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1.
山西太岳山区大气元素沉降研究较少。为摸清该区域大气污染水平及其受盆地的可能影响,以ICP-MS法测定采自15个样点的丽石黄衣(Xanthoria elegans)地衣体内7种常见有害元素(As、Cd、Cu、Pb、S、Sb和Zn)的含量,并进行相关性分析、方差分析和聚类分析。结果显示:该区域元素含量一般高于"清洁区",但低于"严重污染区"的相应数据,表明太岳山区具有一定程度的大气污染。聚类分析将15个样点分为两类,两类样点在距盆地距离(distance from the nearest basin, DFNB)和多数元素的含量方面均差异显著,近盆地区(DFNB=13.7±7.987 km)中的6种元素(As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Sb和Zn)含量均显著高于远盆地区(DFNB=32.5±6.062 km), 5种元素(As、Cu、Pb、Sb和Zn)的含量与DFNB之间的负相关关系显著(r≤-0.59; P≤0.02),表明山区内部的大气质量受盆地地区的大气污染物传输的影响。S含量的空间异质性低(变异系数CV10%),和DFNB的相关性及在近盆地区和远盆地区之间的差异均不显著(P0.05),但仍随DFNB增加呈下降趋势,表明盆地人类活动所释放的S可能主要是以更易于扩散的气态形式向山区传输的。本研究结果表明丽石黄衣是太岳山区大气有害元素污染的良好监测生物。 相似文献
2.
地衣是大气元素沉降的良好监测生物,其元素积累能力具有物种间和个体间差异。地衣原位监测法常使用混合样品代表每个样点的地衣元素积累水平,但混合样品的代表性及其在不同地衣之间的差异尚需进一步研究。以电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)测定了内蒙古多伦县的丽石黄衣Xanthoria elegans和皮果衣Dermatocarpon miniatum 52种元素的含量并比较了样点内变异和物种间差异。结果显示,丽石黄衣与相似生境中的地衣元素含量大致相似,证实了研究区域以沙尘沉降为主的大气沉降特点。两种地衣的元素排序基本一致,表明其元素来源相同。7种营养元素(Ca、K、Mo、P、Rb、S和Se)的含量在物种间差异不显著,与地衣的生理调节有关。Hg含量的物种间差异不显著,可能与Hg的挥发性有关。皮果衣中44种元素(Al、As、B、Ba、Be、Bi、Cd、Ce、Co、Cr、Cs、Cu、Dy、Er、Eu、Fe、Gd、Ge、Ho、La、Li、Lu、Mg、Mn、Na、Nb、Nd、Ni、Pb、Pr、Sb、Sc、Sm、Sr、Tb、Th、Ti、Tl、Tm、U、V、Y、Yb和Zn)的含量是丽石黄衣的1.32-2.05倍,表明皮果衣具有较高的、元素特异性的元素积累能力。样点内除Ca含量变异较大(CV>31%)之外,其他51种元素的含量样点内变异在皮果衣和丽石黄衣中均<27.5%,表明混合样品在两种地衣中均可较好地代表地衣元素积累的平均水平。 相似文献
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大气氮沉降可能通过直接和间接途径影响石质文物风化过程,但相关研究明显不足。因此,以乐山大佛周围相似的裸岩和地衣覆盖的岩石为研究对象,对比研究了不同浓度(N0:0 kg hm-2 a-1;N1:9 kg hm-2 a-1;N2:18 kg hm-2 a-1;N3:36 kg hm-2 a-1;N4:72 kg hm-2 a-1)的氮添加试验对乐山大佛裸露岩石与地衣覆盖岩石表面细菌群落结构的影响,探讨大气氮沉降对乐山大佛岩石风化的潜在影响。结果表明:(1)裸岩和地衣覆盖岩石表面细菌群落α-多样性对氮沉降的响应不同。氮添加处理对裸岩表面细菌α-多样性指数(Sobs、Shannon指数)影响不显著,但在不同程度影响到地衣覆盖岩石表面的细菌多样性。其中,N4处理显著降低了细菌α-多样性指数(Sobs、Shannon指数),N2和N3处理也显著降低了细菌Sobs指数;(2)主坐标PCoA分析结果证实,不同氮添加处理间的裸岩和地衣覆盖岩石表面的细菌群落物种组成均发生变化。与对照相比,低氮处理(N1-N3)显著改变了裸露岩石表面细菌群落组成,且高氮(N4)处理与低氮处理对细菌群落组成的影响不同(R=0.464;P=0.002);在地衣覆盖的岩石表面,细菌群落在不同氮添加(N0-N4)处理下均发生了明显变化(R=0.822;P=0.001);(3)变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸菌门(Acidobacteria)、WPS-2、Patescibacteria和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)均是裸岩与地衣覆盖岩石表面在门水平上的优势菌群,但它们在裸岩与地衣覆盖岩石表面随氮添加后的动态并不一致;(4)线性判别和效应量分析分别发现了裸岩和地衣覆盖岩石表面7个和21个在氮添加后的细菌指示类群。由此可见,未来大气氮沉降会对乐山大佛佛体表面细菌群落产生显著影响,地衣覆盖岩石较裸岩表面的细菌群落对未来大气氮沉降更为敏感。研究为未来气候变化条件下的乐山大佛保护提供了数据支持,也为大气氮沉降对亚热带地区红砂岩的原生演替过程研究积累了基础资料。 相似文献
4.
