核果和仁果褐腐病病原菌研究进展

核果和仁果类果品在我国果品生产和消费中占有重要地位.由链核盘菌属Monilinia几种真菌引起的褐腐病可导致枝枯和果实腐烂,造成严重的经济损失.其中部分种类还是一些国家或地区的检疫性病原物.近年来褐腐病病原菌的组成、名称和分布已有新的变化,对链核盘菌和褐腐病的研究也取得了许多新进展.本文概述了过去20年来国内外对核果和...     

我国不同产区桃褐腐病病原鉴定与分析

【背景】桃褐腐病是桃树的一种重要病害,给桃果生产带来了严重的经济损失。桃褐腐病病原种类较多。【目的】明确我国不同桃产区褐腐病菌的种类。【方法】采集不同产区桃褐腐病果,采用单孢分离法分离病菌,通过形态特征、分子生物学方法和接种试验对分离株进行种类鉴定和分析。【结果】从来自浙江丽水、四川成都、云南昆明、辽宁大连、河北石家庄、北京海淀、山东泰安和山东青岛等8个不同桃产区的褐腐病果上经单孢分离获得15株分离株。各分离株菌落形态略有差异,但来自云南的分离株hfyn与其他分离株明显不同。通过rDNA ITS序列和系统进化树分析,将云南分离株hfyn鉴定为云南丛梗孢(Monilia yunnanensis),来源于其他产区的14株分离株均鉴定为果生链核盘菌(Monilinia fructicola)。采用多对特异性引物PCR扩增分析,确证了上述鉴定结果。接种试验表明,不同产区来源的桃褐腐病菌分离株在桃果上的致病力存在差异,其中来自浙江丽水、河北石家庄、山东青岛的分离株致病力较强,而来自山东泰安和云南昆明的分离株致病力相对较弱。【结论】我国桃产区褐腐病菌主要以M.fructicola为主,但不同产区来源的菌株间存在形态和致病性差异,此结果可为我国桃褐腐病的治理提供科学依据。     

粒毛盘菌属及其相关属的分子系统学研究

晶杯菌科的分类目前主要基于子囊盘外囊盘被表面毛状物的形态学特征,在系统演化关系上十分不清楚。本研究利用18S rRNA基因核苷酸序列分析方法探讨该科粒毛盘菌属及其相关属间的系统发育关系。以Saccjarp,uces cerevosoae为外群的严格合意树和最简约树表明,粒毛盘菌属与其相关的属形成三个分支。Lachnum hyalopus,L.nudipes和L.virgineum代表一个分支。L.brasiliense.L.sclerotii.Lsingerianum,Albotricha guangxiensis,Calycellina populina.,Cistella grevillei,Hyaloscypha aureliella,Lachnellula calyciformis,Parachnopeziza guangxiensis和Trichopeziza sulphurea聚在一起(支持率为57％),为另一个分支。上述两个姊妹分支的支持强度为76％。与Lachnum在形态上有些相似的Cistella和Lachnum聚在一起的支持强度为51％。传统上纳入Arachnopezizoideae的Parachnopeziza与该亚科的模式属Arachnopeziza的关系较远。Arachnopeziza aurata是供试的14个种中距离最远的一个,位于系统发育树的最外侧,与上述两个分支的亲缘关系较远,这对Arachnopezizoideae在晶杯菌科中的地位提出了质疑。     

桑椹菌核病菌多样性调查

2003～2006年对本地果桑上桑椹菌核病病菌的多样性进行了调查,结果发现有5种核盘菌：Ciboria comnculoides,Ciboria shiraiana,Scleromitrula sp．,Scleromitrula rubicola和Synciboria ningpoensis。其中Ciboria shiraiana和Scleromitrula sp．的出现频率分别高达49．7％和41．9％。Scleromitrula sp．和Synciboria ningpoensis是2种新类型。Scleromitrula sp．的子囊盘高2．5～4．1mm,宽1．4～3．0mm,子囊孢子大小7．7～11．1×3．4～4．1μm,纵向有一明显内凹的特征。Synciboria ningpoensis的子实体冠状,2．3～2．5×3．0—3．8mm,由多个无柄的直径512～704μm微子囊盘组成。     

