聚酮化合物β-酮酰-ACP合酶的计算机对比分析与组合生物合成

为了合理地设计新的聚酮化合物提高组合生物合成的效率,本文使用ClustalW、Mega4.0分析了26种来自不同聚酮合酶的β-酮酰-ACP合酶结构域的序列特征,并用ProtParam、Phdsec、Swiss-Model等工具对其中9种具有不同底物专一性的β-酮酰-ACP合酶的一级结构、二级结构和三级结构及活性位点进行了分析与预测。发现它们结构上的相似性大于序列上的相似性;活性位点都富含丝氨酸;底物含有2个羧酸基团的β-酮酰-ACP合酶的理论pI均小于5.0且其形式电荷总量也偏低;序列V303ELHGTGTPLGDPIEAGA320是这26种β-酮酰-ACP合酶的一段保守序列,但它并不与活性位点相邻。这些研究对进行聚酮合酶的模块或结构域替换以及定点突变具有重要的指导意义,也为探讨其的进化机制提供了参考。     

源于植物内生无花果拟盘多毛孢真菌的新色原酮类次生代谢产物研究

从植物内生真菌无花果拟盘多毛孢菌株(Pestalotiopsis fici;AS3.9138=W106-1)的放大发酵粗提物中分离得到4个异戊二烯基取代的色原酮类新结构次生代谢产物pestaloficiolsM-P(1-4),并应用质谱和核磁共振技术确定了上述化合物的结构。生物活性测试结果表明化合物2能够抑制HIV-1病毒在C8166细胞中的复制;化合物3和4对宫颈癌细胞(HeLa)具有细胞毒活性;另外,化合物3对烟曲霉Aspergillus fumigatus也具有较强的抑制活性。     

新月弯孢霉AS 3.4381对新型甾体底物C11β-羟基化

应用本实验室保藏的新月弯孢霉Curvularia lunataAS 3.4381对新型甾体化合物(Ⅰ)(16α,17β-二甲基-17-丙酰基雄甾-1,4-二烯-3-酮)作为底物进行生物转化C11β-羟基化反应的研究。实验研究结果表明,采用Ⅱ级发酵的工艺,收获新月弯孢霉菌丝体作为生物催化剂,在磷酸缓冲液介质体系中,对化合物Ⅰ的C11位实现β羟基化,生成皮质激素药物。测试数据TLC,MS,IR及1H NMR证明了该产物的化学结构,表明生物转化产物为C11β-羟基-16α,17β-二甲基-17-丙酰基雄甾-1,4-二烯-3-酮。     

5-氯水杨醛缩2,4-二羟基苯酰肼的抗菌抗氧化活性研究

目的考察5-氯水杨醛缩2,4-二羟基苯酰肼对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌活性及体外抗氧化活性。方法采用试管法和平板法测定其对金黄色葡萄球菌最小抑菌浓度(MIC)、最小杀菌浓度(MBC),绘制杀菌曲线,并通过扫描电镜研究其作用机制,采用DPPH法测定抗氧化活性。结果该化合物对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC为2.5 mg/m L,MBC为5 mg/m L。杀菌曲线结果表明该化合物对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀菌作用表现出明显的浓度依赖性。扫描电镜结果表明该化合物的作用机制可能与破坏菌体细胞壁、改变其通透性有关。同时该化合物具有较强的清除自由基的能力。结论 5-氯水杨醛缩2,4-二羟基苯酰肼具有显著的抗金黄色葡萄球菌作用,同时具有较好的体外抗氧化活性。     

