细角螺卵子发生的细胞学和超微结构的研究

利用组织切片和透射电镜观察细角螺卵细胞发育的显微和超微结构,结果表明:细角螺卵原细胞期细胞核体积较大,呈椭圆形,核膜明显且有不规则的凹陷,细胞质内出现大量的线粒体和高尔基体.根据卵黄颗粒物的多少和大小可将卵母细胞分为前、中、后三个时期:前期卵母细胞细胞核内染色质浓缩,核仁可见,并出现核周间隙;中期卵母细胞内细胞核移向细胞的一端,核内染色质仍呈高电子密度状态,核仁不明显或消失;后期卵母细胞内的细胞核受挤压形状变得不规则,细胞质内可见少量的线粒体,大量的卵黄颗粒聚集在细胞质中并融合成很大的卵黄球.成熟期卵母细胞卵黄物质多且有较大的脂滴.     

油松细胞质遗传的细胞学机理：Ⅱ雄性和雌性细胞器在受精和原胚？…

在电镜下观察汕松（ｉｎｕｓ ｔａｂｕｌａｅｆｏｒｍｉｓ Ｃａｒｒ．）传粉后的胚珠临近受地的花粉管和卵细胞的细胞质,受精时雄配子体细胞质的传递、游离核和细胞原胚发育时期质体和线粒体的传递。在成熟卵中含许多线粒体,缺少正常结构的质全,它们转变为大内含体。此外卵细胞还有丰富的小内含体和其他一些细胞器。花粉管在卵细胞的珠孔端释放其内含物。精核与卵核融合时,核周围未见来自精细胞的质体和线粒体。不参与融合的精     

四膜虫（Tetrahymena shanghaiensis）大核核仁与去膜大核能诱导非…

外源ＤＮＡ或染色质在非洲爪蟾卵提取物中可以诱导细胞核样结构的重建。重建核除不具有核仁样结构外，在其它形态结构上与真核细胞核十分相似。前人的工作 重建中具有核仁前体结构。但可以是由于缺洗涤戌一核仁组织者的缘故，这些核仁前体不能相互融合形成新生核仁。那么活性核仁组织 重建核中是否能发挥其功能呢？为了研究这一问题，我们提取纯化了四膜虫的大核与大核的周边核仁。进一步去除大核与大核核仁分别加入非洲爪蟾卵非细     

三疣梭子蟹精子的发生及超微结构研究

用透射电镜观察三疣梭子蟹的精子发生过程及精子的超微结构。发现精原细胞较大，卵圆形。核大而圆，染色质分散，附着于核膜之内侧。胞质少，内含线粒体和粗面内质网等结构。初级精母细胞比精原细胞略小，卵圆形，核内染色质凝聚成团块，散布于核质中，除线粒体外，胞质中尚含有很多内质网小泡和游离核糖体。次级精母细胞多边形，核卵圆形，染色质致密，线粒体等含量均下降。早期精细胞质中由内质网产生许多颗粒，这些颗粒合并成为大     

利用非洲爪蟾精子染色质和卵提取物在体外重建细胞核

应用非洲爪蟾去膜精子染色质和卵提取物成功地进行了细胞核本外重建。当精子染色质加入卵提取物后,首先发生染色质去浓缩作用,染色质整体结构膨胀;膜泡在膨胀的染色质外周聚集并逐渐彼此融合成双层膜;核孔复合体以某种未知方式组装入双层膜而形成核膜结构,并逐渐完全覆盖膨大的染色质,最终形成典型的间期核结构。     

人参茎叶皂甙对不同年龄大白鼠心肌细胞的影响

实验用3—5月龄青年鼠11只,18月龄老年鼠13只,各分对照与实验两组,实验组在基础饲料中加入参皂甙。三个月后取心肌制超薄切片,电镜观察。青年对照组与实验组心肌结构未见明显差别。老年对照组心肌细胞间胶元纤维增多。细胞内脂褐素数量增多,电子密度致密。核内异染色质在核边缘堆积且核边缘不规则,多凹陷。线粒体在肌原纤维间排列不整齐,线粒体嵴破裂以致消失。实验组细胞结构有所改善,表现在核边缘比较完整,异染色质较少,而且大部分线粒体嵴结构较清晰,脂褐素电子密度较低,文中井讨论了脂褐素的来源。     

