共生菌通过氧气浓度调控果蝇产卵偏嗜性

【目的】研究东方醋杆菌(Acetobacter orientalis)和短小乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis)通过氧气浓度调控黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)产卵的偏嗜性,并研究其对后代存活率和发育历期的生物学意义。【方法】利用双相选择装置解析果蝇产卵行为。利用分光光度仪和pH计测量细菌的OD值与pH值。通过改变果蝇的视觉、味觉和嗅觉感官以检测介导果蝇产卵行为的感觉系统。用后代的发育历期与存活率评价其生物学意义。【结果】果蝇产卵对东方醋杆菌具有趋避性,产卵指数为–0.76,对短小乳杆菌具有趋向性,产卵指数为0.5,并且二者接种比例决定了果蝇的产卵选择。氧气作为一个调节因子,可改变果蝇对东方醋杆菌和短小乳杆菌的产卵偏嗜性。氧气是东方醋杆菌生长必需的条件,有氧培养的OD值为1.3,而无氧培养的OD值为0.4。氧气是短小乳杆菌生长非必需的条件,有氧和无氧培养的OD值均为2.2。破坏嗅觉可严重地影响果蝇对细菌的产卵偏嗜性。东方醋杆菌和短小乳杆菌均促进了果蝇的生长,分别提高存活率1倍和1.5倍,分别缩短果蝇发育历期1 d和2 d。【结论】东方醋杆菌和短小...     

黑腹果蝇对丙酸的产卵避性反应及其生物学意义

【目的】探究丙酸和丁酸对黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster产卵偏嗜性的影响,进一步研究其生物学意义。【方法】利用双选择食物装置检测黑腹果蝇雌性成虫产卵的偏嗜性,利用失去酸感受受体和外科摘除触角的果蝇研究介导该行为的感觉系统,通过发育历期与存活率评价果蝇产卵对丙酸产生避性反应的生物学意义。【结果】黑腹果蝇雌性成虫产卵对丙酸或丁酸产生避性反应,随浓度增大渐趋明显。IR64a与IR76b突变体对0.5%丙酸避性反应减弱,产卵指数分别为-0.07和-0.17。果蝇避开人粪便产卵,产卵指数达-0.7~-0.9,可能为其权衡对乙酸的偏嗜性和对丙酸避性反应的结果。IR64a与IR76b突变体对人粪便避性反应明显减弱,产卵指数分别为-0.49和-0.38。丙酸可显著延缓果蝇后代的发育历期和降低存活率,浓度越大效果越明显,2%浓度时导致果蝇死亡。【结论】果蝇嗅觉系统介导了雌性成虫产卵对丙酸的避性反应,这种行为使果蝇产卵避开丙酸,使后代免受丙酸毒害,从而促进果蝇幼虫的发育和提高后代存活率。     

大肠杆菌改变果蝇产卵偏嗜性

【目的】用大肠杆菌Escherichia coli和黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster分别作为微生物和宿主模型,研究微生物对宿主产卵行为的影响,并探讨大肠杆菌对果蝇存活率的影响。【方法】本研究首先利用野生型果蝇在双选择食物装置分别检测果蝇对大肠杆菌发酵食物的产卵偏嗜性和位置效应;利用大肠杆菌细胞和上清液解析诱导这种行为的原因;利用视觉、味觉和嗅觉突变体果蝇检测作用的感觉系统;通过蛹和成虫存活率检验果蝇对大肠杆菌发酵食物的产卵选择后果。【结果】黑腹果蝇产卵对大肠杆菌发酵的食物具有极显著趋避行为,产卵指数为-0.89。黑腹果蝇产卵对大肠杆菌代谢产物的产卵指数为-0.52,对大肠杆菌菌体的产卵指数为0.02。Orco2突变体果蝇产卵对大肠杆菌发酵的食物趋避行为严重受损,对应的产卵指数为-0.25。大肠杆菌在食物上生长,黑腹果蝇后代的存活率不足5%,而划破食物表面可以显著地降低大肠杆菌引起的黑腹果蝇死亡,将其存活率恢复到正常水平。【结论】大肠杆菌会改变黑腹果蝇产卵行为,使黑腹果蝇避开在其发酵食物上产卵;大肠杆菌代谢产物引起黑腹果蝇产卵的趋避性,果蝇主要通过嗅觉并联合其他感觉系统感知大肠杆菌代谢产物;黑腹果蝇对大肠杆菌产卵趋避行为可提高后代存活率,因为大肠杆菌形成一层菌膜,会引起果蝇缺氧死亡。     

