对桃蚜高毒力的蜡蚧菌菌株筛选

【目的】桃蚜Myzus persicae是一种世界性的重要农作物害虫,近年来已对多种化学杀虫剂产生抗性。本研究旨在筛选对桃蚜具有高毒力且培养性状优良的蜡蚧菌菌株。【方法】选用蜡蚧菌属Lecanicillium 2个种的7个菌株,即刀孢蜡蚧菌L.psalliotae 3个菌株(HFLP006, HFLP021和HFLP025)和渐狭蜡蚧菌L.attenuatum 4个菌株(HFLA032, HFLA041, HFLA064和HFLA066),接种在SDAY平板上培养并观察菌落生长与产孢性状;以2.0×10~7孢子/mL悬浮液用浸渍法测定对桃蚜无翅成蚜的致死率和致死中时(LT_(50));进而用系列浓度(1.0×10~4-1.0×10~8孢子/mL) HFLP006和HFLA032菌株孢子悬浮液测定其对桃蚜无翅成蚜的致死中浓度(LC_(50));利用体视显微镜逐日观察1.0×10~8孢子/mL HFLP006菌株孢子悬浮液侵染后无翅成蚜的染病症状变化。【结果】在SDAY平板上7个蜡蚧菌菌株的菌落形态基本相似,其中HFLP006和HFLA032菌株的生长与产孢性状较好,接种后15 d的菌落直径分别为50.75 mm和51.13 mm,产孢量分别为13.90×10~7和11.50×10~7孢子/cm~2;各菌株的孢子萌发率均超过了96.00%,其中HFLP006菌株的萌发率达到99.28%。对桃蚜无翅成蚜致病力最高的是HFLP006菌株,处理后7 d引起的累计校正死亡率为83.56%,显著高于其他菌株,LT_(50)为3.74 d,小于其他菌株;其次为HFLA032,处理后7 d引起的桃蚜无翅成蚜累计校正死亡率为63.01%,LT_(50)为5.75 d。毒力测定发现,处理后7 d菌株HFLP006和HFLA032对桃蚜无翅成蚜的LC_(50)值分别为0.21×10~6和1.86×10~6孢子/mL。在接种1.0×10~8孢子/mL HFLP006菌株孢子悬浮液后,第2天桃蚜成蚜活力减弱,虫体腹部开始出现褐斑,之后胸腹部逐渐变褐,足和触角变白,全身干瘪,体表长出大量白色丝状菌丝。【结论】HFLP006菌株对桃蚜无翅成蚜的致死率远高于其他菌株且致死时间最短,因此具有应用于桃蚜生物防治的潜力。此外,HFLP006菌株在SDAY培养基上表现出良好的培养性状。研究结果为该菌株的进一步规模化发酵提供了理论依据。     

昆虫病原真菌长孢蜡蚧菌TF-2菌株对豌豆蚜的侵染过程和致病力

【目的】豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum是世界性的重要农业害虫,给豆类作物造成巨大的经济损失。本研究在前期筛选已获得豌豆蚜致病菌长孢蜡蚧菌Lecanicillium longisporum TF-2菌株的基础上,检测了该致病菌分生孢子对豌豆蚜的毒力效用及侵染方式,以期为利用昆虫病原真菌防治豌豆蚜提供理论基础。【方法】采用离体叶片饲养法检测在不同浓度长孢蜡蚧菌TF-2菌株孢子悬浮液(1.0×10~3～1.0×10~7孢子/mL)中浸渍后对豌豆蚜成虫的致病力;应用扫描电镜和体视显微镜观察豌豆蚜成虫接种TF-2菌株(1.0×10~7孢子/mL)后长孢蜡蚧菌TF-2菌株侵染症状和侵染过程。【结果】不同浓度长孢蜡蚧菌TF-2菌株分生孢子浸染豌豆蚜成虫致病力随分生孢子浓度升高而逐渐增强,侵染后6 d对豌豆蚜成虫的半致死浓度(LC_(50))为3.26×10~4孢子/mL,最高浓度分生孢子(1.0×10~7孢子/mL)对豌豆蚜成虫的半致死时间(LT_(50))为2.92 d。扫描电镜观察结果表明,接种后24 h,TF-2菌株分生孢子在豌豆蚜成虫体表皮萌发形成芽管和附着胞;接种后48 h,芽管伸长在复眼、触角基部、足基节、腹末生殖节等部位形成网络结构;接种后96 h,菌丝布满整个虫体,新的分生孢子产生。【结论】长孢蜡蚧菌TF-2菌株对豌豆蚜成虫具有较强的致病力,扫描电镜观察揭示了其分生孢子在其虫体上的侵染过程,结果为进一步应用昆虫病原真菌进行生物防治提供理论基础和参考依据。     