四膜虫(Tetrahymena shanghaiensis)大核核仁与去膜大核能诱导非细胞体系核重建

外源DNA或染色质在非洲爪蟾卵提取物中可以诱导细胞核样结构的重建。重建核除不具有核仁样结构外,在其它形态结构上与真核细胞核十分相似。前人的工作表明在重建核中具有核仁前体结构。但可能是由于缺少活性核仁组织者的缘故,这些核仁前体不能相互融合形成新生核仁。那么活性核仁组织者在重建核中是否能发挥其功能呢?为了研究这一问题,我们提取纯化了四膜虫的大核与大核的周边核仁。进一步去除大核的核被膜,并将去除核被膜的大核与大核核仁分别加入非洲爪赡卵非细胞体系中。通过电镜超薄切片观察,我们发现无论是与大核染色质相连的周边核仁还是分离纯化的核仁结构在非洲爪赡卵非细胞体系中都不能保持其原有结构特征,而是发生了典型核重建变化,并且在诱导形成的重建核中也看不到核仁样结构。这些结果说明具有活性的核仁组织者在加入非洲爪蟾卵提取物后既不能继续保持其原有的RNA转录功能也不能诱导新的核仁的出现。     

爪蟾卵无细胞系统中核的自组装和组装核染色质纤维的研究

以人工促排的非洲爪蟾卵为材料制备体外无细胞系统,加入Lambda DNA或染色质,用荧光显微镜和电子显微镜观察核的自组装现象.在核的自组装过程中可以看出由丝状、不规则块状到小球状的形态变化,直至形成与真核细胞间期核的形态、结构相似的组装核.在加入染色质时,所观察到的现象和加入Lambda DNA时相似,但形成组装核的过程较快.组装核经过适当浓缩后,以低渗铺展法使其破裂,从核中释放的染色质纤维,电镜观察与细胞核内的染色质有相似之处也有其本身的特点.用蛋白酶处理,纤维变得光滑,其上的颗粒消失;DNase的作用则可使纤维消失,只剩下一些颗粒和片段;RNase处理时没见变化.     

鸡心李胚囊及受精的观察

鸡心李(ycopodium cernuum Marsh var.)胚囊发育多数不正常。卵器,极核,反足细胞的数目和在胚囊内的部位有不正常。卵器细胞核,极核,反足细胞核的结构动态有不正常。核物质有穿出现象。受精作用多数不正常。进入胚囊的精子数目、大小、形态、结构有差异。精子有蝌蚪形者,可能有利于主动运动。有单精受精,多精进入卵器或单极核受精。精子染色质有穿出现象。胚囊发育不正常,精子不正常,受精作用不正常,导致败育,果仁腐烂,果实早落。防治方法建议用人工引变,改进遗传性状。     

产卵前、后蟾蜍(B.bufo gargarizans)输卵管磷酸酶和粘多糖类的消长变化及其和卵胶形成的关系

Bataillon(1929,1930)和朱洗等(1942,1950,1956)曾报告过两棲类卵的受精和卵胶膜有密切的关系。他们的研究都证明蛙和蝾螈的卵,如没有外面的胶膜或用人工方法去除胶膜后都没有受精能力。由此可见,两棲类卵外的胶膜对受精作用是有很重要意义的。关于蟾蜍卵胶在受精时的机制问题,Kambara(1953)和朱洗等(1956)已作过报道。Kambara证明去掉胶膜后的蟾蜍卵,如在卵的表面涂上6％     

雌核发育和两性融合发育鱼卵调控精核受精发育的生化特性研究

两性融合生殖的鱼卵受精后,精核能疏松、解凝,形成雄性原核：雌核发育银鲫卵子受精后,精核发育受到抑制,无法形成原核。采用显微注射去膜精核以及细胞学和电镜观察的方法,本文对两类鱼卵受精后精核早期发育的生化性质进行了初步探讨,并着重研究了雌核发育银鲫卵子控制精核发育的生化特征。实验结果显示,两性融合生殖鱼类卵质中,一定量的Ｃａ２＋的存在,二硫键的还原作用对于精核的发育显然是必要的;而在雌核发育银鲫卵中,Ｃａ２＋的功能和二硫键的还原作用与精核发育受到抑制之间并无直接联系。银鲫卵质中似乎显示出异常的磷酸酶脂解活性,导致磷酸化过程无法进行,使精核解凝受到阻碍。另外,两性融合生殖的鱼卵重质层中具有大量诱导精核原核化的有关因子,而银鲫卵质中则缺少该因子（或活性极低）。银鲫卵质中还可能缺乏某些与雄性原核的核膜重组装有关的大分子物质。     

THE FINE STRUCTURE OF ANNULATE LAMELLAE

Certain lamellar structures have been described from snail (Otala) and clam (Spisula) oocytes, the acinar cells of amphibian (Ambystoma) pancreas, and from rat spermatids. These structures are alike in possessing numerous rings or annuli, resembling those in the nuclear membrane. Thus the name "annulate lamellae" has been proposed for them. It is suggested that they may function in the transfer of specificities from nucleus to cytoplasm.     