黑腹果蝇对高盐的产卵避性反应及其生物学意义

【目的】研究黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster对高盐的产卵避性,并通过高盐下后代生存率和发育历期的变化来揭示这一现象的生物学意义。【方法】应用产卵双选择装置,检测黑腹果蝇和雅库巴果蝇D. yakuba雌成虫分别对含有0. 25和1 mol/L NaCl的培养基的产卵选择性;利用产卵装置,检测黑腹果蝇对1 mol/L NaCl的位置效应;通过强迫产卵实验检测钠盐胁迫下黑腹果蝇的产卵能力;通过毛细管摄食法和观察口器延伸,检测钠盐胁迫下黑腹果蝇的摄食行为。利用黑暗条件和突变体Orco2分别探究视觉和嗅觉对高盐的产卵选择性。通过外科手术法摘除黑腹果蝇前足部分味觉感受器,并使用咸味突变体Ionotropic Receptor 76b (IR76b),研究介导该行为的感觉系统。在含有不同浓度NaCl (0,0. 25,0. 50,0. 75和1 mol/L)的培养基上培养黑腹果蝇,探究NaCl对黑腹果蝇后代的发育历期和存活率的影响。【结果】雌性黑腹果蝇产卵对高盐产生避性反应,对0. 25和1 mol/L NaCl的产卵偏嗜指数分别为-0. 45和-0. 59;雅库巴果蝇对高盐的反应与黑腹果蝇相同,对0. 25和1 mol/L NaCl的产卵偏嗜指数分别为-0. 78和-0. 99;并且两种果蝇均对0. 25和1 mol/L KCl和CaCl2产生产卵避性反应。黑腹果蝇避开含0. 25和1 mol/L NaCl培养基,位置指数分别为-0. 74和-0. 88。高盐不影响黑腹果蝇的生育能力,其对0,0. 25和1 mol/L NaCl的产卵指数分别为5. 59,6. 63和5. 41。黑腹果蝇对0. 25和1 mol/L NaCl摄食产生明显排斥反应,摄食指数分别为-0. 37和-0. 41,且随浓度增大食欲越低。同时在黑暗条件下,黑腹果蝇对0. 25和1 mol/L NaCl仍产生了显著的避性反应,产卵偏嗜指数分别为-0. 49和-0. 59,摘除前足的黑腹果蝇对0. 25 mol/L NaCl的产卵偏嗜指数为-0. 05,IR76b突变体对高盐的产卵避性反应消失,对0. 25和1 mol/L NaCl的产卵偏嗜指数分别为0. 46和0. 39。0. 25 mol/L NaCl明显延长了后代成蛹时间0. 40 d,后代幼虫存活率降低了16. 5%,而在1 mol/L NaCl上后代卵完全不能形成蛹和成虫。【结论】黑腹果蝇雌成虫通过咸味感觉器官感知高盐而产生产卵避性反应,以促进后代的生长发育和提高后代的幼虫存活率。     

大蒜素调控黑腹果蝇产卵偏嗜性和适合度

[目的]研究果蝇对大蒜素的产卵选择,并解析果蝇产卵避性的机制和生物学意义.[方法]应用产卵双向选择装置,检测黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster雌成虫对0.01％,0.015％和0.02％大蒜素的产卵选择性;利用产卵装置,检测黑腹果蝇对大蒜素的位置效应;通过毛细管摄食法检测黑腹果蝇摄食行为;利用黑暗(...     

短小乳杆菌的代谢产物对黑腹果蝇产卵选择性的影响

【目的】研究黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster对短小乳杆菌Lactobacillus brevis有氧与无氧代谢产物的产卵选择,并解析这些代谢产物影响果蝇产卵行为的机制和生物学意义。【方法】应用产卵双选择装置,检测成年雌果蝇产卵的选择行为;利用黑暗条件(暗盒)、嗅觉突变体和摘除前足味觉感受器的方式探究介导该行为的感觉系统;通过在不同浓度乳酸(0, 70, 280 mmol/L)的培养基上培养黑腹果蝇,探究乳酸对其后代的发育历期和存活率的影响;利用免疫荧光染色法检测乳酸对果蝇肠道上皮细胞增殖情况的影响。【结果】短小乳杆菌无氧代谢产物引起成年雌性黑腹果蝇产卵避性,产卵指数为-0.47;短小乳杆菌有氧代谢产物乳酸含量为0.4 mmol/L,无氧代谢产物乳酸含量为126.8 mmol/L;雌性果蝇对乳酸同样产生产卵避性反应,且产卵避性随乳酸浓度的增高而增强。切除前足的果蝇对乳酸的产卵避性显著降低。与对照相比, 70 mmol/L的乳酸使幼虫的成蛹时间和成虫羽化时间分别延长了1.42 d和1.17 d,存活率降低了36.0%。乳酸明显破坏肠道上皮的完整性,促进肠道上皮细胞的增殖。【结论】短小乳杆菌无氧代谢产物引起成年果蝇产卵避性。果蝇主要通过味觉感知短小乳杆菌无氧代谢产物乳酸,这引起果蝇产卵避性,从而提高后代的生长发育和幼虫的存活率。     

