木霉属5个中国新记录种及2种木霉在中国的新分布

对来自北京、广东、黑龙江、河南、湖北、湖南、吉林、内蒙古、浙江的木霉属资源进行系统分类研究,报道了该属5个中国新记录种：桤木木霉Trichoderma alni,絮状木霉T. floccosum,近洋大戟草木霉T. parapiluliferum,普丽西拉木霉T. priscilae和森吉木霉T. songyi,并提供了其宏观和微观特征的详细描述及图示。基于联合rpb2和tef1基因序列的系统发育分析,为确定上述种的分类地位提供了佐证。此外,表明近渐绿木霉T. paraviridescens和西蒙斯木霉T. simmonsii在我国广泛分布。     

木霉属3个中国新记录种

报道了采自我国黑龙江、吉林及西藏的木霉属Trichoderma 3个中国新记录种：内生木霉Trichoderma endophyticum、意大利木霉T. italicum和酒色木霉T. vinosum。首次发现近深绿木霉T. paratroviride的有性阶段,提供了上述种的详细描述及宏观和微观特征的图示,并探讨了其分类地位。     

指定木霉属三个种的附加模式并报道中国新记录种

对来自我国南方的木霉属标本进行分类学研究,首次发现灵芝木霉T. ganodermatis、异味木霉T. ingratum 和特里克木霉T. trixiae的有性阶段,对它们进行描述并指定3个种的附加模式。报道了3个中国新记录种：新厚木霉Trichoderma neocrassum、垫状木霉T. pulvinatum和塞缪尔斯木霉T. samuelsii、提供了它们的形态描述和图示。基于RPB2和TEF1基因序列的系统发育分析确定了上述种的系统发育位置。建立一个新名称取代晚出同名Trichoderma crystalligenum W.T. Qin & W.Y. Zhuang。     

具有无色子囊孢子的木霉属两新种

报道了采自我国安徽省金寨县天堂寨的木霉属 Trichoderma 两个新种。新种天堂寨木霉T. tiantangzhaiense位于Hypocreanum分支,子座黄褐色至淡褐色,平垫状至盘状,子囊孢子相对较小;新种余氏木霉T. yui与沃格玛木霉T. voglmayrii亲缘关系较近,具有橙褐色至金棕色子座,褐色至红褐色孔口区和绿色分生孢子。本文提供了这两种木霉宏观和微观特征的详细描述及图示,并探讨了其分类地位。     

中国东北地区芽孢盘菌属的研究

本文报导了中国东北地区芽孢盘菌属(Tympanis)5个种1变种, 其中1个新种(T.tiliae Xiang et Soing)4个国内新记录种(T.confusa Nyl., T.abietina Groves, T.piceina Groves, T.alnea(Pers.)Fr.)1个国内新记录变种(T.alnea var.hysterioides Rehm)以上各种都进行了形态和培养特性的研究, 还用Koch's证病法则证明了T.confusa是引起红松流脂溃疡病的病原菌, 并在松脂上伴生Sarea resinae(Fr.ex Fr.)Kuntze.     

橘园枯枝基质对生防菌深绿木霉的漆酶活性影响

漆酶是一种重要的木质素降解酶,并与木霉属种类Trichoderma spp.的重寄生等生防抑菌作用密切相关。本文利用含有丰富木质素含量的柑橘园枯枝为基质研究其对深绿木霉Trichoderma atroviride产漆酶活性的影响,并结合单因素方差分析研究了柑橘树枝粉末用量、碳源含量、环境pH值等变量与该菌株产漆酶能力的关系,为进一步探索柑橘园的枯枝在木霉重寄生过程中漆酶活性的变化与影响以及对柑橘园枝干病害的生物防治提供了理论基础。     

三峡库区消落带常见野生植物AM真菌

从三峡库区消落带3种常见野生植物的15个根际土壤样本中共分离鉴定出24种丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）,包括球囊霉属Glomus 15种、无梗囊霉属Acaulospora 3种、近明球囊霉属Claroideoglomus 2种和多样孢霉属Diversispora、内养囊霉属Entro phospora、巨孢囊霉属Gigaspora及类球囊霉属Paraglomus各1种。其中地表多样孢囊霉D. epigaea 和伯氏类球囊霉P. pernambucanum是我国的新记录种。研究发现这3种植物根际土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的优势属为球囊霉属,优势种为地球囊霉G. geosporum、单孢球囊霉G. monosporum、地表球囊霉G. versiforme、副冠球囊霉G. coronatum 和黄孢球囊霉G. flavisporum。研究还发现在这3种植物根际土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的孢子密度平均为839±170个/100g土,物种丰富度在14-22种之间,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和均匀度分别在1.97-2.21、0.409-0.479之间波动。结果表明三峡库区消落带是一个AMF多样性研究的资源库。     

