Castilleja chambersii (Scrophulariaceae), a new rare species from the northern Coast Range of Oregon

Castilleja chambersii is described from several collections made in the Coast Range of southwestern Clatsop County, Oregon. The new species is a member of subgenusCastilleja and is most closely related toC. parviflora andC. rupicola. This rare species is known from only three small and geographically restricted populations. Two new meiotic chromosome counts ofn=12 are reported for the new species.     

Chromosome numbers of miscellaneous Malagasy Acanthaceae

Meiotic chromosome numbers are reported for 12 species in eight genera of Acanthaceae from Madagascar. Chromosome numbers of 11 species are reported for the first time. Counts inMendoncia (n=19) andNeuracanthus (n=20) are the first for these genera. A new chromosome number (n=30) is reported inJusticia. Systematic implications of the chromosome counts are addressed and basic chromosome numbers for these eight genera of Malagasy Acanthaceae are discussed.     

Revision of the bulbous Iridaceae of North America

The native bulbous Iridaceae of North America excluding Mexico comprise seven species in four genera. The type species ofAlophia Herb. (1836) is shown to belong toEustylis Engelm. & Gray (1836), hence the latter genus is reduced to synonymy. The well known genusAlophia (sensu auct. non Herb.) (Herbertia Sweet) now takes the nameTrifurcia. As a result of the new interpretation ofAlophia, new combinations are made for the North American and Latin American species ofTrifurcia andAlophia. New chromosome counts are given forNemastylis floridana (2n = 56) andTrifurcia lahue (2n = 56).     

A new species of Pinguicula from Mexico (Lentibulariaceae)

A new species ofPinguicula from Mexico,P. sharpii, is described. It belongs in SubgenusIsoloba, SectionIsoloba, as defined in Casper’s monograph of the genusPinguicula (1966a). The somatic chromosome number ofPinguicula sharpii is2n = 16, which is diploid. The basic chromosome numberx = 8 is found in many members of SubgenusIsoloba ofPinguicula, while that ofx = 11 is also found in some members of the subgenus.     

A cyto-evolutional study of Campanumoea Blume (Campanulaceae) and a possible pathway for secondary karyotype formation

Campanumoea is a small genus in the family Campanulaceae, with species divided into sections Campanumoea and Cyclocodon. Sixteen accessions from Campanumoea and related genera native to China were used to study their karyotype. The results showed that chromosome characteristics were different between the two sections. For Campanumoea, the karyotypic formula was 2n = 2X = 2m + 12sm + 2st = 16,3A and for Cyclocodon it was 2n = 2X = 6m + 12sm = 18,3B. These data, combined with chromosomal length characteristics, support the restoration of section Cyclocodon as a genus. However, the incorporation of section Campanumoea into Codonopsis requires more evidence. Comparison of chromosomal length and haploid set length revealed that chromosomal segment rearrangements occurred within sections of Campanumoea and between genera, with the difference within sections being greater than that between genera. Therefore, chromosomal segment rearrangements are present in Campanulaceae, implying that chromosomal segment rearrangement plays an important role in the evolution of diversity in Campanulaceae. By comparing the chromosomal characteristic in section Campanumoea and the genus Adenophora, we concluded that the secondary chromosome type such as n = 17, 18 would be derived by autopolyploidization of n = 9, and by chromosome fusion.     

Chromosome numbers,polyploidy, and hybridization in castilleja (scrophulariaceae ) of the Great Basin and Rocky Mountains

Chromosome numbers are reported for 190 collections ofCastilleja of the Great Basin-Rocky Mountains and adjacent regions in western North America. Polyploidy has played a major role in evolu tion of this genus. Of the 35 taxa represented, 14 are exclusively diploid (n =12). The remaining 21 taxa exhibit polyploidy: eight are tetraploid only, two are octopIoid only, while 11 of the more wide-ranging species have two or more levels of polyploidy. BothC. rhexifolia andC. sulphured have diploid, tetraploid, and octoploid races while the widespreadC. miniata has four (2x, 4x, 8x, and 10x). Where appropriate, the role of polyploidy and hybridization inCastilleja evolution and their relevance to taxonomy are discussed for individual species.     