5-氯水杨醛缩2，4-二羟基苯酰肼的合成及其抗菌活性的研究

目的合成5-氯水杨醛缩2,4-二羟基苯酰肼,对其进行结构表征,并测定其抑菌活性。方法运用席夫碱合成原理,合成目标产物,通过单晶衍射分析确定其分子结构。采用试管法和平板法测定其对肺炎克雷伯杆菌MIC,MBC,绘制杀菌曲线,并通过透射电镜研究其作用机制。结果成功合成目标化合物,通过单晶衍射分析确定为5-氯水杨醛缩2,4-二羟基苯酰肼。抗菌结果表明该化合物对肺炎克雷伯菌的MIC为1．25mg／mL,MBC为2．5mg／mL。杀菌曲线结果表明该化合物对肺炎克雷伯菌的杀菌作用表现出明显的浓度依赖性。电镜结果表明该化合物的作用机制可能与破坏菌体细胞壁,改变细胞膜通透性有关。结论产物5-氯水杨醛缩2,4-二羟基苯酰肼有较好的抗肺炎克雷伯杆菌的作用。     

β-二酮亚胺-铁(Ⅱ)羰基配合物的合成及其表征

β-二酮亚胺配体(ArN(R)CCH(R)NAr,R=CH_3,H,Ar=2,6-二异丙基苯胺,苯胺,2,6-二甲基苯胺等等)可与不同金属配位形成多种配合物,上述配合物因其特殊的反应性能引起了研究者的广泛关注。本文以环戊二烯氯代羰基铁与β-二酮亚胺配体(ArN (R)CCH(R)NAr,R=CH_3,Ar=2,6-二甲基苯胺)反应生成铁的金属配合物,并对其产物进行了IR,1HNMR表征。     

草豆蔻中黄酮和双苯庚酮的抑菌活性

以两倍稀释法测定了草豆蔻(Alpinia katsumadaiHayata)种子中4种黄酮和双苯庚酮类化合物的抑菌效果。结果表明,反,反-1,7-二苯基-4,6-庚二烯-3-酮和山姜素对幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori)的最低抑菌浓度(M IC)达到1.25μg.mL-1,与阳性药相比对幽门螺杆菌具有较强的抑菌活性;豆蔻明和乔松素对幽门螺杆菌的M IC分别为2.56和0.32 mg.mL-1。反,反-1,7-二苯基-4,6-庚二烯-3-酮和豆蔻明对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureusRosenbach)、表皮葡萄球菌〔S.epiderm idis(W inslow et W inshlow)Evans〕、大肠杆菌〔Escherichia coli(M igu la)Castellan i et Chalm ers〕等菌株的M IC分别为0.208~1.667和0.122~1.955 mg.mL-1,与阳性药相比具有较强的抑菌活性。乔松素和山姜素对金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌等菌株的M IC分别为1.275~2.550和1.925~3.850 mg.mL-1,也有一定的抑菌作用。豆蔻明、乔松素、反,反-1,7-二苯基-4,6-庚二烯-3-酮和山姜素是草豆蔻的抑菌活性成分。     

白木香悬浮培养细胞中2-(2-苯乙基)色酮化合物的诱导形成

白木香是我国生产沉香的唯一植物资源,为研究其中次生代谢产物的生物合成,从国产沉香中分离并鉴定了4种已知的2-(2-苯乙基)色酮化合物,实验中以此作为标准品,以白木香根悬浮培养细胞为材料,黄绿墨耳真菌提取物为诱导子,首次在组织培养物中成功诱导了2-(2-苯乙基)色酮化合物的产生,为研究中药沉香活性成分2-(2-苯乙基)色酮化合物的生物合成建立了一个试验体系。     

