蝙蝠蛾幼虫肠道真菌复合体中的多菌种与中国被毛孢分生孢子联合侵染蝙蝠蛾幼虫提高侵染效能

应用真菌特异性引物PCR测序、克隆测序和SNP质谱基因分型法,鉴定2株蝙蝠蛾幼虫活体肠道的真菌分离株(CH1和CH2)中的多种菌物。应用这2株分离株与中国被毛孢分生孢子联合侵染蝙蝠蛾幼虫,观察其协同侵染活性。结果表明这2株分离株呈现中国被毛孢的体外培养生长和显微形态特征。通用引物ITS4/5和蝙蝠蛾拟青霉特异性引物Pp4/5扩增子测序检出蝙蝠蛾拟青霉和中国被毛孢ITS序列。扩增子克隆-测序和SNP基因分型法证实多种转换和颠换点突变基因型在2株分离株中共存。反复固体、液体培养证实蝙蝠蛾拟青霉和中国被毛孢ITS序列共存,并非真菌间DNA片段漂移。应用子囊孢子或中国被毛孢侵染4~5龄蝙蝠蛾幼虫,幼虫染菌率为1.37%~3.52%,幼虫变僵时间为35~50 d。应用2株分离株与中国被毛孢分生孢子联合侵染,幼虫变僵时间为5~8 d,染菌率达55.2%(P0.001),侵染效能提高15~39倍。蝙蝠蛾拟青霉和多种点突变基因型冬虫夏草菌(包括中国被毛孢)在蝙蝠蛾幼虫肠道以天然真菌复合体形式共存;多种菌物组成的侵染源联合侵染蝙蝠蛾幼虫大幅度提高侵染效能,呈现多菌协同侵染的共生关系。     

冬虫夏草菌在寄主钩蝠蛾幼虫中的潜伏侵染过程研究

冬虫夏草是青藏高原的特色名贵药材,是冬虫夏草菌Ophiocordyceps sinensis寄生于钩蝠蛾幼虫后形成的虫生子囊真菌,其发生机理和侵染途径至今未知。本文利用real-time q PCR实时定量技术检测了寄主蒲氏钩蝠蛾Thitarodes pui幼虫表皮、脂肪体、血淋巴和肠壁等组织中冬虫夏草菌定殖量,分别建立了起始于表皮的侵染路径(R20.678)和起始于肠道的侵染路径(R20.271)两种Holt数学模型,经比较分析后,推论冬虫夏草菌随口腔摄食侵染寄主幼虫的方式具有一定合理性和可行性,揭示冬虫夏草菌可以通过进食途径实现其对钩蝠蛾幼虫的带菌生长、侵染和寄生,从而为深入阐释冬虫夏草菌与寄主钩蝠蛾幼虫相互作用关系提供重要参考。     

冬虫夏草菌丝状菌源增殖培养的研究

冬虫夏草菌是珍稀濒危名贵中药材冬虫夏草的无性型菌种,是侵染蝠蛾幼虫的唯一菌种,其侵染后形成名贵中药材冬虫夏草。冬虫夏草菌在不同营养及条件下生长形态不同,主要有丝状体和菌球体两种生长形态。冬虫夏草菌丝状菌体能够侵染蝠蛾幼虫,有可能作为一种新的接种体被广泛应用;但丝状菌体对营养要求苛刻、生长缓慢、菌丝体得率低的特点,阻碍了冬虫夏草菌丝状菌体作为侵染蝠蛾幼虫的接种体的开发及应用,从而阻碍了冬虫夏草人工培殖产业化的进程。为了提高冬虫夏草菌丝状菌体的生物表达量,本文对营养及培养条件进行了优化研究,得出了最佳条件为:葡萄糖质量浓度40 g/L、酵母粉质量浓度65 g/L、培养温度17℃、MgSO_4质量浓度3 g/L、KH_2PO_4质量浓度1.5 g/L、培养时间12 d,按最优培养条件,冬虫夏草菌丝状菌体干重得率15.67 g/L,为下一步新的接种体的制备提供菌源保障。     