Karyomorphology ofCrossostylis (Rhizophoraceae)

We present the first report on somatic chromosome numbers and morphology in eight of 13 recorded species ofCrossostylis, one of inland genera of Rhizophoraceae. The chromosome number ofCrossostylis is 2n=28 in all species examined; therefore, the genus hasx=14, a number which is the smallest and unknown elsewhere in the family. Based onCrossostylis raiateensis, we further present that 24 of 28 chromosomes at metaphase have centromeres at median position, and the remaining four at submedian or subterminal position. The chromosome morphology seems to imply thatCrossostylis might be a tetraploid with the original base numberx=7, but an extensive study in the other inland genera is needed to find such a small chromosome number.     

A Systematic study of the genus Balduina (Compositae,Heliantheae)

The genusBalduina, endemic to the southeastern United States as interpreted here, includes a complex of three species:B. atropurpurea Harper,B. angustifolia (Pursh) Robinson, andB. uniflora Nutt. The first two species have a chromosome number ofn = 18 andB. uniflora hasn = 36. Hybridization experiments demonstrated strong internal reproductive isolating mechanisms. Flavonoid and sesquiterpene lactone data suggest a possible relationship to the tribe Helenieae.     

Biosystematic studies on the genusIsoetes in Japan I. Variations of the somatic chromosome numbers

The somatic chromosome number of three Japanese species ofIsoetes, I. asiatica, I. japonica andI. sinensis, was determined in 199 individuals from 49 populations. The chromosome number ofI. asiatica was 2n=22, confirming previous reports. However,I. japonica andI. sinensis displayed a diversity in chromosome number. Six cytotypes, 2n=66, 67, 77, 87, 88 and 89, were found inI. japonica; 2n=67, 87, 88 and 89 are new counts in the genusIsoetes. The plants with 2n=66 were the most frequent (72% of total individuals examined) and were distributed throughout Honshu and Shikoku. The plants with 2n=88 occurred in western Honshu and a limited region in northeastern Honshu where the plants with 2n=77 were also found. In contrast, four cytotypes, 2n=44, 65, 66 and 68, were found inI. sinensis. The chromosome numbers ofI. sinensis were reported here for the first time. The plants with 2n=44 occurred only in Kyushu, while the plants with 2n=66 were found throughout a large area of western Japan.     

A classification of the New World species of Aster (Asteraceae)

In order effectively to list and comment on the results of cytological investigations inAster in a companion paper, a scheme of infrageneric classification is presented which utilizes the basic chromosome number as a pivotal diagnostic character. Reasons are stated as to why, with the exception ofUnamia Greene which is transferred toSolidago, and the commonly recognized generaLeucelene Greene,Machaeranthera Nees andXylorhiza Nutt., none of the segregate genera previously proposed or recorded in the literature is upheld. Instead, these taxa are being given subgeneric or sectional rank. Two additional subgenera are established to accommodate the species groups traditionally placed in “Aster proper,” which are characterized by having basic chromosome numbers ofx = 5 andx = 8, respectively. Altogether ten subgenera of the genusAster, five of them subdivided further into a total of 24 sections, are recognized as having representative species in the New World. All basionyms and type species are listed, and a number of new combinations and status changes are validated in accordance with the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature. Where known (from literature and personal research), chromosome numbers are recorded for the species.     