梵净山山顶苔藓矮林AM真菌多样性

为探析和比较梵净山国家自然保护区矮林生态系统中丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM）真菌群落特征,对6种山顶苔藓矮林群落（山樱-山矾Prunus-Symplocos、杜鹃-槭树Rhododendron-Acer、花楸-杜鹃Sorbus-Rhododendron、槭树Acer、黔稠Cyclobalanopsis stewardiana、杜鹃Rhododendron）土壤进行AM真菌分离、鉴定和分析。结果表明：梵净山山顶苔藓矮林群落共有13属32种AM真菌,包括无梗囊霉属Acaulospora 13种、球囊霉属Glomus 5种、近明球囊霉属Claroideoglomus 2种、多样孢囊霉属Diversispora 2种、隔球囊霉属Septoglomus 2种、原囊霉属Archaeospora 1种、双型囊霉属Ambispora 1种、内养囊霉属Entrophospora 1种、和平囊霉属Pacispora 1种、硬囊霉属Sclerocystis 1种、西维丁囊霉属Sieverdingia 1种、盾巨孢囊霉属Scutellospora 1种和巨孢囊霉属Gigaspora 1种,其中无梗囊霉属的分离频率、相对多度和重要值最高,分别是100%、65.90%和82.95%,为矮林区域的优势属,柯氏无梗囊霉为该区域的优势种;不同矮林间AM真菌群落结构组成差异显著,槭树矮林的孢子密度、菌根侵染率和Shannon-Wiener指数显著高于其他5种植物群落,黔稠矮林的孢子密度和物种丰富度最低,杜鹃矮林的AM真菌Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数均为所有植物群落中最低,表明不同矮林类型对AM真菌群落结构具有重要影响。     

丰林国家级自然保护区木腐真菌多样性与寄主倒木的关系

木腐真菌是一类以木材为生长基质的大型真菌, 通过分泌各种水解酶全部或部分降解木材中的木质素、纤维素和半纤维素, 促进森林生态系统的物质循环, 具有重要的生态功能。本研究调查了丰林国家级自然保护区固定样地中木腐真菌的多样性和倒木特征, 并进行了木腐真菌的物种多样性和数量与倒木的种类、数量、腐朽程度、直径大小等的相关性分析。结果显示: 在样地内共采集木腐真菌标本295份, 经鉴定为93种, Shannon多样性指数为3.86, Simpson指数为0.96。相关性分析发现木腐真菌的数量和种类与直径为2-5 cm和5-10 cm的倒木、2级腐烂的倒木和红松倒木均显著相关。样地中优势倒木寄主分别为槭属(Acer)、榛属(Corylus)、云杉属(Picea)和松属(Pinus), 这4类倒木上生长的木腐真菌种类组成具有明显的差异, 槭属和榛属倒木上的共有优势种主要是三色拟迷孔菌(Daedaleopsis tricolor)、云芝(Trametes versicolor)和桦附毛孔菌(Trichaptum pargamenum), 而松属和云杉属的共有优势种主要有白囊耙齿菌(Irpex lacteus)、云芝、冷杉附毛孔菌(Trichaptum abietinum)和褐紫附毛孔菌(T. fuscoviolaceum)。倒木产生真菌子实体的概率研究表明, 同一类寄主倒木上发生木腐真菌子实体的概率在调查面积增加到0.36 ha后趋于一个定值, 松属倒木中仅有10.2%产生真菌子实体, 槭属和云杉属分别是12.9%和13.4%, 榛属最高, 达到53.7%。本研究结果对于预测森林生态系统中木腐真菌的发生具有重要理论意义。     

广东省三种植物群落土壤AMF孢子比较

应用样方法,以三叶草(Trifolium repens)作盆栽扩繁,利用湿筛倾析法和蔗糖离心法分离土壤孢子,研究了广东省常绿阔叶林、人工林(台湾相思林、湿地松林、刚果按林)和木薯地等3种植物群落11个土样的丛枝菌根菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)孢子组成及分布状况.根据孢子形状、颜色、大小、孢壁饰纹及连孢菌丝等形态,将所分离的孢子划分为20个形态型(morphotypes),分属于3科5属.其中球囊霉属(Glomus)有10种形态型,无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)5种,巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspora)和盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)各2种,内养囊霉属(Entrophospora)1种.在20个形态型中,以球囊霉属最丰富,分布最广.其中4种类型Glomus dolichosporum(TypeI)、Glomus eburneum(TypeJ)、Glomus versiforme(TypeM)和Acaulospora scrobiculata(TypeD)在常绿阔叶林、人工林和木薯地中均有出现,其余类型仅见个别土样.     

