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1.
E‐Jiao Wu Yan‐Ping Wang Lurwanu Yahuza Meng‐Han He Dan‐Li Sun Yan‐Mei Huang Yu‐Chan Liu Li‐Na Yang Wen Zhu Jiasui Zhan 《Evolutionary Applications》2020,13(4):768-780
Temperature plays a multidimensional role in host–pathogen interactions. As an important element of climate change, elevated world temperature resulting from global warming presents new challenges to sustainable disease management. Knowledge of pathogen adaptation to global warming is needed to predict future disease epidemiology and formulate mitigating strategies. In this study, 21 Phytophthora infestans isolates originating from seven thermal environments were acclimated for 200 days under stepwise increase or decrease of experimental temperatures and evolutionary responses of the isolates to the thermal changes were evaluated. We found temperature acclimation significantly increased the fitness and genetic adaptation of P. infestans isolates at both low and high temperatures. Low‐temperature acclimation enforced the countergradient adaptation of the pathogen to its past selection and enhanced the positive association between the pathogen's intrinsic growth rate and aggressiveness. At high temperatures, we found that pathogen growth collapsed near the maximum temperature for growth, suggesting a thermal niche boundary may exist in the evolutionary adaptation of P. infestans. These results indicate that pathogens can quickly adapt to temperature shifts in global warming. If this is associated with environmental conditions favoring pathogen spread, it will threaten future food security and human health and require the establishment of mitigating actions. 相似文献
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Ning Jiang Jun Cui Xinxin Hou Guanglei Yang Yu Xiao Lu Han Jun Meng Yushi Luan 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2020,103(4):1561-1574
Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the resistance of plants to infection by pathogens via interactions with microRNAs (miRNAs). Long non‐coding RNAs are cleaved by miRNAs to produce phased small interfering RNAs (phasiRNAs), which, as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), function as decoys for mature miRNAs, thus inhibiting their expression, and contain pre‐miRNA sequences to produce mature miRNAs. However, whether lncRNAs and miRNAs mediate other molecular mechanisms during plant resistance to pathogens is unknown. In this study, as a positive regulator, Sl‐lncRNA15492 from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Zaofen No. 2) plants affected tomato resistance to Phytophthora infestans. Gain‐ and loss‐of‐function experiments and RNA ligase‐mediated 5′‐amplification of cDNA ends (RLM‐5′ RACE) also revealed that Sl‐miR482a was negatively involved in tomato resistance by targeting Sl‐NBS‐LRR genes and that silencing of Sl‐NBS‐LRR1 decreased tomato resistance. Sl‐lncRNA15492 inhibited the expression of mature Sl‐miR482a, whose precursor was located within the antisense sequence of Sl‐lncRNA15492. Further degradome analysis and additional RLM‐5′ RACE experiments verified that mature Sl‐miR482a could also cleave Sl‐lncRNA15492. These results provide a mechanism by which lncRNAs might inhibit precursor miRNA expression through antisense strands of lncRNAs, and demonstrate that Sl‐lncRNA15492 and Sl‐miR482a mutually inhibit the maintenance of Sl‐NBS‐LRR1 homeostasis during tomato resistance to P. infestans. 相似文献
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Pallem Chowdappa Nirmal B. J. Kumar Shivanna Madhura Mohan S. P. Kumar Kevin L. Myers William E. Fry Julie N. Squires David E. L. Cooke 《Journal of Phytopathology》2013,161(1):49-58
Prior to 2007, late blight was not reported as a serious threat to tomato cultivation in India although the disease has been known on potato since 1953. During the July–December cropping season of 2009 and 2010, severe late blight epidemics were observed in Karnataka state of India, causing crop losses up to 100%. Nineteen Phytophthora isolates, recovered from late blight affected tomato tissues from different localities in Karnataka state between 2009 and 2010, were identified as Phytophthora infestans based on morphology, a similarity search of ITS sequences at GenBank and species‐specific PCR using PINF/ITS5 primer pair. The isolates were further assessed for metalaxyl sensitivity, mating type, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype, DNA fingerprinting patterns based on simple sequence repeats (SSR) and RFLPs using the RG57 probe and aggressiveness on tomato. All isolates were metalaxyl resistant, A2 mating type, mtDNA haplotype Ia and had identical SSR and RG57 fingerprints and highly aggressive on tomato. The phenotypic and genotypic characters of isolates examined in this study were found to be similar to that of 13_A2 genotype of P. infestans population reported in Europe. Thus, appearance of new population similar to 13_A2 genotype was responsible for severe late blight epidemics on tomato in South‐West India. 相似文献
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Laura Masini Laura J. Grenville‐Briggs Erik Andreasson Lars Rberg sa Lankinen 《Ecology and evolution》2019,9(8):4557-4567