分枝杆菌细胞裂解液催化甾体激素C_(1,2)位脱氢反应的研究

9β,11β-环氧-17α,21-二羟基-16β-甲基孕-1,4-二烯-3,20-二酮(Ⅳ)是生产9-氟甾体激素的关键前体,以9β,11β-环氧-17α,21-二羟基-16β-甲基孕-4-烯-3,20-二酮-21-醋酸酯(Ⅰ)为底物合成Ⅳ是工业化生产Ⅳ的重要方法。通过比较分枝杆菌全细胞转化法与细胞裂解液转化法,发现分枝杆菌全细胞只能将Ⅰ转化为9β,11β-环氧-17α,21-二羟基-16β-甲基孕-4-烯-3,20-二酮(Ⅱ),而细胞裂解液可以有效地将Ⅰ转化为Ⅳ,其反应机制为底物Ⅰ自发水解为中间体Ⅱ,Ⅱ在C_(1,2)位脱氢酶(KSTD)的催化作用下发生C_(1,2)位脱氢反应生成产物Ⅳ。为进一步提高产物Ⅳ的转化率,利用基因工程手段在分枝杆菌中分别过表达编码KSTD的关键基因:kst D、kst D3和kstD_M,提高脱氢反应效率,结果表明1 g/L底物Ⅰ在pH7.0的重组菌株MS136-kst D_M细胞裂解液中反应45h,Ⅳ的转化率为78.4%,比出发菌株提高了38.9%;并优化缓冲液pH,提高反应速率,结果表明1 g/L底物Ⅰ在pH7.5的重组菌株MS136-kstD_M细胞裂解液中反应45 h,Ⅳ的转化率为92.8%,比出发菌株提高了63.4%。     

二代测序应用于检测GT1-7细胞中KISS1和GnRH启动子的DNA甲基化状态的研究

目的:利用二代测序技术检测GT1-7细胞中KISS1和GnRH基因启动子范围内的甲基化状态,并用金标准的亚硫酸氢盐修饰后的克隆测序作为对照,比较二代测序与金标准克隆测序在研究DNA甲基化检测中的差别。方法:提取GT1-7细胞基因组DNA并进行亚硫酸氢盐处理。进行巢式PCR,将PCR产物进行二代测序。同时采用金标准的亚硫酸氢盐修饰后克隆测序的方法作为对照,对相同批次的PCR产物进行克隆测序。结果:PCR产物二代测序结果表明KISS1和GnRH两个基因的27个CpG甲基化位点信息完整,结果准确。挑取10个克隆进行一代测序结果表明序列无丢失,KISS1和GnRH两个基因的27个CpG甲基化位点信息完整。结论:利用高通量的二代测序技术能够有效的对DNA甲基化的PCR产物进行检测,二代测序和克隆测序都是研究DNA甲基化的有效方法,但前者与克隆测序相比每一个读取序列(reads)都相当于一个单克隆,且二代测序每个区段得到成百上千个reads,因此二代测序结果更加精确。     

New insights into the first oxidative phenol coupling reaction during vancomycin biosynthesis

OxyB catalyzes the first oxidative phenol coupling reaction in vancomycin biosynthesis. OxyB is a P450 hemoprotein whose activity is strictly dependent upon the presence of molecular oxygen. Here, it was shown that label from (18)O(2) is not incorporated into the monocyclic product during catalysis by OxyB. In addition, it was shown that OxyB can convert a model hexapeptide substrate containing (R)-Tyr6, instead of (S)-Tyr6, covalently linked as a C-terminal thioester to a peptidyl carrier protein (PCP-7S) derived from the vancomycin non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), into the corresponding epimeric monocyclic product. The binding of this epimeric hexapeptide-PCP conjugate to the Fe(III) form of OxyB, as monitored by UV-vis spectroscopy, revealed a K(d)=35+/-5 microM. Thus, the enzyme reveals a surprising lack of stereospecificity in the binding and transformation of these epimeric substrates.     

The flavoprotein MrsD catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation reaction involved in formation of the peptidoglycan biosynthesis inhibitor mersacidin

The lantibiotic mersacidin inhibits peptidoglycan biosynthesis by binding to the peptidoglycan precursor lipid II. Mersacidin contains an unsaturated thioether bridge, which is proposed to be synthesized by posttranslational modifications of threonine residue +15 and the COOH-terminal cysteine residue of the mersacidin precursor peptide MrsA. We show that the flavoprotein MrsD catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of the COOH-terminal cysteine residue of MrsA to an aminoenethiol residue. MrsD belongs to the recently described family of homo-oligomeric flavin-containing Cys decarboxylases (i.e., the HFCD protein family). Members of this protein family include the bacterial Dfp proteins (which are involved in coenzyme A biosynthesis), eukaryotic salt tolerance proteins, and further oxidative decarboxylases such as EpiD. In contrast to EpiD and Dfp, MrsD is a FAD and not an FMN-dependent flavoprotein. HFCD enzymes are characterized by a conserved His residue which is part of the active site. Exchange of this His residue for Asn led to inactivation of MrsD. The lantibiotic-synthesizing enzymes EpiD and MrsD have different substrate specificities.     