果蝇共生菌降低有害真菌的毒性

【背景】目前对于如何解决有害真菌对黑腹果蝇的致死性病理研究较少,对共生菌抑制有害真菌的研究引起普遍关注。【目的】检测黑腹果蝇共生菌对病原性真菌的拮抗作用,揭示共生菌提高果蝇的适合度。【方法】利用PDA培养基分离黑腹果蝇食物中真菌;利用形态和rDNAITS基因序列比对进行真菌的鉴定;通过测量菌落直径、孢子数量以及菌丝分枝数量以评定真菌的生长;利用存活率评估病原真菌的毒性;建立无菌和悉生模型,通过发育历期验证其共生菌与病原性真菌的竞争作用;利用双向选择食物装置检测共生菌抑制病原真菌的效果。【结果】从果蝇食物中分离出的真菌经鉴定为拟茎点霉(Phomopsis),可显著地降低成年果蝇的存活率和延缓果蝇发育。东方醋酸杆菌在体外可明显抑制拟茎点霉的生长,有效地减轻拟茎点霉对果蝇的致死作用,挽救了拟茎点霉导致的果蝇发育延滞,改善了果蝇产卵对拟茎点霉的趋避作用。【结论】拟茎点霉是果蝇的一株条件性病原真菌,而东方醋酸杆菌可以有效地减轻拟茎点霉对果蝇生长发育和存活率的损害,从而提高果蝇适合度。     

肠道微生物群加重黑腹果蝇盐胁迫反应

【背景】高盐饮食目前引起普遍关注,肠道微生物与盐胁迫的相互作用正成为研究热点之一。【目的】以黑腹果蝇为宿主模型,探讨肠道微生物对果蝇盐胁迫反应的影响与潜在机理。【方法】利用平板计数法和定量PCR法检测果蝇肠道载菌量;利用存活率和运动能力测定装置测定果蝇适合度;用化学试剂和抗生素处理建立无菌果蝇,测定肠道菌对果蝇盐胁迫反应的影响;利用亮蓝食用色素染料渗透性实验检测果蝇肠道屏障的完整性;应用实时定量PCR检测先天免疫系统的活性。【结果】高盐处理引起果蝇肠道菌群失调,导致其肠道载菌量显著增加。此外,高盐饮食(high salt diet,HSD)降低了黑腹果蝇成虫的存活率和运动能力。经0.75 mol/L NaCl处理,雌性GF (germ-free)果蝇存活率比对照组升高了11%,同时混合抗生素有效地提高了高盐处理后果蝇的存活率。肠道微生物加剧了肠道屏障功能损伤,雌性GF果蝇出现染料渗透性实验现象的百分率比对照组降低了8%。在分子水平上,盐胁迫下雌性GF果蝇体内Attacin-C、Duox基因表达水平分别是CR(conventionally reared)果蝇的2.5倍和1.7倍。【结论】肠道微生物加重果蝇盐胁迫反应,引发高盐诱导的肠屏障功能紊乱,并且抑制高盐诱导的先天免疫活性。     

类肠膜魏斯氏菌通过调节蜕皮激素和胰岛素通路促进黑腹果蝇生长发育（英文）

【目的】本研究旨在揭示果蝇乳酸菌类肠膜魏斯氏菌Weisellas paramesenteroides对黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster生长发育的影响。【方法】利用选择性培养基分离黑腹果蝇成虫肠道乳酸菌,通过16S rRNA基因序列比对鉴定菌株。通过统计从卵至蛹化和羽化的时间检测果蝇发育历期,并以幼虫体表面积为指标检测果蝇生长速率。利用qPCR检测产卵后不同时间生长激素信号通路基因(dib,E74B和PTTH)及胰岛素信号通路基因(DILP2,DILP3和InR)的表达。通过葡萄糖氧化酶法检测3龄幼虫血淋巴中的葡萄糖水平。【结果】从黑腹果蝇成虫肠道内分离到类肠膜魏斯氏菌,并可以在果蝇肠道内有效定殖。类肠膜魏斯氏菌通过提高果蝇生长速率缩短果蝇卵至蛹化和羽化的时间。qPCR结果显示,类肠膜魏斯氏菌增加了dib,E74B和PTTH的表达量,同时增加了DILP2和DILP3的表达量,降低了InR表达量和幼虫血淋巴中的葡萄糖水平。【结论】类肠膜魏斯氏菌是黑腹果蝇的一种共生菌,通过激活蜕皮激素和胰岛素信号通路,促进生长发育。     