对贵阳市区到农村地区的石生藓类氮含量进行了系统分析,并根据藓类氮含量(y,%)和大气氮沉降(x, kg hm~(-2) a~(-1))的平均定量关系(y=0.052x+0.7325)计算了各采样点的大气氮沉降值.贵阳地区大气氮沉降的变化范围为0.91~44.69kg hm~(-2) a~(-1),市区大气氮沉降最高平均(29.21±6.17)kg hm~(-2) a~(-1),主要来自城市废水NH3释放;最低平均(11.95±3.95)kg hm~(-2) a~(-1),出现在城市和农村的结合地带,主要原因在于来自市区的氮污染物减少、且大量分布了环城林带、农业活动相对较低;20km以外的农村地区大气氮沉降略微升高(平均(14.31±5.11)kg hm~(-2) a~(-1)),主要反映了农业施肥导致NH3释放的增加.结果表明,石生藓类氮含量是一种经济可靠的大气氮沉降监测工具,能够较准确地量化大气氮沉降的水平,并为深入研究大气氮沉降的生态环境效应提供基础资料. 相似文献
5.
地衣在大气元素沉降的生物监测研究中应用广泛,但地衣物种之间的元素组成差异会对元素的环境输入评估产生干扰。为摸清元素含量在2种叶状地衣(石生的中国石黄衣Xanthoria mandschurica,XM;树生的黄烛衣Candelaria fibrosa,CAF)之间的差异及其可能的生态学原因,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)测试了采自山西太行山区长治盆地及其周边共3个地点的地衣样品中的51种元素。结果显示,40种元素的含量在地衣间差异较大,其中36种元素(Al、Ba、Be、Bi、Ca、Ce、Cs、Dy、Er、Eu、Fe、Gd、Ge、Ho、La、Li、Lu、Mn、Na、Nb、Nd、Ni、Pb、Pr、Sc、Si、Sm、Sr、Tb、Th、Ti、Tm、U、V、Y和Yb)在XM中含量较高,可能归因于其受大气干沉降更大且更易受本地岩石地球化学的影响,而CAF受冠层截留作用的影响更大;其中4种元素(K、P、S和Zn)在CAF中含量较高,可能与冠层淋溶作用有关。另外11种元素(As、B、Cd、Co、Cu、Hg、Mg、Rb、Sb、Se、Tl)在2种地衣之间的含量差异较小。大气元素沉降的地衣监测法需考虑地衣物种、基物的地球化学特征和植被的影响。 相似文献
6.