Structural basis for juvenile hormone biosynthesis by the juvenile hormone acid methyltransferase

Juvenile hormone (JH) acid methyltransferase (JHAMT) is a rate-limiting enzyme that converts JH acids or inactive precursors of JHs to active JHs at the final step of JH biosynthesis in insects and thus presents an excellent target for the development of insect growth regulators or insecticides. However, the three-dimensional properties and catalytic mechanism of this enzyme are not known. Herein, we report the crystal structure of the JHAMT apoenzyme, the three-dimensional holoprotein in binary complex with its cofactor S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine, and the ternary complex with S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine and its substrate methyl farnesoate. These structures reveal the ultrafine definition of the binding patterns for JHAMT with its substrate/cofactor. Comparative structural analyses led to novel findings concerning the structural specificity of the progressive conformational changes required for binding interactions that are induced in the presence of cofactor and substrate. Importantly, structural and biochemical analyses enabled identification of one strictly conserved catalytic Gln/His pair within JHAMTs required for catalysis and further provide a molecular basis for substrate recognition and the catalytic mechanism of JHAMTs. These findings lay the foundation for the mechanistic understanding of JH biosynthesis by JHAMTs and provide a rational framework for the discovery and development of specific JHAMT inhibitors as insect growth regulators or insecticides.     

The activation of amino acid analogues by phenylalanyl- and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases from plants

Partially purified preparations of Phe- and Tyr-tRNA synthetases were obtained from seed or seedlings of Phaseolus aureus, Delonix regia and Caesalpinia tinctoria, and the ability of a variety of structural analogues of Phe or Tyr to act as alternative substrates or inhibitors was tested. 3-Hydroxymethylphenylalanine, a natural product of C. tinctoria, formed a particularly effective substrate for the Tyr-tRNA synthetase from P. aureus. The structural features commensurate with substrate activity in an analogue molecule are discussed.     

Contribution of the mu loop to the structure and function of rat glutathione transferase M1-1

The "mu loop," an 11-residue loop spanning amino acid residues 33-43, is a characteristic structural feature of the mu class of glutathione transferases. To assess the contribution of the mu loop to the structure and function of rat GST M1-1, amino acid residues 35-44 (35GDAPDYDRSQ44) were excised by deletion mutagenesis, resulting in the "Deletion Enzyme." Kinetic studies reveal that the Km values of the Deletion Enzyme are markedly increased compared with those of the wild-type enzyme: 32-fold for 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, 99-fold for glutathione, and 880-fold for monobromobimane, while the Vmax value for each substrate is increased only modestly. Results from experiments probing the structure of the Deletion Enzyme, in comparison with that of the wild-type enzyme, suggest that the secondary and quaternary structures have not been appreciably perturbed. Thermostability studies indicate that the Deletion Enzyme is as stable as the wild-type enzyme at 4 degrees C and 10 degrees C, but it rapidly loses activity at 25 degrees C, unlike the wild-type enzyme. In the temperature range of 4 degrees C through 25 degrees C, the loss of activity of the Deletion Enzyme is not the result of a change in its structure, as determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy and sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation. Collectively, these results indicate that the mu loop is not essential for GST M1-1 to maintain its structure nor is it required for the enzyme to retain some catalytic activity. However, it is an important determinant of the enzyme's affinity for its substrates.     