Studies of infection by Phytophthora infestans—the causal agent of potato late blight—in wild species can provide novel insights into plant defense responses, and indicate how wild plants might be influenced by recurrent epidemics in agricultural fields. In the present study, our aim was to investigate if different clones of Solanum dulcamara (a relative of potato) collected in the wild differ in resistance and tolerance to infection by a common European isolate of P. infestans. We performed infection experiments with six S. dulcamara genotypes (clones) both in the laboratory and in the field and measured the degree of infection and plant performance traits. In the laboratory, the six evaluated genotypes varied from resistant to susceptible, as measured by degree of infection 20 days post infection. Two of the four genotypes susceptible to infection showed a quadratic (concave downward) relationship between the degree of infection and shoot length, with maximum shoot length at intermediate values of infection. This result suggests overcompensation, that is, an increase in growth in infected individuals. The number of leaves decreased with increasing degree of infection, but at different rates in the four susceptible genotypes, indicating genetic variation for tolerance. In the field, the inoculated genotypes did not show any disease symptoms, but plant biomass at the end of the growing season was higher for inoculated plants than for controls, in‐line with the overcompensation detected in the laboratory. We conclude that in S. dulcamara there are indications of genetic variation for both resistance and tolerance to P. infestans infection. Moreover, some genotypes displayed overcompensation. Learning about plant tolerance and overcompensation to infection by pathogens can help broaden our understanding of plant defense in natural populations and help develop more sustainable plant protection strategies for economically important crop diseases. 相似文献
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Françoise Bafort Olivier Parisi Jean‐Paul Perraudin Mohammed Haïssam Jijakli 《Journal of Phytopathology》2017,165(1):22-34
Controlling pests in pre‐ and postharvest crops using natural and low‐impact products is a major challenge. The lactoperoxidase system is an enzymatic system that exists in all external secretions in mammals and is part of the non‐immune system. We tested its efficacy in in vitro microplates on Phytophthora infestans, Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea to determine the most suitable concentrations for use. Then, we verified its efficacy in planta under controlled conditions. Solutions prepared with 5.4 mm iodide and 1.2 mm thiocyanate and diluted threefold inhibited pathogen growth in vitro by 63–100%. Twofold‐diluted solutions protected potato plants against P. infestans by 60–74% under controlled conditions. Undiluted solution inhibited orange's and apple's postharvest pathogens in curative application with efficacy levels ranging between 84 and 95% in orange and between 63 and 74% in apple. 1.5‐fold concentrated solutions inhibited postharvest pathogens of apple in curative application with efficacy levels ranging between 84 and 92%. Our results also show that the oxidative stress response of fruit following wounding could interfere with ion efficiency. Our tests demonstrate for the first time that this biochemical method is as efficient as a conventional synthetic chemical method under controlled conditions. 相似文献
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Priyank Hanuman Mhatre Divya K. Lekshmanan Venkatasalam E. Palanisamy Aarti Bairwa Sanjeev Sharma 《Journal of Phytopathology》2021,169(1):52-61
Late blight of potato is considered to be the most devastating problem causing severe yield losses in potato worldwide. Among the different management strategies, the use of resistant cultivars is the most viable option, but the non‐availability of enough quantity of quality seed materials of resistant cultivars forces the farmers to grow susceptible cultivars with proper fungicide scheduling. Therefore, in the present study, chemical control using fungicide has been attempted with newer molecules in the susceptible cultivar along with a resistant cultivar as a positive control. All the tested fungicides were found safe, and no phytotoxicity was observed with any chemical at the applied rate. In resistant cultivar, no late blight was appeared in both the years, whereas maximum AUDPC was observed in the untreated control (276.3) and minimum (41.7) in mancozeb‐cymoxanil + mancozeb based scheduling which was found on par with chlorothalonil‐famoxadone + cymoxanil (51.3) and chlorothalonil‐ametoctradin + dimethomorph (53.5) based scheduling. Among the treatments, resistant cultivar, Kufri Girdhari followed by chlorothalonil‐ametoctradin + dimethomorph and mancozeb‐cymoxanil + mancozeb based fungicidal scheduling were proven as the best treatments for both the crop seasons resulting in the highest yield parameters. The disease severity showed a strong negative correlation with the tuber yield of potatoes in both the years. Based on overall observations including BC ratio, it can be concluded that, wherever seed material of resistant cultivar is available farmers should grow the same or else with susceptible cultivars the fungicidal scheduling based on mancozeb‐cymoxanil + mancozeb or chlorothalonil‐ametoctradin + dimethomorph can be followed to obtain the maximum returns with effective management of late blight at the southern hills of India. 相似文献