地衣元素组成是监测大气元素沉降的有效和可靠指标,其受地衣年龄的影响较大,但该影响在土生枝状地衣中的研究并不充分。本研究测定了采自黑龙江大兴安岭呼中自然保护区的枝状地衣高山珊瑚枝(Stereocaulon alpinum)中55种化学元素(Ag、Al、As、B、Ba、Be、Bi、Ca、Cd、Ce、Co、Cr、Cs、Cu、Dy、Er、Eu、Fe、Gd、Ge、Hg、Ho、K、La、Li、Lu、Mg、Mn、Mo、Na、Nb、Nd、Ni、P、Pb、Pr、Rb、S、Sb、Sc、Se、Si、Sm、Sn、Sr、Tb、Th、Ti、Tl、Tm、U、V、Y、Yb和Zn)的含量,并比较了其在假果柄不同部位(顶部、中部和基部)的差异,以检测无污染生境中地衣体部位与元素种类对地衣体内元素积累量的影响。结果显示:地衣元素含量与已有研究中地衣元素含量的背景值/基线值范围相符,表明研究区域内大气元素沉降程度极低;绝大多数生理代谢意义甚小的元素在年老部位含量较高,表明这些元素在地衣体内随地衣年龄增长而持续积累,且在地衣体内的转运强度较低;部分营养元素垂直趋势不明显,或在中部最低,反映了地衣体内营养元素向生长旺盛的顶端转运的趋势。因此,在以地衣元素组成为测试指标的大气污染监测中,需针对拟研究的元素,选取地衣的特定部位,并在不同研究的数据比较中使用相同部位,以增加数据的可比性。 相似文献
7.
8.
五种南极地衣的Co、Cr、Pb和Cu元素富集能力的差异 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
随着人类活动对全球环境的影响,环境重金属污染负荷日益增加,重金属元素向南极地区的迁移和富集已成为该地区面临的严重问题之一。地衣是研究重金属元素大气沉降特征的良好材料,但对南极地衣的重金属元素大气沉降富集能力的比较研究甚少。作者以网袋法实验比较采自西南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛的5种南极优势地衣,即:王橙衣Caloplaca regalis、夹心果衣Himantormia lugubris、孔树花Ramalina terebrata、球粉衣Sphaerophorus globosus和簇花石萝Usnea aurantiacoatra对钴(Co)、铬(Cr)、铅(Pb)和铜(Cu)的富集能力。2个月的网袋法实验结果表明:1)5种地衣对Pb元素均表现出富集能力,其中夹心果衣富集能力最强,簇花石萝和孔树花次之;2)簇花石萝和夹心果衣对Cu元素的富集能力相近,球粉衣对Cu元素的富集能力较低,其他2种未表现出对Cu的富集作用;3)Co和Cr元素的富集仅分别在夹心果衣和簇花石萝中检测出来。因此,在综合检测Co、Cr、Cu和Pb的大气沉降时,可考虑簇花石萝和夹心果衣的组合;在单独检测Co、Pb和Cu的大气沉降时,夹心果衣均为最佳的物种。 相似文献
9.
大气SO2、氟化物对植物生理生态指标的影响 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
运用多元回归分析方法研究不同污染区生长的植物叶片的生理生态指标的变化与大气硫酸盐化速率及氟化物浓度的关系.结果表明,植物的叶面积(LA)、叶绿素总量(Chl)、细胞液pH值(pH)和细胞质膜透性(CML电导率)等生理生态指标的变化幅度与大气污染物含量呈显著相关.与大气硫酸盐化速率关系式为Ys=0.034XLA-0.011XChl+0.017XpH+40.0003XCML+0.034(r=0.99,p<0.001);与大气氟化物含量的关系式为YF=0.362XLA+0.329XChl+0.814XpH+0.024XCML-4.596(r=0.947,p<0.03).利用这些生理生态指标的变化幅度作为生物监测的指标来评价不同污染区的大气硫氧化物、氟化物的污染状况,与大气监测结果有很高的一致性,并且与实际环境污染状况相符. 相似文献
10.
陈润玉;胡雯惠;刘学炎 《应用生态学报》2024,(7):1859-1865
大气氮沉降增加影响着陆地植被群落结构与功能。非固氮型地衣主要依赖大气沉降的无机氮(铵态氮和硝态氮)作为氮源,因此,成为大气氮沉降的生物指示器,但地衣对这两种无机氮的吸收能力差异尚不清楚,这严重限制了利用地衣氮含量解译大气氮沉降水平的准确性。本研究以鹿蕊地衣为对象,在光照和避光条件下对鹿蕊地衣进行单独铵根(NH4+)或硝酸根(NO3-)添加以及NH4+和NO3-按不同比例混合添加处理,分析地衣氮吸收能力差异。结果表明:鹿蕊地衣对NH4+和NO3-的吸收速率随浓度增加而增加,并呈Michaelis-Menten曲线特征。鹿蕊地衣偏好吸收NH4+,NH4+的亲和力和吸收效率均高于NO3-;随着NH4+与NO3-混合比例的增加,鹿蕊地衣吸收NO3-的速率和总量降低,但吸收NH4+的速率基本不受影响,这表明NH4+增加会抑制鹿蕊地衣对NO3-的吸收能力。避光显著降低鹿蕊地衣对NO3-的最大吸收速率和效率,但对鹿蕊地衣NH4+吸收能力的影响较小。本研究揭示了地衣具有喜NH4+和亲NH4+的氮吸收策略,因此,在利用地衣监测大气氮污染水平及评价大气氮沉降对地衣生理生态特征的影响时需要考虑大气无机氮沉降的主要类型。 相似文献
11.