产蓝色素放线菌细胞化学组分及16SrDNA序列分析*

对分离自南京土壤中的一株高产水溶性蓝色素的放线菌菌株Streptomycessp .进行了细胞化学组分及 1 6SrDNA序列分析。细胞化学组分分析结果表明待定菌株的细胞壁含LL DAP及甘氨酸 ,全细胞水解物含葡萄糖及核糖 ,全细胞脂肪酸组分主要为 1 4～ 1 7碳的脂肪酸 ,其中anteiso 1 5和iso 1 6为主要组分 ,应归入链霉菌属。基于 1 6SrDNA序列的聚类结果表明所选菌株基本分成 9个分支 ,能够产生可溶性蓝色素的菌株聚成其中两个分支 ,即以S .coeli     

大豆疫霉根腐病菌的rDNA ITS序列分析

采用真菌核糖体基因转录间隔区(ITS)通用引物,PCR扩增了大豆疫霉根腐病菌具有差异的17个菌株的ITSI与ITS2,经过与DL2000的标准分子量DNA进行比较,得到了大约800~1000bp左右的片段,并对PCR产物进行了序列测定。以USA为外类群利用最大简约法构建了大豆疫霉根腐病菌的系统发生树,并分析了菌株之间的遗传进化关系。结果表明:不同菌株ITS1和ITS2在碱基构成上有很大差异,17个菌株大致分为4个谱系中,且来自于同一地区的菌株大都分布在同一谱系中,显示出地理上的差异。     

中国的兰伯特盘菌属和兰斯盘菌属

本文报道中国兰伯特盘菌属15种和兰斯盘菌属6个分类单元,其中小晚兰斯盘菌为新种.同时,提供了上述两个属的分种检索表.     

应用ITS序列分析新疆濒危植物盐桦的系统发育

目的:依据ITS序列分析新疆濒危植物盐桦的系统发育.方法:运用PCR直接测序法,对珍稀濒危植物盐桦(Betulahalophila)的nrDNA的ITS区(包括ITS-1,5.8SrDNA和ITS-2)进行序列测定,并与GenBank中提取的17种桦木科桦木属植物的ITS区序列进行了组合分析.结果:盐桦的ITS序列和已公布的17种桦木科桦木属植物的ITS区序列差别不大,同源性在99.67%～99.01%之间.采用clustalx软件对盐桦和17种桦木属植物的ITS区序列进行系统发育分析,构建了桦木属植物的ITS分子系统树,18种桦木科桦木属植物形成三个分支,盐桦与Betula alnoides、Betula populifolia、Betula pubescens同为一支.结论:盐桦在桦木科桦木属内有独特的分类地位.     

褐鹛属鸟类的鸣声特征及种间比较

在雀形目鸟类系统分类和进化研究中,鸣声有重要作用。褐鹛属（Fulvetta）是近年从雀鹛类（Alcippe）独立的属,其鸣声特征及种间差异尚缺乏定量研究。我们于2016至2022年在野外录制了该属7种463只个体的鸣声,包括棕头雀鹛（F. ruficapilla,n=64）、褐头雀鹛（F. manipurensis,n=71）、白眉雀鹛（F. vinipectus,n=124）、中华雀鹛（F. striaticollis,n=64）、路氏雀鹛（F. ludlowi,n=33）、灰头雀鹛（F. cinereiceps,n=84）和玉山雀鹛（F. formosana,n=23）。基于野外行为观察,将鸣声区分为鸣叫和鸣唱,并将鸣叫分为联络鸣叫、呼唤鸣叫、报警鸣叫及觅食鸣叫4种类型。对鸣唱的声谱图进行人工检视,划分为1～8种鸣唱型。采用多变量方差分析（MANOVA）比较鸣声参数种间差异,显示最高频率、最低频率、峰频率、句子持续时间、频率宽度、平均熵6个参数在该属7种间均有显著性差异。将7种褐鹛鸣声特征的马氏距离与种间遗传距离进行Mantel检验,表明鸣唱特征与种间遗传距离呈正相关（r=0.51...     

基于5个基因片段的野胡麻属系统位置研究

对单种属野胡麻属(原隶属于广义玄参科)及其可能近缘类群广泛取样,选择合适外类群,通过对4个叶绿体基因联合数据(trnL-F、rps16、rbcL、rps2)、核基因ITS片段、叶绿体基因与核基因ITS片段联合数据,进行最大简约法和贝叶斯法分析,探讨野胡麻属在科级系统位置及其与近缘类群系统发育关系。结果表明,所有系统树都支持野胡麻属先和肉果草属构成姐妹群关系,叶绿体基因联合系统树支持率分别为97%[Bootstrap(BS)]和100%[Posterior probability(PP)];ITS系统树支持率分别为99%(BS)和100%(PP);叶绿体基因和ITS联合系统树支持率均为100%(BS和PP)。野胡麻属、肉果草属与通泉草属一起构成一单系群,叶绿体基因联合系统树、ITS系统树、叶绿体基因和ITS联合系统树的支持率均为100%(BS和PP)。形态学证据也支持野胡麻属、肉果草属和通泉草属这3个属的近缘关系。本研究结果支持单种属野胡麻属隶属于透骨草科的通泉草亚科,与肉果草属亲缘关系最近,这两个属进而与通泉草属近缘,可能隶属于通泉草属内,与岩白翠亲缘关系较近,也可能与通泉草属互为姐妹群关系。     