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Jorge Alejandro Rojas William W. Kirk Esther Gachango David S. Douches Linda E. Hanson 《Journal of Phytopathology》2014,162(1):33-42
Migrations or introduction of new genotypes of Phytophthora infestans to a specific region imposes a different perspective for potato production. During 2009–2010, a late blight epidemic affected the Northeastern United States, which quickly spread through several states. The epidemic was characterized by the appearance of a new genotype of P. infestans designated US‐22, which was isolated from tomato and potato. Potato tubers are an essential component of late blight epidemics where the pathogen cannot overwinter on Solanaceous plants. Six potato cultivars were inoculated with 12 isolates of P. infestans (five different genotypes), including isolates of the genotype US‐22. Tuber blight development was characterized in terms of tissue darkening expressed as area under the disease progress curve values and lenticel infection. The responses indicated that US‐8 was more aggressive than US‐22, but US‐22 isolates obtained from potato were more aggressive on potato than those acquired from tomato. Tuber periderm responses to infection were limited, yet US‐8 isolates infected the periderm more often than US‐22 isolates. There were significant differences among the cultivars tested but cv. Jacqueline Lee was the most resistant overall. Although isolates of P. infestans genotype US‐22 were less aggressive in comparison with US‐8 isolates, US‐22 isolates still infected potato tubers and were as aggressive us US‐8 isolates on some cultivars. Management of late blight caused by isolates of US‐22 through host resistance may be feasible but imposes a different set of criteria for consideration from those that US‐8 imposed. 相似文献
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Marc Ghislain Arinaitwe Abel Byarugaba Eric Magembe Anne Njoroge Cristina Rivera María Lupe Romn Jos Carlos Tovar Soledad Gamboa Gregory A. Forbes Jan F. Kreuze Alex Barekye Andrew Kiggundu 《Plant biotechnology journal》2019,17(6):1119-1129
Considered responsible for one million deaths in Ireland and widespread famine in the European continent during the 1840s, late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, remains the most devastating disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) with about 15%–30% annual yield loss in sub‐Saharan Africa, affecting mainly smallholder farmers. We show here that the transfer of three resistance (R) genes from wild relatives [RB, Rpi‐blb2 from Solanum bulbocastanum and Rpi‐vnt1.1 from S. venturii] into potato provided complete resistance in the field over several seasons. We observed that the stacking of the three R genes produced a high frequency of transgenic events with resistance to late blight. In the field, 13 resistant transgenic events with the 3R‐gene stack from the potato varieties ‘Desiree’ and ‘Victoria’ grew normally without showing pathogen damage and without any fungicide spray, whereas their non‐transgenic equivalent varieties were rapidly killed. Characteristics of the local pathogen population suggest that the resistance to late blight may be long‐lasting because it has low diversity, and essentially consists of the single lineage, 2_A1, which expresses the cognate avirulence effector genes. Yields of two transgenic events from ‘Desiree’ and ‘Victoria’ grown without fungicide to reflect small‐scale farm holders were estimated to be 29 and 45 t/ha respectively. This represents a three to four‐fold increase over the national average. Thus, these late blight resistant potato varieties, which are the farmers’ preferred varieties, could be rapidly adopted and bring significant income to smallholder farmers in sub‐Saharan Africa. 相似文献
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Michaela Kopischke Lore Westphal Korbinian Schneeberger Richard Clark Stephan Ossowski Vera Wewer René Fuchs Jörn Landtag Gerd Hause Peter Dörmann Volker Lipka Detlef Weigel Paul Schulze‐Lefert Dierk Scheel Sabine Rosahl 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2013,73(3):456-468
Non‐host resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana against Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight disease of potato, depends on efficient extracellular pre‐ and post‐invasive resistance responses. Pre‐invasive resistance against P. infestans requires the myrosinase PEN2. To identify additional genes involved in non‐host resistance to P. infestans, a genetic screen was performed by re‐mutagenesis of pen2 plants. Fourteen independent mutants were isolated that displayed an enhanced response to Phytophthora (erp) phenotype. Upon inoculation with P. infestans, two mutants, pen2‐1 erp1‐3 and pen2‐1 erp1‐4, showed an enhanced rate of mesophyll cell death and produced excessive callose deposits in the mesophyll cell layer. ERP1 encodes a phospholipid:sterol acyltransferase (PSAT1) that catalyzes the formation of sterol esters. Consistent with this, the tested T‐DNA insertion lines of PSAT1 are phenocopies of erp1 plants. Sterol ester levels are highly reduced in all erp1/psat1 mutants, whereas sterol glycoside levels are increased twofold. Excessive callose deposition occurred independently of PMR4/GSL5 activity, a known pathogen‐inducible callose synthase. A similar formation of aberrant callose deposits was triggered by the inoculation of erp1 psat1 plants with powdery mildew. These results suggest a role for sterol conjugates in cell non‐autonomous defense responses against invasive filamentous pathogens. 相似文献