蝙蝠蛾幼虫感染粉棒束孢后的病症、组织病理变化及侵入途径

蝙蝠蛾幼虫的饲养是冬虫夏草培植的先决条件,粉棒束孢作为蝙蝠蛾幼虫饲养过程中的一种常见和主要致病菌,具有极强的致病性和流行性。结合形态学观察和组织切片技术,本文研究了蝙蝠蛾幼虫感染病原菌粉棒束孢后的症状、主要组织病理变化及粉棒束孢侵染蝙蝠蛾幼虫的途径。结果表明,用浓度为1×10⁵个/mL的粉棒束孢分生孢子悬液处理蝙蝠蛾5龄幼虫,4d后在腹部气门处有黑斑出现,气门变黑,虫体随后瘫痪死亡、体色改变、收缩化僵、菌丝层包裹、形成众多孢梗束等症状。幼虫被粉棒束孢感染后,菌丝体首先利用血淋巴进行增殖,脂肪体、肌肉、消化道、丝腺和马氏管等主要组织器官先后出现不同程度的破坏,虫体体腔被大量菌丝充斥并最终僵化。组织切片观察结果表明,粉棒束孢可以通过气门侵入蝙蝠蛾幼虫体内并造成虫体死亡,菌丝穿透气管进入血淋巴后断裂成许多长短不一的短菌丝段,目前尚未观察到菌丝直接穿透幼虫体壁和从消化道侵入的现象。本研究为蝙蝠蛾幼虫饲养过程中的病害防治提供信息参考。     

冬虫夏草线状菌体制剂对蝠蛾幼虫感染的研究

为明确冬虫夏草线状菌体制剂的侵染力,进行了冬虫夏草线状菌体制剂对蝠蛾幼虫的感染试验。在相同条件下对蝠蛾幼虫进行人工接种,并对感染温度、菌剂用量和虫龄进行了优化。结果表明冬虫夏草线状菌体具有侵染蝠蛾幼虫的能力,优化后的感染条件为:菌体剂量为5 g(即5个标准剂量)、幼虫虫龄为3龄、培养温度为14℃。该结果为蝠蛾幼虫新型接种体的制备与开发提供了依据。     

土壤和植物对冬虫夏草寄主昆虫规模化饲养的影响

冬虫夏草大量人工培植的关键之一是寄主昆虫的规模化饲养,本文对西藏林芝地区冬虫夏草生境中不同土壤基质在室内对蝙蝠蛾幼虫生长的影响以及寄主幼虫对5种植物的取食行为、嗅觉反应进行了系统研究。结果表明蝙蝠蛾幼虫偏好土质疏松、渗透性好的土壤,土壤因子中湿度和有机质含量与蝙蝠蛾幼虫存活率成正相关。蝙蝠蛾3龄幼虫对适生地植物的取食选择性与嗅觉反应趋性顺序为鹅绒委陵菜>珠芽蓼>小大黄>圆穗蓼>羊角天麻;进一步Spearman相关分析显示,幼虫对各植物的选择系数与可溶性糖（R=0.850,P<0.05）和粗蛋白（R=0.898,P<0.05）都存在显著的正相关关系,而与粗纤维（R=-0.952,P<0.05）有着显著的负相关关系,与粗灰分（R=-0.391,P=0.516）之间没有显著的相关关系;取食鹅绒委陵菜、珠芽蓼后的幼虫单头虫重显著大于取食其他植物的幼虫。这一研究结果为冬虫夏草寄主昆虫规模化饲养提供了理论依据。     

糖类对冬虫夏草菌Ophiocordyceps sinensis芽生孢子产量及毒力的影响

冬虫夏草Chinese cordyceps是食药两用的传统名贵资源。其人工培养需要冬虫夏草菌Ophiocordyceps sinensis的优质芽生孢子。为获得高产量及高感染力芽生孢子,本研究测定不同糖类培养基对冬虫夏草菌芽生孢子产量及毒力（对小金蝠蛾Thitarodes xiaojinensis幼虫的存活率、携菌率和僵虫率）的影响。两个冬虫夏草菌株于含6种糖（葡萄糖、果糖、阿拉伯糖、麦芽糖、蔗糖和海藻糖）的液体培养基中分别培养30、45和60 d,计数芽生孢子产量并将收集的孢子注射感染两个品系的小金蝠蛾6龄幼虫,置于不同温度下观察幼虫的存活率、携菌率及僵虫率。结果显示：不同糖源培养基中芽生孢子的产量差异显著,其中含麦芽糖培养基中芽生孢子产量最高;注射菌株和幼虫品系对被注射幼虫的存活率无显著差异;不同糖源培养基获得的芽生孢子对蝠蛾幼虫的存活率无显著差异,对携菌率和僵虫率产生影响;以含麦芽糖为糖源的培养基、芽生孢子培养时间显著影响被注射幼虫的存活率与僵虫率,其中培养30 d的冬虫夏草菌所注射的幼虫的存活率、僵虫率显著高于60 d的;温度也显著影响被注射幼虫的存活率、僵虫率,10℃的幼虫存活率和僵虫率显著高于14℃、18℃的。研究结果为培养优质冬虫夏草芽生孢子,提高被侵染蝙蝠蛾幼虫僵虫率提供了参考。     