Nouvelles données sur les estérases des trichogrammes (hym. trichogrammatidae)

New electrophoretic analysis allowed us to show that the two fastest esterases of T. brassicae are derived from the Est 5′ locus and not from the Est 5 and Est 6 locus. This result changes only slightly the evanescens group place in the phylogenetic tree previously suggested. Esterases have been studied in several other species. Those of T. lacustre and T. piceum are not against the classification of these species in the perkinsi and fasciatum groups, respectively. Those of T. leptoparameron lead us to place this species in the pretiosum group, near T. daumalae. Those of a population of T. dendrolimi reveal a polymorphism clearly higher than what was known in bisexual forms of this species. Lastly, esterases analysed by other authors tend to show that T. chilonis and T. closterae belong to the nubilale group (the appellation of which has to be changed) and that T. ostriniae belongs to the minutum group.     

Crossed immunoelectrophoretic analyses of antigens from Trypanosoma lewisi and Trypanosoma musculi

Trypanosoma lewisi and Trypanosoma musculi were collected from immunosuppressed infected hosts and extracted with phosphate buffered saline. Antisera were obtained from rats repeatedly infected with T. lewisi or mice repeatedly infected with T. musculi. Cellular antigens (CAg) present in the extracts of the parasites were analyzed by microimmunodiffusion (MID), crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and tandem crossed immunoelectrophoresis (TCIE). Trypanosome extracts were absorbed with the heterologous hyperimmune antisera to examine shared and unique antigens of the parasites.

Extracts of T. lewisi formed four precipitin lines when reacted with hyperimmune rat antiserum and three precipitin lines were detected by mouse anti-T. musculi serum in MID analyses. T. musculi extract formed two precipitin lines with mouse hyperimmune serum and two precipitin lines with rat anti-T. lewisi serum in the MID tests. When T. lewisi was reacted with the homologous hyperimmune rat antiserum in CIE, 14 precipitin peaks developed, while T. musculi extract formed eight peaks with homologous mouse hyperimmune serum. Seven precipitin peaks developed when T. lewisi extract was reacted with the mouse antiserum and T. musculi extract formed eight peaks during its electrophoretic migration into rat anti-T lewisi serum. TCIE clearly showed that five T. lewisi CAg could not be detected in the T. musculi extract by the rat antiserum, while mouse anti-T. musculi serum formed six precipitin peaks with the T. lewisi extract and seven peaks with the homologous extract. One of the CAg present in the T. musculi extract was not found in the T. lewisi extract. Absorptions of the extracts with heterologous antisera and subsequent CIE against the homologous antisera indicated three of the CAg of T. lewisi were not shared by T. musculi, while a single antigen of T. musculi was not detected in T. lewisi. Although concentrations of antibodies in each of the antisera and CAg in the parasite extracts were not equivalent, the data indicated that a minimum of eight CAg are shared by these rodent trypanosomes and at least three antigens appeared to be unique to T. lewisi and a single antigen to T. musculi.     

Trichinella zimbabwensis n.sp. (Nematoda), a new non-encapsulated species from crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) in Zimbabwe also infecting mammals