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E‐Jiao Wu Ce Yang Peter H. Thrall Jeremy J. Burdon Li‐Ping Jin Li‐Ping Shang Jiasui Zhan 《Molecular ecology》2016,25(16):4047-4058
Temperature is one of the most important environmental parameters with crucial impacts on nearly all biological processes. Due to anthropogenic activity, average air temperatures are expected to increase by a few degrees in coming decades, accompanied by an increased occurrence of extreme temperature events. Such global trends are likely to have various major impacts on human society through their influence on natural ecosystems, food production and biotic interactions, including diseases. In this study, we used a combination of statistical genetics, experimental evolution and common garden experiments to investigate the evolutionary potential for thermal adaptation in the potato late blight pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, and infer its likely response to changing temperatures. We found a trade‐off associated with thermal adaptation to heterogeneous environments in P. infestans, with the degree of the trade‐off peaking approximately at the pathogen's optimum growth temperature. A genetic trade‐off in thermal adaptation was also evidenced by the negative association between a strain's growth rate and its thermal range for growth, and warm climates selecting for a low pathogen growth rate. We also found a mirror effect of phenotypic plasticity and genetic adaptation on growth rate. At below the optimum, phenotypic plasticity enhances pathogen's growth rate but nature selects for slower growing genotypes when temperature increases. At above the optimum, phenotypic plasticity reduces pathogen's growth rate but natural selection favours for faster growing genotypes when temperature increases further. We conclude from these findings that the growth rate of P. infestans will only be marginally affected by global warming. 相似文献
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Vine decline of kiwifruit was observed in an orchard in Bart?n province of Turkey. Affected vines exhibited poor terminal growth, leaf discoloration and various degrees of dieback, including complete vine death. Symptoms were observed in the field on roots, crowns and stems. Two Phytophthora species were isolated from decayed cortical roots and lower stems of kiwifruits. They were identified as Phytophthora cryptogea and Phytophthora megasperma by their morphological characteristics and the analysis of sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA. Pathogenicity of the isolates was tested by stem inoculation on kiwifruit seedlings. After 4 weeks, cankers developed in the plants inoculated with P. cryptogea, while no cankers formed in those inoculated with P. megasperma and in control plants. This is the first report of P. cryptogea causing root and stem rot of kiwifruit in Turkey. 相似文献
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Adam H. Sparks Gregory A. Forbes Robert J. Hijmans Karen A. Garrett 《Global Change Biology》2014,20(12):3621-3631
Weather affects the severity of many plant diseases, and climate change is likely to alter the patterns of crop disease severity. Evaluating possible future patterns can help focus crop breeding and disease management research. We examined the global effect of climate change on potato late blight, the disease that caused the Irish potato famine and still is a common potato disease around the world. We used a metamodel and considered three global climate models for the A2 greenhouse gas emission scenario for three 20‐year time‐slices: 2000–2019, 2040–2059 and 2080–2099. In addition to global analyses, five regions were evaluated where potato is an important crop: the Andean Highlands, Indo‐Gangetic Plain and Himalayan Highlands, Southeast Asian Highlands, Ethiopian Highlands, and Lake Kivu Highlands in Sub‐Saharan Africa. We found that the average global risk of potato late blight increases initially, when compared with historic climate data, and then declines as planting dates shift to cooler seasons. Risk in the agro‐ecosystems analyzed, varied from a large increase in risk in the Lake Kivu Highlands in Rwanda to decreases in the Southeast Asian Highlands of Indonesia. 相似文献
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Fabio Rezzonico Philippe C. Nicot Johannes Fahrentrapp 《Journal of Phytopathology》2018,166(2):123-128