一株球孢白僵菌的分离鉴定及其对草地贪夜蛾的致病性

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E.Smith)是我国于2019年新发现的一种迁飞性重大害虫。为了寻找对草地贪夜蛾有高致病性的昆虫病原真菌,本实验对采自广东省广州市华南农业大学湿地的感菌稻黑蝽Scotinophara lurida若虫僵虫进行了室内分离培养,结合形态学和rDNA-ITS序列分析,采用浸虫法研究了该菌对草地贪夜蛾各龄幼虫的致病力。鉴定结果表明该病原真菌为球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana,编号为GZSL-1菌株。菌株GZSL-1可侵染草地贪夜蛾6个龄期的幼虫,随孢子浓度的升高,草地贪夜蛾幼虫感病死亡率增加,当浓度达到1×10~8孢子/mL时,1～3龄幼虫的累计校正死亡率皆为100%,4龄和5龄幼虫也达到57.47%和55.06%,6龄仅25.28%。接菌6 d后1～5龄幼虫的LC_(50)值分别为1.32×10~3、3.42×10~3、1.01×10~4、1.61×10~5和1.23×10~7孢子/mL。幼虫LT_(50)值随孢子悬浮液浓度增加而递减,在孢子浓度为1.0×10~4～1.0×10~8孢子/mL范围内,1龄、2龄和3龄幼虫的LT_(50)值分别为3.58～1.69 d、4.30～1.78 d和5.70～3.12 d;浓度为1.0×10~5～1.0×10~8孢子/mL时,对4龄幼虫的LT_(50)为5.45～4.85 d;浓度为1.0×10~7～1.0×10~8孢子/mL时,对5龄幼虫的LT_(50)为5.04～5.02 d。上述研究结果表明,鉴定的球孢白僵菌菌株GZSL-1对草地贪夜蛾幼虫具有较强致病性,可为草地贪夜蛾微生物防治提供候选菌种资源。     

绿僵菌MaFZ-13对橙带蓝尺蛾幼虫致病力及林间防治效果

【目的】橙带蓝尺蛾Milionia basalis近年来在我国南方地区严重危害罗汉松Podocarpusmacrophyllus和竹柏Podocarpus nagi,扩散蔓延速度快,造成了很大的损失。本研究旨在评估金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae MaFZ-13菌株对橙带蓝尺蛾幼虫的致病力,探寻橙带蓝尺蛾生物防治新资源。【方法】通过绿僵菌MaFZ-13不同浓度(1.0×10⁵~1.0×10⁹孢子/mL)孢子悬浮液接种橙带蓝尺蛾幼虫,运用时间-剂量-死亡率(TDM)模型对生物测定结果进行分析,同时通过林间喷施1.0×10⁸孢子/mL绿僵菌孢子悬浮液进行林间防治效果试验。【结果】橙带蓝尺蛾幼虫累计死亡率随着绿僵菌MaFZ-13孢子悬浮液孢子浓度的增加和接种时间的延长而增大。接种1.0×10⁹孢子/mL孢子悬浮液8 d后以及接种1.0×10⁸孢子/mL孢子悬浮液10 d后,幼虫死亡率均达到100%;接种1.0×10⁷孢子/mL孢子悬浮液15 d后幼虫死亡率为95.6%。应用TDM模型对生测数据进行分析,结果表明所建模型通过Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合异质性检验,并由模型估算出了该菌株对橙带蓝尺蛾幼虫的致死剂量和致死时间。绿僵菌MaFZ-13菌株接种4, 5, 6和7 d后的半致死剂量(LC₅₀)对数估计值分别为7.99, 7.12, 6.46和5.83。以1.0×10⁷, 1.0×10⁸和1.0×10⁹孢子/mL的孢子浓度接种时,绿僵菌MaFZ-13菌株对橙带蓝尺蛾幼虫的LT₅₀值分别为5.19,3.99和2.81 d。林间用1.0×10⁸孢子/mL绿僵菌孢子悬浮液喷洒9 d后橙带蓝尺蛾幼虫死亡率可达到85.8%,防治效果为85.05%。【结论】绿僵菌MaFZ-13对橙带蓝尺蛾幼虫具有较强的致病力,林间防治效果良好,具有较好的应用潜力。     