Cytology and systematics in JapaneseArisaema (Araceae)

Chromosome numbers are determined from 37 populations attributed to 22 taxa of JapaneseArisaema. Of them, chromosome numbers ofA. limbatum var.conspicuum (2n=26),A. minus (2n=26),A. nambae (2n=28) andA. seppikoense (2n=26) are determined for the first time. New chromosome numbers, 2n=26, are reported forA. aequinoctiale, A. limbatum, A. stenophyllum, A. undulatifolium andA. yoshinagae. Three modes of basic chromosome numbers,x=14,x=13 andx=12, occur in JapaneseArisaema. Precise karyotypic comparisons of 20 taxa reveal that taxa withx=14 andx=13 share 26 major chromosome arms and have an obvious chromosomal relationship. One of two submeta-centric chromosomes inx=13 corresponds to two telo-centric chromosomes inx=14. InA. ternatipartitum with 2n=6x=72, ten out of 12 basic chromosomes are the most similar in size and arm ratio with larger ten chromosomes ofA. ringens among JapaneseArisaema examined. A basic chromosome number ofx=14 is the commonest in the genusArisaema and the remaining basic chromosome numbers,x=13 andx=12, seem to be derived through dysploidal reduction by translocating large segments of major arm of telo-centric chromosome onto other minor arm of telo-centric followed by loss of the remainings including a centromere, and by loss of two telo-centrics fromx=14, respectively. Some systematic problems of JapaneseArisaema are discussed based on new cytological data.Arisaema hatizyoense, A. minus andA. nambae are accepted as independent species.     

SYSTEMATIC SIGNIFICANCE OF SEED-SURFACE FEATURES IN ORTHOCARPUS (SCROPHULARIACEAE—SUBTRIBE CASTILLEJINAE)

Scanning electron microscope and light microscope examination of seed-coat features of 26 species of Orthocarpus have allowed recognition of many species-level differences (summarized in a key) and of three seed-coat types that parallel taxonomic subgroups but support realignments at generic and infrageneric levels. Type 1 seeds (subg. Orthocarpus, sect. Orthocarpus) have a lateral hilum, sculptured inner tangential seed-coat walls, and a tightly fitting outer seed coat. They are very similar to seeds of Cordylanthus. Seeds of Types 2 and 3 have a terminal hilum and membranous inner tangential cell walls. Type 2 seeds (subg. Orthocarpus, sects. Castillejoides and Cordylanthoides, with one exception) have a net-like, loosely fitting outer seed coat that shows close relationship to seeds of Castilleja. Inner tangential walls of Type 2 seeds normally rupture. Type 3 seeds (subg. Triphysaria, with two exceptions) have a tightly fitting outer seed coat and inner tangential walls are always retained. Seed features support evidence from floral morphology and chromosome numbers that Orthocarpus as currently recognized is not a monophyletic lineage.     

The generic classification of Fayum anthropoidea

The early anthropoid species initially described asAegyptopithecus zeuxis Simons, 1965, from the Oligocene of Egypt, although retained by many authors in the monotypic genusAegyptopithecus, has been lumped by others into the genusPropliopithecus. Similarly, the species originally described asParapithecus grangeri Simons, 1974, has been ranked by some authors in a monotypic genusSimonsius, while others retain it inParapithecus. Criteria to be considered in resolving these taxonomic debates are (1) the adequacy and consistency of proposed morphological differences between species; (2) analogy with the degree of morphological variation tolerated within extant genera; and (3) nomenclatural conservatism. A philosophy that would require strict monophyletic classification is of insufficient practical value for assessing the validity of Fayum genera. Characters cited as distinguishing vetweenAegyptopithecus andPropliopithecus, and betweenSimonsius andParapithecus, are reviewed and evaluated. The results indicate thatA. zeuxis is generically distinct from species ofPropliopithecus, based on differences in the crown structure and proportions of the molars.Pa. grangeri cannot be shown to differ at the generic level from the type and only known specimen ofPa. fraasi, thus establishing Simonsius as a junior synonym ofParapithecus.     

A revision of Schimperella (Brachytheciaceae)

Schimperella is a small African genus related toRhynchostegium. It is characterized by noncomplanate plants with erect capsules and reduced endostomes. Two species are recognized:S. katalensis andS. rhynchostegioides. A proposed synonym ofS. rhynchostegioides, Rhynchostegium nervosum, is best placed inIsothecium, asIsothecium nervosum.     

