprehensive genotyping alternative to whole-genome sequencing for both agricultural and research purposes including molecular breeding and diagnostics, genome evolution and genetic diversity analyses, genetic mapping, and trait association studies. Here genomic SNPs were discovered between four cultivars of the important amphidiploid oilseed species Brassica napus and used to develop a B. napus Infinium? array containing 5,306 SNPs randomly dispersed across the genome. Assay success was high, with >94 % of these producing a reproducible, polymorphic genotype in the 1,070 samples screened. Although the assay was designed to B. napus, successful SNP amplification was achieved in the B. napus progenitor species, Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea, and to a lesser extent in the related species Brassica nigra. Phylogenetic analysis was consistent with the expected relationships between B. napus individuals. This study presents an efficient custom SNP assay development pipeline in the complex polyploid Brassica genome and demonstrates the utility of the array for high-throughput genotyping in a number of related Brassica species. It also demonstrates the utility of this assay in genotyping resistance genes on chromosome A7, which segregate amongst the 1,070 samples.