Tra2β1蛋白在神经特异性的基因剪接中的功能

体外(in vitro)生化研究已证明哺乳动物Tra2蛋白是前体mRNA剪接的重要调控因子,但是,对该蛋白在in vivo条件下的剪接功能,尤其是在神经特异性基因剪接中的功能及其细胞特异性,目前所知甚少。本文采用in vivo分析模型,在COS-l和PFSK两种不同类型的细胞中,研究了两个神经特异性基因(GluR-B,SMN2)剪接的细胞特异性,同时分析了Tra2β1在这两个基因剪接中的功能及其细胞特异性。结果表明,在研究的两种细胞中,GluR-B和SMN2“小基因”的剪接均具有明显的细胞特异性;而Tra2β1蛋白的过量表达在这两种不同的细胞中对“小基因”的剪接有显著的相同倾向的调节作用,提示Tra2β1蛋白对该两个基因剪接的调节作用可能没有细胞特异性。     

XE7: a novel splicing factor that interacts with ASF/SF2 and ZNF265

Pre-mRNA splicing is performed by the spliceosome. SR proteins in this macromolecular complex are essential for both constitutive and alternative splicing. By using the SR-related protein ZNF265 as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen, we pulled out the uncharacterized human protein XE7, which is encoded by a pseudoautosomal gene. XE7 had been identified in a large-scale proteomic analysis of the human spliceosome. It consists of two different isoforms produced by alternative splicing. The arginine/serine (RS)-rich region in the larger of these suggests a role in mRNA processing. Herein we show for the first time that XE7 is an alternative splicing regulator. XE7 interacts with ZNF265, as well as with the essential SR protein ASF/SF2. The RS-rich region of XE7 dictates both interactions. We show that XE7 localizes in the nucleus of human cells, where it colocalizes with both ZNF265 and ASF/SF2, as well as with other SR proteins, in speckles. We also demonstrate that XE7 influences alternative splice site selection of pre-mRNAs from CD44, Tra2-β1 and SRp20 minigenes. We have thus shown that the spliceosomal component XE7 resembles an SR-related splicing protein, and can influence alternative splicing.     

Validation of trans-acting elements that promote exon 7 skipping of SMN2 in SMN2-GFP stable cell line

Spinal muscular atrophy is a genetic disease in which the SMN1 gene is deleted. The SMN2 gene exists in all of the patients. Alternative splicing of these two genes are different. More than 90% of exon 7 included form is produced from SMN1 pre-mRNA, whereas only ～20% of exon 7 included form is produced from SMN2 pre-mRNA. Only exon 7 inclusion form produces functional protein. Exon 7 skipped SMN isoform is unstable. Here we constructed a GFP reporter system that recapitulates the alternative splicing of SMN1 and SMN2 pre-mRNA. We designed a system in which GFP protein is expressed only when exon 7 of is included in alternative splicing. The stable cell that expresses SMN1-GFP produces ～4 times more GFP protein than the stable cell line that expresses SMN2-GFP; as demonstrated by microscopy, FACS analysis and immunoblotting. In addition the ratio of exon 7 inclusion and skipping of SMN1-GFP and SMN2-GFP pre-mRNA was similar to endogenous SMN1 and SMN2 pre-mRNA as shown in RT-PCR. Furthermore the knockdown with hnRNP A1 shRNA, a known protein which promotes exon 7 skipping of SMN2, induces exon 7 inclusion of exon 7 in SMN2-GFP pre-mRNA in SMN2-GFP cell line. We conclude that we have established the stable cell lines that recapitulate alternative splicing of the SMN1 and SMN2 genes. The stable cell line can be used to identify the trans-acting elements with siRNA.     

Establishment and application of minigene models for studying pre-mRNA alternative splicing

The objective of the present study is to establish a minigene model for studying pre-mRNA alternative splicing. To prepare the minigene DNA constructs, with human or mouse genomic DNA as templates, GluR-B, FGF-2R and Zis “minigene” fragments were amplified using PCR and cloned to the eukaryotic expression vectors. The three constructed minigenes and the expression vectors of Tra2β1 and Zis2 were co-transfected in Hela cells. RT-PCR analysis was performed to semi-quantitatively determine the spliced products from the minigenes. The results demonstrated that the constructed minigenes are useful in studying the pre-mRNA alternative splicing in cultured cells. With the established Zis minigene, we for the first time found that Zis2 isoform regulates the alternative splicing of Zis minigene.     