Abstract Heavy metal pollution in the atmosphere is a major environmental problem, which has important impacts on ecosystems and human health. In this study, the atmospheric deposition of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) in Suqian, China, was investigated by using the moss Haplocladium microphyllum as a bioindicator. The survey was carried out during the summer of 2017 at 40 homogenously distributed sampling sites. Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and Cd was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Wide variations in heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Zn) indicated that the concentrations of elements are influenced by local emission sources. Spatial distribution maps of the elements were constructed using geographic information system technology. The pollution load index showed that the study area was moderately polluted to unpolluted. Significant positive correlations (p?<?.01) and weak positive correlations (p?<?.05) were identified among some of the elements, indicating that they originated from common sources. A principal component analysis classified the heavy metals into natural and anthropogenic sources, and identified four primary sources: nature soil dust, industry activities, traffic emission, and agricultural activities. 相似文献
12.
A monitoring network of nine sites was established to determine the spatial and temporal variation of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition in the North China Plain (NCP) over a two-year period. The annual bulk deposition of inorganic N in the North China Plain ranged from 18.4 to 38.5 kg/hm2 and averaged 28.0 kg/hm2. The concentration of NH4+-N and NO3?-N in rainwater averaged 3.76 and 1.85 mg/L, respectively, which were significantly higher than the values at background sites in China (normally less than 0.5 mg/L). Annual bulk deposition of inorganic N in the Beijing area (32.5 kg/hm2) was higher than that in Shandong and Hebei provinces (21.2 kg/hm2 on an average). Also bulk N deposition was much greater in Dongbeiwang and Fangshan than in Yanqing and Shunyi counties. Significant spatial variation of bulk deposition was observed in the Beijing area because of variation of precipitation, and 60% of bulk deposition occurred from June to September. Bulk deposition of NH4+-N was 2.0 times that of NO3?-N deposition at the rural monitoring sites. However, the situation was reversed at the Beijing Academy of Agricultural-Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), the unique urban monitoring site. The results suggest that reduced N in precipitation is dominant in rural regions, but oxidized N is the major form in urban regions. The positive relationship between inorganic N deposition and precipitation can be fitted by a power equation (r2= 0.67), showing an increase of NH4+-N and NO3?-N inputs with increased precipitation. Wet deposition of N accounted for 73% of the bulk deposition, implying that dry deposition of N, particularly NH4+-N from dust, is important in the North China Plain. 相似文献
13.
利用量雨器和湿沉降自动收集仪在华北平原9个监测点通过2a的试验,研究了农田生态系统中大气氮素沉降的时空变异。结果表明:华北平原大气氮素混合沉降的平均值为28.0 kg/(hm2.a),降水中铵态氮和硝态氮量平均分别为3.76 mg/L和1.85 mg/L。不同地区比较,北京大气氮素沉降为32.5 kg/(hm2.a),明显高于山东和河北两省的23.6 kg/(hm2.a)。北京各监测点的大气氮素沉降也存在明显空间变异,东北旺、房山的氮素沉降水平较高,延庆、顺义的氮素沉降水平较低。大气氮素沉降的年内分布不均,60%的沉降集中在降水较丰沛的6~9月份。氮素的输入与降雨量呈乘幂型正相关(r2=0.67),在农田生态系统中以铵态氮的沉降为主,铵态氮的沉降量是硝态氮的2.0倍;城市生态系统中以硝态氮的沉降为主,铵态氮的沉降量是硝态氮的0.79倍。在东北旺试验点近两年的监测结果表明,在等量降雨量条件下湿沉降输入的氮素(18~20.6 kg/hm2)明显低于混合沉降(26.3 kg/hm2),湿沉降的氮素输入仅占后者的73%,而混合沉降中的超量部分主要来自铵态氮,表明干沉降尤其是降尘带入的铵态氮也是华北平原大气氮素沉降的重要来源。 相似文献
14.