Since 1995, Trichinella larvae have been detected in 39.5% of farmed crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) in Zimbabwe. Morphological, biological, biochemical and molecular studies carried out on one isolate from a farmed crocodile in 2001 support the conclusion that this parasite belongs to a new species, which has been named Trichinella zimbabwensis n.sp. This species, whose larvae are non-encapsulated in host muscles, infects both reptiles and mammals. The morphology of adults and larvae is similar to that of Trichinella papuae. Adults of T. zimbabwensis cross in both directions with adults of T. papuae (i.e. male of T. zimbabwensis per female of T. papuae and male of T. papuae per female of T. zimbabwensis), producing F1 offspring which produce very few and less viable F2 larvae. Muscle larvae of T. zimbabwensis, like those of T. papuae, do not infect birds. Three allozymes (of a total of 10) are diagnostic between T. zimbabwensis and T. papuae, and five are diagnostic between T. zimbabwensis and Trichinella pseudospiralis, the third non-encapsulated species. The percentage of the pairwise alignment identity between T. zimbabwensis and the other Trichinella species for the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene, the large subunit ribosomal-DNA (mt-lsrDNA) gene and the expansion segment five, shows that T. zimbabwensis is more similar to the two non-encapsulated species T. papuae (91% for cytochrome oxidase I; 96% for mt-lsrDNA; and 88% for expansion segment five) and T. pseudospiralis (88% for cytochrome oxidase I; 90% for mt-lsrDNA; and 66–73% for expansion segment five) than to any of the encapsulated species (85–86% for cytochrome oxidase I; 88–89% for mt-lsrDNA; and 71–79% for expansion segment five). This is the first non-encapsulated species discovered in Africa. The finding of a new Trichinella species that infects both reptiles and mammals suggests that the origin of Trichinella parasites dates back further than previously believed and can contribute to understanding the phylogeny and the epidemiology of the genus Trichinella.     

Genotypic variation among lineages of Trypanosoma cruzi and its geographic aspects

Isozyme analysis with 18 enzyme loci was conducted on 146 isolates of Trypanosoma cruzi from Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Chile. Forty-four different MLGs (groups of isolates with identical multilocus genotypes) were identified and a phylogeny was constructed. The phylogenetic tree consisted of two main groups (T. cruzi I, T. cruzi II), and the latter was further divided into two subgroups (T. cruzi IIa, T. cruzi IIb–e). Evidence of hybridization between different MLGs of T. cruzi II was found, which means that genetic exchanges seem to have occurred in South American T. cruzi. On the other hand, the persistence of characteristic T. cruzi I and T. cruzi II isozyme patterns in single small villages in Bolivia and Guatemala suggested that genetic exchange is very rare between major lineages. A significant difference in genetic diversity was shown between T. cruzi I and T. cruzi II from several indices of population genetics. Two possibilities could explain this genetic variation in the population: differences in evolutionary history and/or different tendencies to exchange genetic material. Broad-scale geographic distributions of T. cruzi I and T. cruzi IIb–e were different; T. cruzi I occurred in Central America and south to Bolivia and Brazil, while T. cruzi IIb–e occurred in the central and southern areas of South America, overlapping with T. cruzi I in Brazil and Bolivia.     

Out of the Middle East: New phylogenetic insights in the genus Tamarix (Tamaricaceae)

Tamarix is one of the taxonomically most complex genera among the angiosperms, and there is little consensus regarding its infrageneric classification. Here we present the most complete phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus to date. This includes a DNA phylogenetic tree based on nuclear ribosomal ITS, and a plastid DNA phylogeny based on three intergenic spacers (trnS‐trnG, ndhF‐rpl32, and trnQ‐rps16). In total, both nuclear and plastid phylogenetic analyses include more than 70 samples of 39 species from 27 countries, which represent close to 60% of the diversity of the genus. Two complementary trees, based only on one plastid marker, are also included. The first, based on trnS‐trnG, is used to increase the number of species related to T. amplexicaulis. The second, based on ndhF‐rpl32, is used to investigate the separation between T. tetrandra and T. parviflora. The incongruence between the available infrageneric classifications and the molecular results is confirmed. A reticulate evolution is inferred from the trees, showing characters such as vaginate leaves appearing at different stages along the evolutionary history of the genus. The presence of T. canariensis outside the Canary Islands is cast into doubt, and all such records from NW Africa and Europe are here considered to belong to T. gallica. The results also suggest independence of T. karelinii from T. hispida, and T. parviflora from T. tetrandra. Relationships between a number of species are still not resolved, and additional studies will be needed to further refine the complex taxonomy of Tamarix.     

Genetic relationships among the torrent suckers, genus Thoburnia

Population samples of the three species of the tetraploid catostomid genus Thoburnia were electrophoretically studied to detect isozyme variability resolving the products of 54 alleles encoded by 34 presumptive loci. Species of Thoburnia express only about one-third of their loci in duplicate suggesting a high level of evolutionary advancement within the Catostomidae. Thoburnia hamiltoni and T. rhothoeca are phenetically close compared to T. atripinne. Cladistic analyses of the genetic data reveal that T. rhothoeca exhibits a relatively high degree of plesiomorphy while T. hamiltoni and T. atripinne represent extremes of separate lineages. A phylogenetic treatment of the genetic data yields a hypothetical phylogeny congruent with that based on morphological criteria.