冬虫夏草生物学及生态学研究中的关键科学问题研究进展

冬虫夏草是一种具有极高药用和食用价值的珍稀菌类,其生物学特性和可持续发展关键技术一直是冬虫夏草研究关注的重点。总结了冬虫夏草生物学及生态学中的几个重要科学问题,包括冬虫夏草菌侵染蝙蝠蛾幼虫的途径及机制、冬虫夏草菌子实体形成及生长过程中的关键调控因子、冬虫夏草菌遗传多样性及基因组学研究、天然冬虫夏草及其微环境中的微生物群落组成、全球变暖背景下未来青藏高原地区的气候变化对冬虫夏草资源的影响等的研究进展,并分析了现有研究中尚未明确和不足之处。未来在冬虫夏草生物学及生态学的研究中,需要利用和研发更加先进的观测设备及试验方法,以实现天然冬虫夏草发生发育的原位观测和机理研究;充分利用冬虫夏草人工培植技术,结合分子生物学研究,从基因水平上揭示冬虫夏草菌生态适应性及侵染蝙蝠蛾幼虫的机理;建立冬虫夏草科学研究基地,开展长期定位观测试验并结合生态学模型构建明确未来气候变化对冬虫夏草资源的影响,以期进一步深入冬虫夏草生物学和生态学研究、推进我国冬虫夏草资源的合理利用及可持续发展的政策制定。     

冬虫夏草菌侵染及寄生阶段的生长发育研究

冬虫夏草菌侵染进入寄主幼虫血体腔后,断裂形成长梭形的菌体。菌体以顶端出芽的方式增殖,分隔分化,互相质配。质配菌体生长出菌丝充满寄主幼虫血体腔,使幼虫死亡并形成僵虫形的菌核,菌核萌生子座即形成冬虫夏草。     

冬虫夏草寄主昆虫选育及生殖退化研究

选育发育速度快、繁殖能力强、中国被毛孢侵染率和冬虫夏草产出率高的寄主昆虫品系是冬虫夏草培植的基础,同时明确冬虫夏草的寄主昆虫蝙蝠蛾退化机制是保证冬虫夏草培植的条件。本文从冬虫夏草产区采集蝙蝠蛾种群种质资源,分别针对蝙蝠蛾发育速度、繁殖能力、中国被毛孢侵染率、冬虫夏草产出率4个方面通过杂交及四代选育,获得新种群（A1）,该种群对冬虫夏草繁育环境的适应力强,发育整齐度高,繁育一代的种群扩繁倍数从8.2倍提高至26.3倍;对中国被毛孢的敏感性较好,侵染率高,冬虫夏草产出率从原始种群的11.2%提高至18.5%。同时,仿照高原生态环境长期饲养冬虫夏草的寄主昆虫蝙蝠蛾,其子代出现雌雄比失调、发育历期分化、生殖力降低等退化现象。经过研究分析得知卵孵化率下降的主要原因是雄性的生殖力下降。组织切片观察蝙蝠蛾雄性生殖系统,在幼虫后期、蛹、成虫期会出现生精囊减少及畸形等异常情况,推测此为雄性生殖力降低、卵孵化率下降的生理原因。研究结果为高效、稳定地饲养蝙蝠蛾保证冬虫夏草培植具有重要意义。     

