共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 159 毫秒
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群体基因组学能够从全基因组水平揭示种群结构与进化、物种形成、适应性机制等。随着高通量技术的不断发展,基因组测序成本不断降低,大规模测序已成为可能。近几年被全基因组测序的真菌数量迅速增加,极大地促进了真菌群体基因组学的发展,加深了人们对植物病原真菌起源、遗传多样性、选择作用、致病性、毒力因子、杀菌剂抗药性、寄主专化型等生物学特性的认识。本文简要介绍了植物病原真菌的全基因测序以及比较基因组学的研究进展,重点综述了基于高通量测序的病原真菌群体基因组学的最新研究动态。群体基因组学将成为植物病原真菌一个新的研究方向。 相似文献
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寄主选择性植物病原真菌的毒素化学 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Wheeler和Luke把那些在病害中起重要病因作用的毒素称为致病毒素(path。toxin)‘”,那么由真菌产生的致病毒素则称为真菌毒素(MyC0t0Xin)。长期以来,人们一直对那些重要的植物病原真菌毒素进行分离、提纯和化学结构鉴定,发现它们大多数为低分子量的次生代谢产物m.自从*all欢。从梨上的菊池键格抱(Alternariakikl,chiana)中发现第一个寄生选择性真菌毒素阳StSCICChVCt0Xill)以来l’],现已报道有9个属的对种植物病原真菌可以产生寄主选择性毒素14-’]其中已有15种明确了其化学结构,(见表1)。实践证明来源于某一病原… 相似文献
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植物病原真菌附着胞的机械穿透力 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
植物病原真菌侵入寄主组织并在寄主组织中生长是其致病的基本条件(Deising et al., 2000; Hartmann et al.,1996; Tucker & Talbot, 2001; Buller,1931).但是,关于病原真菌是靠机械力还是酶解作用,亦或是二者结合穿透寄主的争论,已经持续了多年(Latunde-Dada,2001;Mendgen et al.,1996).许多植物病原菌能形成称为附着胞的特异侵染结构,可以产生很大的机械压力,推动侵染菌丝侵入寄主组织.顶端生长是菌丝生长的特点之一,通过顶端生长,可以侵入固体基质获取营养.真菌细胞内的渗透压是维持顶端生长、推动病原真菌侵入寄主的动力.早在1931年, Buller(1931)在一个简单的实验中已经观察到真菌菌丝细胞内巨大膨压的产生并转化为压力的现象:一种鬼伞Coprinus sterquilinus的菌柄直径仅有6mm,却可以撑起200g的重物,压强至少可达0.07 MPa (0.7 bar).许多蘑菇种类可以顶起障碍物及顶开沥青路面或石块等,都显示了菌丝的膨压可以使菌丝细胞产生很大的机械强度.最近关于稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe grisea的研究结果表明,病菌可以产生足够的机械力直接穿透水稻的表皮细胞(De Jong et al.,1997).本文对真菌穿透寄主的机械力的研究进展进行简述. 相似文献
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自20世纪70年代末80年代初开启转基因植物研究以来,植物转基因技术及其应用飞速发展。在全世界人口不断增长,耕地面积不断减少,自然环境持续恶化,农药和化肥过量施用,以及农作物增产遭遇瓶颈的大背景下,粮食安全已成为全世界关注的问题。随着拟南芥和水稻基因组测序的完成,以及对不同植物的基因组和功能基因组的研究,人们对调控农作物产量、品质以及对病虫害和逆境胁迫抗性的分子机理有了更深入的了解,一大批重要的功能基因已经克隆,很多基因在转基因作物和分子育种的研发中表现出很好的应用前景,有一些已得到应用。 相似文献
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藓类提取物对植物病原真菌的抑菌性研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
以立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia)、尖孢镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、苹果轮纹病菌(Macrophoma kawatsukai)、梨黑星病菌(Fusicladium pirina)、草莓灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea)等七种植物病原真菌为供试菌,通过生长速率法测定了24种藓类的乙醇提取物对病原真菌的抑制作用.结果表明,在提取物浓度为1.2mg干样/mL,大镰刀藓提取物对立枯丝核菌的抑制作用最强,抑菌率为67.8%.藓类提取物不仅对植物病原真菌有抑菌活性,而且还有多种藓类提取物对病原真菌菌丝有促进生长活性,如锐尖匍灯藓对立枯丝核菌菌丝生长的促进率为95.1%.选出大镰刀藓、扁灰藓、紫萼藓、山地水灰藓、疣小金发藓、橙色净口藓、锐尖匍灯藓和羊角藓对立枯丝核菌和灰霉菌的抑菌性或菌丝生长促进性进行了进一步研究,藓类提取物对病原菌的抑菌性或菌丝生长促进性在一定范围内随浓度的增加而增强,并且抑菌性随时间的延长呈下降趋势. 相似文献
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以河南郑州和江苏徐州采集到的杜仲为材料,采用纯培养方法对杜仲内生真菌进行分离。将分离纯化得到的90株真菌通过形态学鉴定并进行多样性分析,90株内生真菌分别属于13个属,其中茎点霉属(Phoma)和链格孢属(Alternaria)为优势菌群,分别占总菌株数的18%和16%;其次为黑孢属(Nigrospora)和枝孢属(Cladosporium),均占总菌株数的10%。用平板对峙法对分离得到的杜仲内生真菌进行抗植物病原真菌实验,发现有18个菌株对至少一种病原真菌具有明显的拮抗作用。通过比色法进行内生真菌产IAA(吲哚乙酸)定性实验,结果显示,有37株真菌具有产IAA能力,通过分光光度法对这37株真菌进行产IAA定量实验,发现有8株有较好的产IAA活性。 相似文献
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Mycelial growth inhibition of plant pathogenic fungi by extracts of South African plant species 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
D EKSTEEN J C PRETORIUS T D NIEUWOUDT P C ZIETSMAN 《The Annals of applied biology》2001,139(2):243-249
Eleven plant species were collected from the Blyde River Canyon area, Mpumalanga, South Africa. Methanolic crude extracts of the plant samples were concentrated to dryness, dissolved in sterile distilled water and bioassayed in the laboratory for their fungicidal potential against seven plant fungal pathogens, namely Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani, Verticillium dahliae, Botryosphaeria dothidea and Pythium ultimum, at equal concentrations. A modified agar dilution method was used to determine the inhibitory effect of the plant extracts on the mycelial radial growth of the plant pathogens. Antifungal activity was confirmed in all the plants, but not in all plant parts and also not against all the test organisms. The crude extract of Eucomis autumnalis performed best of all the plant extracts tested, as it showed significant antifungal activity against all seven of the plant pathogenic test organisms and compared favourably to the inhibition of the mycelial growth by a broad spectrum synthetic fungicide (carbendazim/ difenoconazole). The crude extract of Schrebera alata came out second best, in the sense that at least one plant part inhibited the mycelial radial growth of four of the seven test organisms by at least 50%. 相似文献