林农复合系统灭螺机制及其持续灭螺

本文利用连续数年在试验基地观测和调查资料,结合五省其它试验点的研究结果,探讨了林农复合系统灭螺机制及其持续灭螺方法．结果显示,林农复合系统的小气候特征、土壤环境以及实施的耕翻间种措施等不利于系统内钉螺的孳生,使钉螺体内糖原含量明显减少,SDH、LDH活性下降,蛋白质总量和氨基酸含量降低,影响了钉螺的生存和繁殖．林农复合系统动态生长以及汛期外系统钉螺随水而来会影响灭螺．采用间伐、邻近草滩发展水产养殖以及在更大范围建立林农复合系统可以持续灭螺．     

Changes in the reproductive biology of Biomphalara glabrata infected with different doses of Echinostoma paraensei miracidia

The egg-laying rate, number of egg masses, number of eggs/mass, number of eggs hatched/snail and egg viability of Biomphalaria glabrata exposed to different doses (5 and 50) of Echinostoma paraensei miracidia were analyzed as indicators of reproductive activity. Polystyrene plates were placed in aquariums containing the snails and every other day for four weeks after infection the plates were removed to count the number of egg masses and eggs laid. After this, the plates were numbered individually and placed in new aquariums free of snails and the egg masses were observed daily to determine the hatching rate. On average there was an increase in the parameters evaluated in the infected snails in relation to the controls (uninfected snails), except for egg viability, which was significantly lower in the groups infected with 50 miracidia. These findings indicate that when infected, this host snail is able to increase its reproductive activity, suggesting an ecological strategy to maintain the species.     

Studies on fertilization of the teleost. II. Nuclear behavior and changes in histone H1 kinase

In order to understand the dynamic responses of gamete nuclei upon fertilization in the fish, Oryzias latipes, the relationship between changes in the activity of histone H1 kinase and nuclear behavior was examined during fertilization. Kinase activity rapidly decreased concomitant with the initiation of the propagative exocytosis of cortical alveoli following sperm attachment to the egg plasma membrane post-insemination (PI). Activity again increased 30 min PI. Similar changes in kinase activity, migration and syngamy of pronuclei, and subsequent cleavage were observed with aphidicolin or actinomycin D treatment, except that formation of abnormal metaphase chromosomes was retarded in aphidicolin-treated zygotes. Pretreatment of unfertilized eggs with cycloheximide or 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) caused no nuclear changes. The activity of histone H1 kinase in these eggs rapidly declined following sperm penetration and exocytosis, but did not undergo subsequent increase in the presence of these inhibitors. In these eggs with low histone H1 kinase activity, the fertilization process from sperm penetration to syngamy occurred normally, but the pronuclear membrane did not break down and the chromosomes did not condense. The present data suggest that in fish eggs, DNA replication as well as the synthesis and phosphorylation of proteins, especially cyclin B, are required for normal formation of metaphase chromosomes at the first cleavage, but not for fertilization events from sperm penetration through to nuclear migration resulting in syngamy.     

POLYOL ACCUMULATION IN IN VITRO SYSTEMS OF BOMBYX EGGS

The mechanism of polyol accumulation in diapausing Bombyx eggs, conversion of [6-¹⁴C] glucose-6-phosphate into polyols and other neutral sugars was investigated in in vitro reaction systems. When a crude homogenate or a press juice of the eggs was incubated with [6-¹⁴C]glucose-6-P, the labelled trehalose, sorbitol and glycerol accumulated in the reaction mixture. In the press juice incubation system of developing eggs at day 1, ¹⁴C-sorbitol was detected in appreciable amounts, but it decreased rapidly with the development of the embryos. When the press juice was prepared from eggs in diapause, the formation of ¹⁴C-sorbitol was 3–5 times greater in eggs at early stages (day 2 to day 4) than in developing eggs.     