Two different PCR approaches for universal diagnosis of brown rot and identification of Monilinia spp. in stone fruit trees

AIMS: To design a protocol for the universal diagnosis of brown rot by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in plant material and subsequently Monilinia spp. identification. METHODS AND RESULTS: Primers for discrimination of Monilinia spp. from other fungal genera by PCR were designed following a ribosomal DNA analysis. Discrimination among species of Monilinia was subsequently achieved by developing primers using SCAR (Sequence Characterised Amplified Region) markers obtained after a random amplified polymorphic DNA study. In addition, an internal control (IC) based on the utilization of a mimic plasmid was designed to be used in the diagnostic protocol of brown rot to recognize false negatives due to the inhibition of PCR. CONCLUSIONS: The four sets of primers designed allowed detection and discrimination of all Monilinia spp. causing brown rot in fruit trees. Addition of an IC in each PCR reaction performed increased the reliability of the diagnostic protocol. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The detection protocol presented here, that combined a set of universal primers and the inclusion of the plasmid pGMON as an IC for diagnosis of all Monilinia spp., and three sets of primers to discriminate the most important species of Monilinia, could be an useful and valuable tool for epidemiological studies. The method developed could be used in programmes to avoid the spread and introduction of this serious disease in new areas.     

Population dynamics of Epicoccum nigrum, a biocontrol agent against brown rot in stone fruit

Aims:  To study the population dynamics of Epicoccum nigrum on peaches and nectarines and to enhance its colonization on fruit surfaces to improve its biocontrol efficacy against brown rot.
Methods and Results:  Twelve surveys were performed to study E. nigrum populations and their effect on the number of the pathogenic Monilinia spp. conidia in peach orchards in Spain and Italy between 2002 and 2005. Fresh conidia and five different formulations of E. nigrum conidia were applied three to six times to peach and nectarine trees from full flowering to harvest. The size of the E. nigrum populations was determined from the number of colony-forming units and conidial numbers per flower or fruit. Treatment with all conidial formulations increased the size of the indigenous conidial population on peach surfaces.
Conclusions:  Formulations of E. nigrum having high viability are most effective against conidia of the pathogen when applied at pit hardening and during the month immediately before fruit harvest.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  Application of an E. nigrum conidial formulation decreased the number of conidia of Monilinia spp. on fruit surfaces during the growing season to the same extent as fungicides.     

Quinic acid esters of hydroxycinnamic acids in stone and pome fruit

In 21 varieties of stone and pome fruit the quinic acid esters of caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids have been determined by capillary GC and HPLC. The total content of hydroxycinnamoylquinic acids was found to be between 80 and almost 900 ppm fr. wt. The results confirm that the main hydroxycinnamic acid compound in pome fruit is 5′-caffeoylquinic acid, whereas in stone fruit it is 3′-caffeoylquinic acid. Our investigations also show the regular occurrence of 3′-p-coumaroylquinic acid in stone fruit species. In sweet and sour cherries it can be the main component in concentrations of 100–200 ppm. Significant amounts of feruloylquinic acid are only found in plums and apricots. The 4′-isomers of all acids occur only in very small concentrations with the exception of 4′-p-coumaroylquinic acid in apples, the content of which exceeds that of 5′-p-coumaroylquinic acid.     