Stereochemical course of the biosynthesis of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. I. Role of the asymmetric sulfonium pole and the α-amino acid center

The substrate stereospecificity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase, a pyridoxal phosphate-containing enzyme, from the pericarp tissue of $\text{Lycopersicon esculentum}$ (tomatoes) was studied using the various stereoisomers of $\text{S}$-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) at both the sulfonium pole and the amino acid center. The data indicate that only the naturally occurring isomer (?)Ado-L-Met acts as substrate (Km = 20±5 μM). Both (±)Ado-D-Met and (+)Ado-L-Met were inactive as substrates. The (+)Ado-L-Met (Ki = 15±5 μM) was found to be a potent inhibitor of ACC synthase whereas (±)Ado-D-Met (Ki = 70±20 μM) was less active as an inhibitor. This active isomer has the ($\text{S}$) configuration at both the sulfur and the α-carbon of the amino acid portion of AdoMet.     

Engineering a new C-terminal tail in the H-site of human glutathione transferase P1-1: structural and functional consequences

We have sought the structural basis for the differing substrate specificities of human glutathione transferase P1-1 (class Pi) and human glutathione transferase A1-1 (class Alpha) by adding an extra helix (helix 9), found in the electrophilic substrate-binding site (H-site) of the human class Alpha enzyme, at the C terminus of the human class Pi enzyme. This class Pi-chimera (CODA) was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and characterized by kinetic and crystallographic approaches. The presence of the newly engineered tail in the H-site of the human Pi enzyme alters its catalytic properties towards those exhibited by the human Alpha enzyme, as assessed using cumene hydroperoxide (diagnostic for class Alpha enzymes) and ethacrynic acid (diagnostic for class Pi) as co-substrates. There is a change of substrate selectivity in the latter case, as the k(cat)/K(m)(EA) value decreases about 70-fold, compared to that of class Pi. With 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as co-substrate there is a loss of catalytic activity to about 2% with respect to that of the Pi enzyme. Crystallographic and kinetic studies of the class Pi-chimera provide important clues to explain these altered catalytic properties. The new helix forms many complimentary interactions with the rest of the protein and re-models the original electrophilic substrate-binding site towards one that is more enclosed, albeit flexible. Of particular note are the interactions between Glu205 of the new tail and the catalytic residues, Tyr7 and Tyr108, and the thiol moiety of glutathione (GSH). These interactions may provide an explanation of the more than one unit increase in the pK(a) value of the GSH thiolate and affect both the turnover number and GSH binding, using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as co-substrate. The data presented are consistent with the engineered tail adopting a highly mobile or disordered state in the apo form of the enzyme.     

The biosynthesis of abscisic acid in Cercospora rosicola

1′-Deoxyabscisic acid (1′-deoxy-ABA) has been isolated from cultures of Cercospora rosicola which are actively synthesizing abscisic acid (ABA)     

Formyl-coenzyme A (CoA):oxalate CoA-transferase from the acidophile Acetobacter aceti has a distinctive electrostatic surface and inherent acid stability

Bacterial formyl-CoA:oxalate CoA-transferase (FCOCT) and oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase work in tandem to perform a proton-consuming decarboxylation that has been suggested to have a role in generalized acid resistance. FCOCT is the product of uctB in the acidophilic acetic acid bacterium Acetobacter aceti. As expected for an acid-resistance factor, UctB remains folded at the low pH values encountered in the A. aceti cytoplasm. A comparison of crystal structures of FCOCTs and related proteins revealed few features in UctB that would distinguish it from nonacidophilic proteins and thereby account for its acid stability properties, other than a strikingly featureless electrostatic surface. The apparently neutral surface is a result of a "speckled" charge decoration, in which charged surface residues are surrounded by compensating charges but do not form salt bridges. A quantitative comparison among orthologs identified a pattern of residue substitution in UctB that may be a consequence of selection for protein stability by constant exposure to acetic acid. We suggest that this surface charge pattern, which is a distinctive feature of A. aceti proteins, creates a stabilizing electrostatic network without stiffening the protein or compromising protein-solvent interactions.