蜡蚧轮枝菌对扶桑绵粉蚧的致病性研究

测定了蜡蚧轮枝菌Verticillium lecanii MZ041024菌株对扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley的致病性。结果表明蜡蚧轮枝菌MZ041024菌株对扶桑绵粉蚧1龄若虫的致病率为83.72%,致死中浓度LC_(50)为1.49×105个/m L,致死中时间LT50是5.21 d;对2龄若虫的致病率为74.42%,致死中浓度LC_(50)为3.66×10~3个/m L,致死中时间LT50是5.55 d;对3龄若虫的致病率为76.74%,致死中浓度LC_(50)为9.82×104个/m L,致死中时间LT_(50)是5.44d;其对雌成虫的致病率为85.37%,致死中浓度LC_(50)为2.80×10~4个/m L,致死中时间LT_(50)是4.87 d。说明蜡蚧轮枝菌MZ041024菌株对扶桑绵粉蚧有较强的致病性。     

三株金龟子绿僵菌对红火蚁的致病力测定

本研究在实验室条件下测定了金龟子绿僵菌M09、CQMa117和CQMa128三个菌株对红火蚁的侵染能力。结果表明在1.0×10~8孢子/mL浓度下M09、CQMa128和CQMa117菌株处理后10 d红火蚁的工蚁累计死亡率分别为73.3%、14.6%和55.5%;M09菌株对工蚁的LC50为3.50×106孢子/mL,8.0×107孢子/mL浓度处理LT50为4.35 d。对M09菌株侵染红火蚁幼虫和蛹的能力测定结果显示,1.0×10~8孢子/mL浓度处理后10 d该菌株对幼虫和蛹的累计侵染率为98.9%和100%,对幼虫和蛹LC50分别为6.34×10~4孢子/mL、1.01×10~4孢子/mL。以上研究证实金龟子绿僵菌M09菌株对红火蚁具较强的致病力,致死速度较快,可作为该蚁生物防治的候选菌株。     

虫生真菌LL-01鉴定及对两种检疫性粉蚧的致病性

【目的】为丰富南洋臀纹粉蚧Planococcus lilacinus和石蒜绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solani的生防菌资源。【方法】本研究从感病南洋臀纹粉蚧上分离生防菌,采用基因序列分析方法进行种类鉴定,并在室内优化其培养条件,评估其对这2种检疫性粉蚧的致病性。【结果】分离得到1株编号为LL-01的虫生真菌,经r DNA-ITS、18S r DNA和Nad1序列分析确定为蜡蚧轮枝菌;该菌的生长和产孢最适的温度为26℃,光周期为6L︰18D,碳源为果糖,氮源为干酪素,此条件下培养10 d的蜡蚧轮枝菌菌落直径和产孢量分别可达4.66 cm和3.16×10⁸孢子/cm8孢子/cm²;其侵染不同虫龄南洋臀纹粉蚧和石蒜绵粉蚧10 d后的LC_(50)分别为9.80×102;其侵染不同虫龄南洋臀纹粉蚧和石蒜绵粉蚧10 d后的LC_(50)分别为9.80×10⁴-9.17×104-9.17×10⁵孢子/m L和5.00×105孢子/m L和5.00×10⁴-5.30×104-5.30×10⁵孢子/m L。浓度为1.00×105孢子/m L。浓度为1.00×10⁸孢子/m L的蜡蚧轮枝菌侵染南洋臀纹粉蚧和石蒜绵粉蚧后第10天,其累计致死率分别为84.09%-97.62%和89.89%-98.85%,LT_(50)分别为3.70-5.84 d和3.48-5.14 d;在侵染第5天时,蛋白酶和几丁质酶活性分别达峰值19.44 U/m L和15.01 U/m L,脂肪酶活性在侵染第6天时达到峰值7.68 U/m L。【结论】蜡蚧轮枝菌LL-01生长速度快、产孢量高,对这2种检疫性粉蚧的致病性强。     