Cell age-related differences in the interaction of a potential-sensitive fluorescent dye with nuclear envelopes of Acetabularia mediterranea

Abstract. To study whether an electrical potential difference exists across the nuclear envelope or inner nuclear membrane of plant cells, the authors have used an optical probe of membrane potential, the cationic fluorescent dye, DiOC₆(3) (MW = 572.5). This dye was microinjected into the nucleoplasm of isolated Acetabularia nuclei (which are still surrounded by a thin layer of cytoplasm) and its subnuclear localization visualized by fluorescence microscopy. Striking differences, which seemed to be correlated with the developmental stage of the isolated nucleus, were observed. In nuclei isolated from cells at the stage of early cap stage formation, the dye was restricted to the nuclear envelope. In nuclei isolated from cells with intermediate or fully developed caps, there was increased nucleoplasmic staining, and the staining of the envelope was frequently diminished or abolished. In all nuclei, the dye remained within the nucleus after injection. Cytoplasmic staining was only observed when nuclei isolated from cells at the stage of early cap formation were incubated in a hyper- or hypo-tonic medium. Various ionophores, injected before the dye into the nucleoplasm, had no effect on the subsequent nuclear localization of DiOC₆(3), although they did rapidly induce nucleolar condensation in nuclei isolated from cells at the stage of early cap formation. The results suggested that the electrical properties of Acetabularia nuclear envelopes or inner nuclear membranes change during cell maturation. Furthermore, the retention of the dye in the nucleoplasm under isotonic conditions indicated that the nuclear pores were not open channels for molecules of this size.     

A special pattern of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the kidney of the snail Cryptomphalus aspersa.

A special structural pattern of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) has been observed in the kidney of the snail Cryptomphalus aspersa. Two types of cells (clear and dark) cover the foldings of the renal sac; the dark cells are by far the most numerous. A cisterna of SER enveloping the nucleus appears invariably in both types of cells, with no disruptions, or small ones (from 50 to 90 nm) along its profile. The layer of cytoplasm lodged between the external nuclear membrane and this cisterna is found invariably to be from 0-20 to 0-25 mum in width. Glycogen is abundant in the cytoplasm as alpha particles, and also in the nucleus, but as beta particles. It is noteworthy that absolutely no glycogen is present in the layer of cytoplasm lodged between the nuclear membrane and the surrounding SER envelope. Long profiles of SER are also observed closely approaching and parallel to the plasma membrane of the dark cells. Considering the role of SER in glycogen metabolism in the kidney of the snail, the possible function of these cisternae as a support system ofr enzymes involved in the metabolism of glucides is discussed.     

氚—烟酰苯胺在钉螺体内分布示踪的研究

本文应用氚－烟酰苯胺标记湖北钉螺，示踪观察不同时间烟酰苯胺进入螺体组织和脏器内的分布和进入途径。结果显示，钉螺接触药物从２２分钟开始检测出组织、脏器内氚含量，以后逐渐增高，至１４４０分钟达最高峰；合计不同时间各组织和脏器中药物含量由高至低排列次序为外套膜、胃肠、肝脏、肠内粪梗、睾丸、卵巢、鳃、神经节、心脏；转换氚含量为烟酰苯胺剂量，证实了烟酰苯胺杀螺的低用量与高效性；由单位重量组织和脏器中药物含量排位，反映出药物在螺体分布动态变化，以及药物通过消化系统、呼吸系统、外套膜表皮三条途径进入。     

Schistosoma mansoni: degradation of host extracellular matrix by eggs and miracidia

A radioactively labeled in vitro model of the extracellular matrix of the mammalian intestinal wall and of snail tissue was used to determine whether proteolytic enzymes released by eggs and miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni could degrade connective tissue macromolecules in the type of interactive framework found in vivo. Eggs were collected and miracidia hatched in the presence of antibiotics to eliminate bacterial contamination. Uninfected livers were used as controls to ensure that the tissue dissociation and egg collection procedures did not produce proteolytic activity. One thousand live eggs incubated with the extracellular matrix for 72 hr at 37 C degraded 31% of the glycoprotein in the matrix; there was no degradation of elastin or collagen. Medium conditioned by incubation with eggs degraded 60% as much of the matrix as the live eggs themselves. The proteolytic activity of the egg-conditioned medium was greater in the presence of dithiothreitol. Miracidia incubated with the extracellular matrix in tissue culture medium at 27 or 37 C rapidly transformed to living sporocysts. This transformation was accompanied by a release of proteolytic activity, resulting in the degradation of 49 to 58% of the glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix by 1000 miracidia. Again, no elastin or collagen was degraded. The time course of degradation by miracidia was rapid over 24 hr and thus similar to that previously reported for cercariae. Degradation by eggs occurred more slowly over 72 hr. These data confirm that both eggs and miracidia secrete proteinases which are capable of degrading at least the glycoprotein components of extracellular matrix to facilitate their migration through intestinal wall or penetration of snail tissue.