A monitoring network of nine sites was established to determine the spatial and temporal variation of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition in the North China Plain (NCP) over a two-year period. The annual bulk deposition of inorganic N in the North China Plain ranged from 18.4 to 38.5 kg/hm2 and averaged 28.0 kg/hm2. The concentration of NH4 -N and NO3--N in rainwater averaged 3.76 and 1.85 mg/L, respectively, which were significantly higher than the values at background sites in China (normally less than 0.5 mg/L). Annual bulk deposition of inorganic N in the Beijing area (32.5 kg/hm2) was higher than that in Shandong and Hebei provinces (21.2 kg/hm2 on an average). Also bulk N deposition was much greater in Dongbeiwang and Fangshan than in Yanqing and Shunyi counties. Significant spatial variation of bulk deposition was observed in the Beijing area because of variation of precipitation, and 60% of bulk deposition occurred from June to September. Bulk deposition of NH4 -N was 2.0 times that of NO3--N deposition at the rural monitoring sites. However, the situation was reversed at the Beijing Academy of Agricultural-Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), the unique urban monitoring site. The results suggest that reduced N in precipitation is dominant in rural regions, but oxidized N is the major form in urban regions. The positive relationship between inorganic N deposition and precipitation can be fitted by a power equation (r2= 0.67), showing an increase of NH4 -N and NO3--N inputs with increased precipitation. Wet deposition of N accounted for 73% of the bulk deposition, implying that dry deposition of N, particularly NH4 -N from dust, is important in the North China Plain. 相似文献
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陕北典型农区大气干湿氮沉降季节变化 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
为了研究大气通过干湿沉降输入到农田土壤的氮通量,2007年6月至2008年5月在陕西榆林和洛川两地进行了为期一年的观测试验.结果表明:榆林和洛川地区大气总无机氮沉降通量分别为22.17和16.95 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),湿沉降分别占95.1%和90.4%,干沉降分别占4.9%和9.6%,两个地区氮沉降均以湿沉降为主.总无机氮沉降中,NO_3~--N分别为12.22和9.24 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),分别占总无机氮沉降量的55.1%和54.5%.由于污染水平、气象条件、下垫面特性等的差异,总无机氮沉降中,湿沉降量和NO_3~--N沉降量均是榆林地区大于洛川地区. 相似文献
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Biomonitoring is an appropriate tool for assessing the levels of atmospheric pollution, having several advantages compared with the use of direct measurements of contaminants (e.g., in airborne particulate matter, atmospheric deposition, precipitation), related primarily to the permanent and common occurrence of the chosen organisms in the field, the ease of sampling, and trace element accumulation. Furthermore, biomonitors may provide a measure of integrated exposure over an extended period of time and are present in remote areas and no expensive technical equipment is involved in collecting them. They accumulate contaminants over the exposure time and concentrate them, thus facilitating analytical measurements. Based on largescale biomonitoring surveys, polluted areas can be identified, and by applying appropriate statistical tools, information can be obtained on the type of pollution sources and on the transboundary transport of atmospheric pollutants. The International Atomic Energy Agency is including the research on biomonitors in its projects on health-related environmental studies. Biomonitoring activities from several coordinated research projects on air pollution are presented, and results from an international workshop are discussed. In addition, activities in supporting improvement quality in the participating laboratories are outlined. 相似文献
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Chemical analysis of Na, K, Ca and Mg in bulk deposition, using 230 events, showed that variations in atmospheric deposition are explained better by measured concentration than by precipitation amount. In addition, measured concentration is related to precipitation by a significant power function with the exponent near –1. These observations led us to propose an inverse linear model which makes it possible to calculate two parameters: one of them is indicative of the mean composition of cloud rain and is assumed to be typical for the study area; the other parameter is representative of particulates, aerosols and gases that are washed out from the atmosphere in the initial phases of precipitation, including dry deposition. This initial component represents an average of 64% of the bulk deposition for the cations studied. The functions that explain the relations between atmospheric deposition and measured concentration are, within statistical limits, equal for the four cationsAbbreviations D
Atmospheric deposition (g/ha) on an event basis
- P
Precipitation amount (mm) on an event basis
- C
Measured concentration (mg/l) on an event basis
- i
Sampling replicates 相似文献