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The present study was designed to evaluate in vitro antifungal activity of herbal extracts against three plant pathogenic fungi (viz. Rhizopus stolonifer, Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum coccodes). Extracts of leaves and rinds of Garcinia indica, rhizomes of Curcuma aromatica, roots of Glycyrrhiza gahliae, leaves of Nyctanthes arbour-tristis and seeds of Vernonia anthelmintica were used for screening. Screening was done using poisoned food technique. Relatively potent extracts were shortlisted from this study and were further assayed to find out their minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). From the above studies, it was observed that ethyl acetate extract of rhizomes of C. aromatica and unripe fruit rinds of G. indica have shown the lowest MFC values amongst the other tested plant extracts. This study indicates that the potential of these plant extracts in the management of diseases caused by plant pathogenic fungi. 相似文献
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Hydroxy fatty acids are plant self-defense substances (Masui et al, Phytochemistry1989). Three types of hydroxy fatty acids: 10-hydroxystearic acid (HSA), 7S,10S-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (DOD), and 12,13,17-trihydroxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid (THOA) were tested against the following plant pathogenic fungi: Erysiphe graminis f sp tritici (common disease name, wheat powdery mildew); Puccinia recondita (wheat leaf rust); Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (wheat foot rot); Septoria nodorum (wheat glume blotch); Pyricularia grisea (rice blast); Rhizoctonia solani (rice sheath blight); Phytophthora infestans (potato late blight); and Botrytis cinerea (cucumber botrytis). At a concentration of 200 ppm, both HSA and DOD showed no fungal disease control activity. However,
THOA at the same concentration showed weak activity and provided disease control (percent) of the following plant pathogenic
fungi: Erysiphe graminis 77%; Puccinia recondita 86%; Phytophthora infestans 56%; and Botrytis cinerea 63%. The position of the hydroxy groups on the fatty acids seems to play an important role in activity against specific fungi.
Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2000) 24, 275–276.
Received 12 August 1999/ Accepted in revised form 06 January 2000 相似文献
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Shazia Parveen Abdul Hamid Wani Athar Ali Ganie Shaukat Ahmad Pala Riyaz Ahmad Mir 《Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection》2013,46(3):279-284
The inhibitory activity of five plant extracts viz. Artemisia absinthium L., Rumex obtusifolius L., Taraxacum officinale Weber ex Wiggers, Plantago lanceolata L. and Malva sylvestris L. were evaluated against the mycelial growth of three fungi Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Penicillium expansum Link ex Thom. and Mucor piriformis Fisher that cause rot diseases in fruits and vegetables resulting in low yield and quality of fruits and vegetables. Results revealed that all the concentrations of plant extracts brought about significant inhibition in the mycelial growth of these pathogenic fungi. However, the highest concentration caused maximum inhibition in the mycelial growth followed by lower concentrations of plant extracts. The extract of A. absinthium leaves at highest concentration (S) proved highly effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of all these pathogenic fungi followed by other plant extracts. These plants thus may have potential as the new natural fungicide for management of fungal rot diseases. 相似文献
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近年来,随着我国对外贸易的不断增长,口岸检测样品量巨大,外来检疫性有害生物尤其是病原菌物传入我国的风险日趋增加,正成为我国国门生物安全的重要威胁。加强外来入侵菌物的防御能力建设,有效防范其造成的生物安全威胁迫在眉睫。由于外来入侵菌物各类群的基础研究薄弱,标准参比物质缺乏、基础数据和可检索数据库缺失,大部分物种缺乏准确、高效的鉴定手段,使得现有口岸菌物检疫存在准确性较低、速度较慢、误检漏检率较高等问题。针对上述问题,以我国进境检疫对象及主要进口农林作物上的高频检出但鉴定困难、误检率高的菌物类群为对象,建立了其标准参比物质库、形态特征信息库、多基因序列数据库,并通过整合多个信息库资源实现从检疫样品中初筛到物种精准鉴定的多模块服务平台www.casbrc.org/pqfungi,并开放共享。该数据库平台的应用有望促进我国口岸检疫部门的检测便利化水平大幅提升,在“智能海关”建设、维护国门生物安全及促进农林产品安全贸易中发挥重要作用。 相似文献