冬虫夏草不同生长阶段甾醇类含量分析

冬虫夏草是一味传统名贵中药材,甾醇类成分是其重要的活性成分之一。为了探讨冬虫夏草不同生长阶段甾醇类成分的变化,本研究采用高效液相-蒸发光散射检测器技术对冬虫夏草5个不同阶段样品（冬虫夏草发酵菌丝体、僵虫、1cm子座冬虫夏草,4-6cm子座冬虫夏草,孢子弹射冬虫夏草）和对照样品（蝙蝠蛾幼虫）中麦角甾醇、胆甾醇和谷甾醇的含量进行了分析。结果显示4-6cm子座冬虫夏草样品总甾醇含量较高,该结果为冬虫夏草采收期的选择提供了参考。     

体外模拟鳞杯伞子实体碱溶性多糖的消化与酵解特性

以热水浸提后的鳞杯伞Clitocybe squamulosa子实体残渣为原料,进行二次利用,浸提碱溶性多糖.通过模拟体外消化与厌氧发酵实验,探究鳞杯伞子实体碱溶性多糖的消化特性以及对肠道内短链脂肪酸含量的影响.结果 表明:体外模拟唾液和胃肠液消化后,多糖的官能团结构特征没有发生显著性改变,但碱溶性多糖的块状结构解体,碎...     

Early development and pathogenesis of Lobatostoma manteri Rohde (Trematoda: Aspidogastrea)

The prosobranch Planaxis sulcatus is reported as a new natural host of Lobatostoma manteri at Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. Planaxis sulcatus and Cerithium moniliferum were experimentally infected with large numbers of eggs. The larvae hatch in the stomach and migrate immediately along the ducts of the digestive gland into the digestive follicles. The larvae feed on the secretion and probably epithelial cells of the follicles. The acetabulum is used for adhesion to the epithelium and contributes to its erosion. In heavily infected snails, the digestive follicles disappear gradually and the larvae live in cavities lined by a flattened epithelium, parts of which show secretory activity. In snails dissected 47–49 and 65–66 days after infection, the cavities are fused, forming several large spaces which communicate with each other; only small parts of the epithelium are still secretory. Concentrations of amoebocytes occur in the walls of the digestive gland and in the wall between digestive gland and stomach of infected Planaxis. Some young worms were found in the stomach of Planaxis. No tissue reactions were seen around the stomach except in the wall between digestive gland and stomach. In Cerithium with 65–67 days old infection, the cavities contain much detritus and disintegrating cells, the epithelium is practically non-secretory and surrounded by loose connective tissue. In larvae with a body length of approximately 0·5–0·6 mm, the acetabulum begins to divide into alveoli and its anterior end grows forward; the anterior alveoli gradually increase in size and new alveoli are formed in the posterior undivided zone. In two specimens of approximately 1·3 mm body length, the whole adhesive disk was divided into half the number of alveoli usually found in adults. Allometric shifts during growth of the worms are analysed.     

Determination of Caffeic Acid in the Digestive Juice of Silkworm Larvae and Its Antibacterial Activity against the Pathogenic Streptococcus faecalis AD–4

Caffeic acid (CA) was identified as an antibacterial substance in the digestive juice of silkworm larvae. Concentrations of CA in the digestive juice decreased from 460 ppm to 3 ppm as the starvation period of the larvae was prolonged from 1 hr to 12 hr. The specimens of digestive juice (ca. pH 10.0) containing 460 ppm and 222 ppm of CA had antibacterial activity against Streptococcus faecalis AD–4, a pathogenic intestinal bacterium affecting silkworm larvae, and an alkaline medium (pH 10.0) containing 500 ppm of authentic CA also exhibited antibacterial activity.

These findings suggest that CA plays an important role in the defense mechanism of silkworm larvae against the bacterial infection.     