球孢白僵菌侵染对管氏肿腿蜂雌成蜂的不利影响

【目的】本研究旨在探究球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana对管氏肿腿蜂Scleroderma guani雌成蜂的不利影响,为今后利用管氏肿腿蜂携带球孢白僵菌联合防控松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus等蛀干害虫的技术研发奠定基础。【方法】本实验测定了5种不同浓度的球孢白僵菌孢悬液(1.0×10~4~1.0×10~8孢子/m L)和孢子粉(1.0×107孢子/雌)(以无菌水为对照)对雌成蜂的侵染力和致死力的影响。【结果】球孢白僵菌的孢悬液和孢子粉均会感染雌成蜂,不同浓度孢悬液接种于雌成蜂体表时,孢悬液对雌成蜂的感染率和致死率均与孢悬液浓度呈正相关性。接菌第2和4天,仅最高浓度孢悬液对雌成蜂有致死和感染现象;第5天,1.0×10~8,1.0×10~6和1.0×10~4孢子/m L孢悬液对雌成蜂的感染率分别为56.0%,8.0%和4.0%,致死率分别为88.0%,44.0%和16.0%;第6天,1.0×10~8孢子/m L孢悬液对雌成蜂的致死率高达100%,是最低浓度孢悬液对雌成蜂致死率的6.25倍。同时,孢悬液和孢子粉(含相同孢子数)相比,前者对雌成蜂的致死率更高;接菌第7天,孢悬液(1.0×10~7孢子/m L)对雌成蜂的致死率为100%,是孢子粉的3.12倍。这可能与雌成蜂对孢子粉有一定的清理或抖落行为有关。【结论】今后在利用管氏肿腿蜂携菌防控天牛等蛀干害虫时,可优先选用球孢白僵菌孢悬液,并控制雌成蜂携菌后及时释放,以便在其感染潜伏期4~5 d以内,有效传至天牛蛹室。     

长枝木霉T6菌株对黄瓜南方根结线虫的防治及其根际定殖作用

采用温室盆栽试验测定了不同浓度长枝木霉T6菌株孢子悬浮液对南方根结线虫的防治及在黄瓜根际的定殖作用.结果表明:根际定殖处理10周后黄瓜根际土壤和根系中长枝木霉T6菌株菌落数量显著增加,且处理土壤和根系中菌落数量变化显著,浓度为1.5×10~7CFU·m L~(-1)处理的根际土壤和根系中菌落数量达到7.8×10~7和6.3×10~5CFU·m L~(-1).温室防治试验中,不同浓度长枝木霉T6菌株孢子悬浮液对南方根结线虫不同虫态具有较强的防治效果,且防治效果随着孢子悬浮液浓度的增加而增加.长枝木霉T6菌株孢子悬浮液对被南方根结线虫侵染的黄瓜株高、根系长度和鲜质量具有显著的促生作用.表明长枝木霉T6菌株在黄瓜根际具有较强的定殖作用,对南方根结线虫具有较好的防治作用,并对黄瓜植株生长具有显著的促生作用.     

从松叶蜂分离的球孢白僵菌及其致病性

从东北伊通红松林采集的自然染病死亡的帕克阿扁松叶蜂Acantholyda 虫尸上分离获得一株球孢白僵菌,定名为FDB01。用该菌株孢子悬浮液感染油松阿扁叶蜂Acantholyda posticalis和落叶松叶蜂Pristiphora erichsonii幼虫,研究该菌株的致病情况。结果表明,用浓度为2×108孢子/mL的孢子悬浮液处理16d后,该菌株对油松阿扁叶蜂和落叶松叶蜂的致死率分别达到了94.4%和100%,说明该菌株对松叶蜂具有很强的致病力。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.