食物对真水狼蛛发育和繁殖的影响

研究4种食物对真水狼蛛发育和繁殖的影响.结果表明:单喂果蝇时,幼蛛世代存活率最低;喂混合食物时幼蛛历期最短;单喂果蝇时,历期最长.幼蛛腹部体色与所喂食物颜色相近.喂混合食物的幼蛛,其背甲宽度和体重均大于其他3种食物.雌蛛所产卵袋数和产卵总量均以喂混合食物时为最高.多种食物混合喂养,有利于真水狼蛛的个体发育和繁殖.     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

Tracking down the "head blob": comparative analysis of wingless expression in the developing insect procephalon reveals progressive reduction of embryonic visual system patterning in higher insects

The evolution of larval head morphology in holometabolous insects is characterized by reduction of antennal appendages and the visual system components. Little insight has been gained into molecular developmental changes underlying this morphological diversification. Here we compare the expression of the segment polarity gene wingless (wg) in the pregnathal head of fruit fly, flour beetle and grasshopper embryos. We provide evidence that wg activity contributes to segment border formation, and, subsequently, the separation of the visual system and protocerebrum anlagen in the anterior procephalon. In directly developing insects like grasshopper, seven expression domains are formed during this process. The activation of four of these, which correspond to polar expression pairs in the optic lobe anlagen and the protocerebral ectoderm, has shifted to postembryonic stages in flour beetle and Drosophila. The remaining three domains map to the protocerebral neuroectoderm, and form by disintegration of a large precursor domain in flour beetle and grasshopper. In Drosophila, the precursor domain remains intact, constituting the previously described “head blob”. These data document major changes in the expression of an early patterning gene correlated with the dramatic evolution of embryonic visual system development in the Holometabola.     

中国石蕊科地衣研究之四石蕊属地衣新种及中国新记录

摘要:本文报道了中国横断山地区石蕊属地衣12种,其中新种1个:贡嘎石蕊(Cladonia ngganensis S.Y. Guo & Wei),中国新记录11种:类黄粉石蕊(Cl. bacilliformis),比蒙氏石(Cl. beaumontii),小棍棒石蕊(Cl. clavulifera),圆筒石蕊(Cl. cylindrica),具粉石蕊(Cl. farinacea),北海道石蕊(Cl. hokkaidensis),厚叶石蕊(Cl. incrassata),大叶石蕊(Cl. macrophylla),丛杯石蕊( Cl. mateocyatha),多孔石蕊(Cl. multiformis)和亚石蕊(Cl. subrangiformis)。对于每一种的化学成分及地理分布进行了测定和分析。     

Molecular identification of Taenia spp. in wolves (Canis lupus), brown bears (Ursus arctos) and cervids from North Europe and Alaska

Taenia tapeworms of Finnish and Swedish wolves (Canis lupus) and Finnish brown bears (Ursus arctos), and muscle cysticerci of Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus), Alaskan Grant's caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) and Alaskan moose (Alces americanus) were identified on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of a 396 bp region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene. Two species were found from wolves: Taenia hydatigena and Taenia krabbei. The cysticerci of reindeer, caribou and one moose also represented T. krabbei. Most of the cysticercal specimens from Alaskan moose, however, belonged to an unknown T. krabbei-like species, which had been reported previously from Eurasian elks (Alces alces) from Finland. Strobilate stages from two bears belonged to this species as well. The present results suggest that this novel Taenia sp. has a Holarctic distribution and uses Alces spp. as intermediate and ursids as final hosts.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Fungal Thyroiditis: An Overview

The authors review the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of fungal thyroiditis cases previously reported in the medical literature. Aspergillus was by far the most common cause of fungal thyroiditis. Immunocompromised patients, such as those with leukemia, lymphoma, autoimmune diseases, and organ-transplant patients on pharmacological immunosuppression were particularly at risk. Fungal thyroiditis was diagnosed at autopsy as part of disseminated infection in a substantial number of patients without clinical manifestations and laboratory evidence of thyroid dysfunction. Local signs and symptoms of infection were indistinguishable from other infectious thyroiditis and included fever, anterior cervical pain, thyroid enlargement sometimes associated with dysphagia and dysphonia, and clinical and laboratory features of transient hyperthyroidism due to the release of thyroid hormone from follicular cell damage, followed by residual hypothyroidism. Antemortem diagnosis of fungal thyroiditis was made by direct microscopy and culture of a fine-needle aspirate, or/and biopsy in most cases. Since most patients with fungal thyroiditis had disseminated fungal infection with delay in diagnosis and treatment, the overall mortality was high.