极小种群野生植物黄梅秤锤树群落结构与动态

本文以极小种群野生植物黄梅秤锤树(Sinojackia huangmeiensis)当前唯一的野生种群为依托建立了1 ha的固定样地, 研究了黄梅秤锤树野生植物群落的物种组成、优势种的径级结构、黄梅秤锤树的空间分布格局、种内与种间空间关联性和种群更新特征。样地内共记录到胸径 ≥ 1.0 cm的木本植物31种, 隶属于21科28属。群落更新良好, 样地中所有1,225株个体中小径木占比为67.18%。群落优势种为麻栎(Quercus acutissima)、枸骨(Ilex cornuta)、朴树(Celtis sinensis)和黄梅秤锤树。麻栎的径级结构呈单峰型, 为衰退型种群; 枸骨、朴树和黄梅秤锤树的径级结构呈倒“J”型或偏倒“J”型, 表明更新良好。黄梅秤锤树的空间分布格局在小尺度上呈聚集分布, 在大尺度上呈随机或均匀分布, 并且与其他3个优势种(麻栎、枸骨、朴树)在空间上主要呈负关联性。黄梅秤锤树的成树和幼苗、幼树和幼苗都是在小尺度上呈负关联性, 在大尺度上关联性不显著, 而成树和幼树在整体上关联性不显著。黄梅秤锤树的萌蘖现象非常明显, 萌蘖数与母株胸径具有极显著的正相关性(R² = 0.330, P < 0.001), 萌蘖率与相对幼苗密度具有极显著的负相关性(R² = 0.438, P < 0.001)。总体来说, 高比例的小径木和普遍的种间负关联均表明该群落处于演替的早中期, 物种组成和群落结构还未达到稳定阶段。作为长江中下游冲积平原区具有代表性的残存风水林, 该野生植物群落在生物多样性维持和珍稀植物保护方面具有重要的作用, 应加强保护和管理。     

Baculovirus-mediated Expression of a Gene for Trehalase of the Mealworm Beetle, Tenebrio molitor, in Insect Cells, SF-9, and Larvae of the Cabbage Armyworm, Mamestra brassicae

It is of interest to understand what kinds of physiological and biochemical changes occur in insects if the homeostasis of trehalose in the hemolymph is disrupted by the infection with a recombinant baculovirus containing a secretory-trehalase gene. For this purpose, two recombinant non-occluded Autographa california multicapsid nucleopolyhedroviruses (AcMNPVs), vTREVL and vERTVL, containing a trehalase cDNA of the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, were constructed. The trehalase cDNA was inserted in the sense orientation downstream of the polyhedrin promoter for vTREVL, and in the anitsense orientation for vERTVL. The active trehelase of T. molitor was found outside of cells when SF-9 cells or larvae of the cabbage armyworm, Mamestra brassicae, were infected with vTREVL. In the hemolymph of vTREVL-infected larvae, expression of the active trehelase was followed by disappearance of trehalose and appearance of glucose. However, the mortality time of virus-infected 5th instar larvae increased in the following order: AcMNPV C6 (wild-type virus) ≤ vERTVL < vTREVL. The symptoms (the browning and liquefying of the host body) of NPV infection were moderated considerably in vTREVL-infected larvae.     

Esterase isozyme polymorphism, specific and nonspecific esterase, syngenic lines development and natural occurrence of a thermostable esterase in the tropical silkworm Bombyx mori L

Esterase isozyme polymorphism was documented for digestive juice and haemolymph of the tropical multivoltine silkworm, Bombyx mori L., breed CB5 (GP) and its syngenic lines (CB5Lm^e-1, CB5Lm-2 and CB5Lm-5) using - and β-naphthylacetate separately as nonspecific substrates (Ogita, Z., Kasai, T., 1965. Genetico-biochemical analysis of specific esterases in Musca domestica. Jpn. J. Genet. 40, 173–184). Polymorphism existed in the isozyme pattern of -esterase with two or three bands in digestive juice and three to five bands in haemolymph. No polymorphism was observed in β-esterase isozyme pattern having four bands in digestive juice and two bands in haemolymph. During the course of esterase isozyme studies, the presence of some specific -esterase bands (Est-1, 4 and 5) in haemolymph and β-esterase bands (Est-1, 2 and 3) in digestive juice were observed. But both - and β-esterase bands Est-3 and 4 in digestive juice and Est-2 and 3 in haemolymph were found to be nonspecific. Nonspecific β-esterase band (Est-3) in haemolymph of CB5 (GP) and its syngenic lines withstood a temperature up to 80±1°C for 10 min. No thermostable band was observed in the isozyme zymogram of -esterase in digestive juice and haemolymph or β-esterase in digestive juice. Overall, this study discusses the presence of esterase heterogeneity in the CB5 (GP) genepool, syngenic lines development, occurrence of specific - and β-esterase bands in digestive juice and haemolymph and thermostable β-esterase band Est-3 in haemolymph in tropical silkworm Bombyx mori L.