SRp38基因在小鼠视网膜细胞中的表达以及对GluR-B小基因可变剪接的调控

SR蛋白在前体mRNA可变剪接调控中发挥重要作用.SRp38作为一种新近发现的具有神经及生殖组织特异性的SR蛋白,能够调控一些在神经组织中起重要作用的基因(如GluR-B,Trk-C,NCAML1等)的前体mRNA可变剪接,同时还可以在有丝分裂M期及热休克时抑制前体mRNA剪接的发生.利用Western blot以及免疫组织化学方法研究了SRp38蛋白在小鼠视网膜中的表达以及分布情况,结果显示,SRp38蛋白在视网膜中的表达具有区域特异性,在外网层、内核层、内网层以及节细胞层中均有表达,而在外核层无表达.对分离培养的小鼠视网膜细胞进行免疫双标记分析的结果表明,SRp38蛋白在视杆-双极细胞的胞体、轴突、树突中表达.通过瞬时共转染以及RT_PCR分析,发现在R28细胞中,SRp38过表达可以促进GluR-B小基囚Flip亚型的剪接.结果提示SRp38蛋白可能通过调控小鼠视网膜内前体mRNA可变剪接、进而在小鼠视网膜功能中发挥重要作用.     

Tra2betal regulates P19 neuronal differentiation and the splicing of FGF-2R and GluR-B minigenes

The present study demonstrates that the expression of Tra2beta1 (Transformer 2-beta1) proteins, an SR (serine/arginine rich) protein, is developmentally up-regulated in a neural-specific pattern. The up-regulation is also observed in RA (retinoic acid) induced neural differentiation of P19 cells. Tra2betal proteins are located in the nuclei of P19 cells, which are consistent with its functional site as an SR protein. The over-expression of Tra2betal proteins promotes RA induced neuronal differentiation of P19 cells. In P19 cells, the splicing of FGF-2R (fibroblast growth factor receptor 2) minigene produces the BEK form, while the alternative splicing of GluR-B (glutamate receptor subunit B) minigene generates two products, the Flop and the Truncated isoforms. Tra2betal inhibits the BEK splicing, but it promotes the Flop splicing. The results therefore suggest that Tra2betal is involved in the regulation of alternative splicing processes during neural development, peculiarly the splicing of FGF-2R and GluR-B genes. Both FGF-2R and GluR-B genes are known to play important roles in neural differentiation.     

Two isoforms of the T-cell intracellular antigen 1 (TIA-1) splicing factor display distinct splicing regulation activities. Control of TIA-1 isoform ratio by TIA-1-related protein

TIA-1 (T-cell Intracellular Antigen 1) and TIAR (TIA-1-related protein) are RNA-binding proteins involved in the regulation of alternative pre-mRNA splicing and other aspects of RNA metabolism. Various isoforms of these proteins exist in mammals. For example, TIA-1 presents two major isoforms (TIA-1a and TIA-1b) generated by alternative splicing of exon 5 that differ by eleven amino acids exclusive of the TIA-1a isoform. Here we show that the relative expression of TIA-1 and TIAR isoforms varies in different human tissues and cell lines, suggesting distinct functional properties and regulated isoform expression. We report that whereas TIA-1 isoforms show similar subcellular distribution and RNA binding, TIA-1b displays enhanced splicing stimulatory activity compared with TIA-1a, both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, TIAR depletion from HeLa and mouse embryonic fibroblasts results in an increased ratio of TIA-1b/a expression, suggesting that TIAR regulates the relative expression of TIA-1 isoforms. Taken together, the results reveal distinct functional properties of TIA-1 isoforms and the existence of a regulatory network that controls isoform expression.     

Identification of a cis-acting element involved in the regulation of BACE1 mRNA alternative splicing

β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the transmembrane aspartyl protease that catalyzes the first cleavage step during proteolysis of the β-amyloid precursor protein, a process involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. BACE1 pre-mRNA undergoes complex alternative splicing, and cis -acting elements important for its regulation have not been identified. We constructed and compared several BACE1 minigenes and found that BACE1 sequence from exon 3 through exon 5 was required for minigenes to undergo correct splicing. Minigene splicing was validated by showing specific splicing inhibition upon splice site mutation. Furthermore, we showed that mutation of the minigene at a predicted exonic splicing enhancer in exon 4 of BACE1 increased exon 4 skipping. Therefore, we have for the first time found evidence of a regulatory site involved in BACE1 alternative splicing, and these data indicate that minor sequence changes can dramatically alter BACE1 alternative splicing.