Reliable reference genes are critical for relative quantification using quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR). Ten tomato genes (Solanum lycopersicum) and their respective primer sets, which have been used over the last 6 years as references in expression studies, were evaluated for their performance using leaf tissue samples grown under semi‐controlled conditions and infected with grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) or late blight (Phytophthora infestans). The target genes coding for U6 snRNA‐associated Sm‐like protein LSm7, calcineurin B‐like protein and V‐type proton ATPase were the most stable expressed of all the genes tested in three experimental repetitions. Evaluation of candidate reference genes with geNorm and NormFinder softwares yielded the lowest mean values for their respective primer sets LSM7, SlCBL1 and SlATPase, suggesting stable expression. However, SlATPase primer set revealed a comparably high intra‐group variation and was thus not considered further. In follow‐up experiments with P. infestans, the geNorm and NormFinder values of primer sets LSM7 and SlCBL1 were even lower, indicating the stability of their expression also under these conditions. Primer efficiency differed by ‐18 to +5 percentage points from values presented in the literature. Our findings show that a reference primer set which delivers the best results in one system may be outperformed by another under different experimental conditions, thus recommending a reassessment of both expression stability and qPCR efficiency whenever the biological or technical experimental set‐up is changed. On the basis of our results, we recommend the use of LSM7 and SlCBL1 as reference primer sets for gene expression studies on plant tissue derived from open or semi‐controlled conditions. 相似文献
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Kyaw W. Naing Muhammad Anees Xuan H. Nguyen Yong S. Lee Seung W. Jeon Sang J. Kim Myung H. Kim Kil Y. Kim 《Journal of Phytopathology》2014,162(6):367-376
For field application of a bacterial strain used to control Phythophthora capsici, we will need a biologically and economically efficient carrier medium. The known antagonist Paenibacillus ehimensisKWN38 was grown in a grass medium where it showed high antifungal and lytic enzyme activities. To demonstrate the potential of P. ehimensisKWN38 for biocontrol of late blight disease in pepper, pot trials were conducted by treating the 1‐month‐old plants with water (W), a selected grass medium (G3), G plus P. ehimensisKWN38 inoculation (G3P) or synthetic fungicide (F). The shoot dry weight in G3P was higher than that in W and F treatments at 15 days after zoospore infection (DZI). The root dry weight in G3P was also higher than that in W. The root mortality of G3 and W increased over 58 and 80% at 15 DZI, and some plants in those treatments wilted due to the failure of root physiology. The plants in G3P and F survived well because of their better root health conditions. Soil cellulase activity of G3P was consistently higher than that of W and F at earlier observation times (0, 2 and 6 DZI). The root β‐1,3‐glucanase activity of G3P promptly increased to maximum shortly after zoospore infection and reached the maximum value of 51.12 unit g?1 of fresh weight at 2 DZI. All these results indicate that inoculation of P. ehimensisKWN38 to the root zone of potted pepper plants increases plant growth, root and soil enzyme activities and alleviates the root death caused by infection with P. capsici zoospores. 相似文献
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《Evolutionary Applications》2018,11(8):1342-1353
Effectors, a group of small proteins secreted by pathogens, play a critical role in the antagonistic interaction between plant hosts and pathogens through their dual functions in regulating host immune systems and pathogen infection capability. In this study, evolution in effector genes was investigated through population genetic analysis of Avr3a sequences generated from 96 Phytophthora infestans isolates collected from six locations representing a range of thermal variation and cropping systems in China. We found high genetic variation in the Avr3a gene resulting from diverse mechanisms extending beyond point mutations, frameshift, and defeated start and stop codons to intragenic recombination. A total of 51 nucleotide haplotypes encoding 38 amino acid isoforms were detected in the 96 full sequences with nucleotide diversity in the pathogen populations ranging from 0.007 to 0.023 (mean = 0.017). Although haplotype and nucleotide diversity were high, the effector gene was dominated by only three haplotypes. Evidence for a selective sweep was provided by (i) the population genetic differentiation (GST) of haplotypes being lower than the population differentiation (FST) of SSR marker loci; and (ii) negative values of Tajima's D and Fu's FS. Annual mean temperature in the collection sites was negatively correlated with the frequency of the virulent form (Avr3aEM), indicating Avr3a may be regulated by temperature. These results suggest that elevated air temperature due to global warming may hamper the development of pathogenicity traits in P. infestans and further study under confined thermal regimes may be required to confirm the hypothesis. 相似文献