Genetics of food preference inDrosophila sechellia

To reveal the genetic mechanism of host selection in a monophagous fruit flyDrosophila sechellia, olfactory responses and oviposition preferences of this species were compared with those of closely related polyphagous species,D. simulans andD. melanogaster. Adult flies ofD. sechellia were strongly attracted to the ripe fruit ofMorinda citrifolia which is known to be the sole breeding site of this species. They were also attracted to the odor ofn-caproic acid which is contained in the ripe fruit ofM. citrifolia and is presumably responsible for the characteristic odor of the fruit. In contrast,D. simulans andD. melanogaster showed a strong repulsion ton-caproic acid. In parallel with the olfactory responses,D. sechellia females laid eggs preferentially on a medium containingn-caproic acid, to which the other two species showed an aversion. Genetic analyses using the hybrid progeny betweenD. sechellia andD. simulans suggested that the species differences in these behaviors are controlled by gene(s) located on the second chromosome.     

Chromosome numbers of Panamanian Lecythidaceae and their use in subfamilial classification

Nine species of Lecythidaceae subfamily Lecythidoideae in four genera whose chromosome numbers were previously unknown, have 17 as their basic chromosome number:Eschweilera pittieri, three other unidentified species ofEschweilera, Grias cauliflora, Gustavia dubia, G. superba, Lecythis minor, andL. tuyrana. All are diploid exceptGustavia superba, which is tetraploid.Couroupita guianensis, which was previously—and probably incorrectly—reported to have a gametic chromosome number of 18, also hasn = 17. The known chromosome numbers support recognizing at least three of Niedenzu’s subfamilies: Planchonioideae withx = 13, Napoleonaeoideae withx = 16, and Lecythidoideae withx = 17. His fourth subfamily, Foetidioideae, with one genus of five species, has not been counted. Cytological data have been and probably will be useful in indicating to what subfamily problematic genera belong and in showing interesting phytogeographic patterns within the family. On the other hand, cytological data provide no recognizable clues relating the Lecythidaceae to other families.     

Four new species Of Mexican Castilleja (subgenus Castilleja,Scrophulariaceae) and their relatives

Castilleja subgenusCastilleja in the northern half of Mexico consists of nine species, which are treated here. The subgenus is characterized by a conspicuously colored calyx that is much more deeply cleft in front (abaxially) than in back (adaxially).Castilleja rhizomata,C. linifolia,C. mcvaughii, andC. pterocaulon are described as new, and are illustrated and mapped. The first three are compared toC. patriotica and C.tenuiflora, their closest relatives in the Tenuiflorae group, and the fourth is compared toC. ortegae, with which it constitutes the Ortegae group.Castilleja roei andC. tenuifolia of the Epichroma group are included in order to complete the census of subgenusCastilleja as encountered in the region of the new species. A key to the nine species of subgenusCastilleja from the northern half of Mexico is provided.     

Castilleja (Scrophulariaceae) of Costa Rica and Panama

The mountains of Costa Rica and western Panama constitute a natural floristic region that is inhabited by six species ofCastilleja.Castilleja talamancensis, C. lentii andC. tayloriorum are described as new. The remaining three areC. arvensis,C. irasuensis andC. quirosii. All butC. arvensis are endemic to the area. The six species are keyed, described, illustrated, mapped and documented with literature and specimen citations.     

Karyological and taxonomic observations onDracocephalum foetidum Bunge andKoenigia islandica L.

Chromosome numbers are reported for two Mongolian species,Dracocephalum foetidum Bunge (2n=12) andKoenigia islandica L. (2n=14). The relationship ofD. foetidum toD. moldavica L. (2n=10) and some patterns of phenotypic variation inK. islandica are briefly discussed. The following new combinations are proposed:K. cyanadra (Diels) Měsí?ek etSoják,K. forrestii (Diels) Měsí?ek etSoják,K. hubertii (Lingelsh.) Měsí?ek etSoják, andK. nummularifolia (Meisn.) Měsí?ek etSoják.