固氮树种在混交林中的作用研究Ⅲ.固氮树种凋落物分解及N的释放

研究了１１种固氮和非固氮树种凋落物分解及可利用态Ｎ的释放．结果表明,固氮树木凋落物中Ｎ的生物分解系数、落叶分解过程中干重的损失率及有效态氮的释放分别比非固氮树种高出１．３、１．５和８．２倍．     

Climber species composition, abundance and relationship with trees in a Nigerian secondary forest

Climbers play different roles in forest biology and ecology and are the first to be eliminated during forest clearing but little is known about the species composition, distribution and relationship with tree species of this group of plants of tropical forest. This study thus investigated the species composition, abundance and tree relationship of climbers along altitudinal gradient in four 0.06 ha plots in a secondary forest at Ile‐Ife, Nigeria. All trees ≥10 cm g.b.h were examined for the presence of climbers in the plots. There were 49 climber species consisting of 35 liana and fourteen vine species distributed over 41 genera and 28 families in the forest. Lianas contributed 34% and vines 13.7% of the plant species in the forest. Climber basal area, density, number of species, genera and families increased with altitude. Forty‐two per cent (42%) of the trees in the forest carried climbers. There was significant positive correlation (P ≤ 0.05) between girth sizes of host trees of 31–50 cm with the girths of climbers on them indicating that trees of these girth sizes are highly susceptible to climber infestation. Tree species host density and size are important factors in determining the presence of climbers on a tree.     

TREEasy: An automated workflow to infer gene trees,species trees,and phylogenetic networks from multilocus data

Multilocus genomic data sets can be used to infer a rich set of information about the evolutionary history of a lineage, including gene trees, species trees, and phylogenetic networks. However, user‐friendly tools to run such integrated analyses are lacking, and workflows often require tedious reformatting and handling time to shepherd data through a series of individual programs. Here, we present a tool written in Python—TREEasy—that performs automated sequence alignment (with MAFFT), gene tree inference (with IQ‐Tree), species inference from concatenated data (with IQ‐Tree and RaxML‐NG), species tree inference from gene trees (with ASTRAL, MP‐EST, and STELLS2), and phylogenetic network inference (with SNaQ and PhyloNet). The tool only requires FASTA files and nine parameters as inputs. The tool can be run as command line or through a Graphical User Interface (GUI). As examples, we reproduced a recent analysis of staghorn coral evolution, and performed a new analysis on the evolution of the “WGD clade” of yeast. The latter revealed novel patterns that were not identified by previous analyses. TREEasy represents a reliable and simple tool to accelerate research in systematic biology ( https://github.com/MaoYafei/TREEasy ).     

三明地区林木白蚁种类、分布及危害的调查

在三明全区范围内设点普查,得知共有林木白蚁2科9属22种,其中中华葫白蚁、海南大白蚁、普见家白蚁、大头家白蚁、高山散白蚁为福建省首次发现危害林木。黄翅大白蚁、闽华歪白蚁、大近歪白蚁、歪白蚁、中华葫白蚁、小象白蚁、海南大白蚁、普见家白蚁、大头象白蚁、蛋头蔡白蚁、黄肢散白蚁、高额散白蚁、高山散白仪、细颏散白蚁、武宫散白蚁、尖唇异白蚁为本地区首次发现危害林木。三明地区白蚁优势种有黑翅土白蚁、黄翅大白蚁和家白蚁。黑翅土白蚁等白蚁对林木造成严重危害,已成为当前林业生产中的一大难题。三明地区林木白蚁区系分布有以下特点：1）林木白蚁种类多,分布广泛,危害较为普遍;2）土白蚁、大白蚁是危害林木的主要类别;3）全区范围白蚁发生情况是由北向南蚁种延增,危害趋重。     

Evaluation of lures and traps for male and female monitoring of Mediterranean fruit fly in pome and stone fruit

Commercial traps and lures have recently become available for monitoring male and female Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Australia, with possible applications in monitoring and mass trapping. This study investigated the attractiveness of commercially available male [Capilure^® (CPL), Trimedlure (TML) cone, plugs, and wafers] and female‐targeted synthetic lures (three‐component BioLure^®, BioLure^® Unipak, Ceratitis^® Unipak, TMA Plus^® Unipak and Biotrap^® gel), and five female‐targeted traps [Maxi^® trap, Sorygar Tephri‐trap, Probodelt^® cone trap, and BioTrap Globe^® traps (two versions)]. Results showed that TML and CPL lures were equivalent up to 8 weeks, but TML‐baited traps captured 1.2–4.6 times more male medflies than CPL‐baited traps with lures aged 9–16 weeks. For female‐targeted trapping, all tested lures were female selective. Ceratitis^® Unipak was equivalent to three‐component (3‐C) BioLure^®, whilst BioLure^® Unipak captured 1.1–1.5 times more medflies than 3‐C BioLure^®. The least efficient lures were TMA Plus^® Unipak and Biotrap Fruit Fly Attractant Gel. Tephri‐traps were the least efficient trap, with Maxi traps catching 1.9–6.7 times more medflies than the Tephri‐trap. The appropriate selection of lures and traps for applications in monitoring and mass trapping are discussed.