利用纳米孔测序鉴定蓖麻蚕病害

蓖麻蚕Samia ricini为大蚕蛾科樗蚕属的绢丝与食用的非滞育型经济昆虫,且是少数可以室内大量圈养的绢丝昆虫,全年可累代饲养.在蓖麻蚕室内大批量圈养的生产过程可能遭受毁灭性病害的侵害,包括蓖麻蚕微粒子病、脓病、软化病等,且随着累代对病原物的不停积累蚕病会呈现愈发严重的趋势,病原愈发难以清除.因此,对蚕病的监测是防控蚕病爆发的重要手段之一.掌上纳米孔测序仪MinION是一款便携式高通量测序平台,便于实地进行DNA测序并对病原物进行检测.本文通过MinION测序仪对蓖麻蚕病蚕DNA进行测序,并对未知病原物DNA序列进行分析,探讨了利用MinION测序仪鉴定蓖麻蚕病原的可行性,对蚕病的监测提供了保障.     

蓖麻蚕五龄幼虫整体及几个主要器官DNA和RNA含量的变化

朱洗教授从国外引进蓖麻蚕,为我国蚕业生产做出了巨大贡献。为了更好的发展蓖麻蚕丝的生产,目前对改善蓖麻蚕经济性状的研究,逐渐引起人们的重视。我们(1981)曾将家蚕DNA注射给五龄蓖麻蚕,引起了蓖麻蚕某些遗传性状发生了变异。为了探索外源DNA诱导变异的适宜条件,有必要对这一发育时期的核酸代谢情况进行研究。Tashiro等(1968)和Shigematsu等(1978)对家蚕核酸进行研究。辜祥荣等(1981)对蓖麻蚕后部丝腺核酸含量变化进行过研究。本文研究了五龄蓖麻蚕整体和几个主要器官DNA和RNA含量的变化,同时也研究了~3H-胸腺嘧啶及~3H-尿嘧啶在不同时间对不同组织DNA和RNA的参入,现将结果报告如下。     

科间昆虫DNA诱导遗传变异成功

DNA是遗传信息的载体,通过外源DNA作用的方法改变动物固有的遗传性状的研究有着重要的理论和实践意义。我们选用两种不同科的昆虫,即家蚕蛾科的桑蚕(Bombyx mori)和天蚕蛾科的蓖麻蚕(Attacus Cynthia ricini)作为试验研究的对象,从桑蚕中幼虫具有不同斑纹的黑蚕、671和华合×东肥三个品系的蛹或幼虫,提取DNP(DNA蛋白)和DNA,注入姬蚕品系的蓖麻蚕五龄幼虫体内,在受过注射的     

蓖麻蚕去氧核糖核酸诱导家蚕遗传变异的初步研究

为了研讨不同科的昆虫之间异源核酸诱导遗传变异的可能性,在继家蚕去氧核糖核酸蛋白(DNP)诱导蓖麻蚕变异的试验获得成功后,我们又进行了用蓖麻蚕DNA和DNP诱导家蚕遗传变异可能性的研究。作为核酸来源(供体)的品系,是白血系统的蓖麻蚕姬蚕品系,该品系的蛾子具黑色复眼,产白色卵;作为受体的家蚕品系是沄文皮斑点,其蛾子具     

RAPD分析在绢丝昆虫亲缘关系研究中的应用Ⅰ.蓖麻蚕品种间的遗传差异

用RAPD技术对蓖麻蚕基因组DNA进行多态性研究，分析了5个蓖麻蚕品种间的遗传差异。结果表明，所采用的40个随机引物中，有27个引物扩增谱带清晰且重复性较好，扩增总片段数达243个，单个引物的扩增片段数在4～17之间，平均为9条，片段大小在033～30kb之间。不同蓖麻蚕品种间的遗传距离(Ｄ)在00683～01603之间，根据Ｄ值，由UPGMA聚类分析软件绘制了它们的聚类分子树。     

蓖麻蚕在变态期间代谢作用的研究——Ⅲ.酸性磷酸一酯酶的性质及其活力在变态期的变化

蓖麻蚕在变态期血淋巴酸性磷酸一酯酶活力随着蚕体的发育不断发生变化。在五龄起蚕,五龄四天及前蛹期酶活力较高,化蛹时显著降低,羽化前后又复升高。酶活力按血淋巴单位体积计算。雌雄两性差异不显著。但由于五龄中期以后,血淋巴蛋白质含量雌体大于雄体:故自五龄中期以后,酶的比活力雄体大于雌体。此酶在组织中的分布及其活力变化如下:在幼虫五龄盛食期消化道酶活力较高,其中尤以中肠酶活力最高。脂肪体和丝腺仅有微弱的酶活力。脂肪体酶活力有蛹期上升,羽化后达到最高点。此表明蓖麻蚕中肠在五龄盛食期具有旺盛的磷酸化及脱磷酸化作用,为代谢的活跃场所。在蛹及成虫体,消化道退化,脂肪体在代谢方面占了主要位置。昆虫血淋巴和其它动物血液不同的一个方面是它含有大量的磷酸酯类。影响血淋巴磷酸酯类的种类及其含量变化的,主要有两个因素:一是血淋巴本身对于不同的磷酸酸类的选择水解,蓖麻蚕在变态期血淋巴不同专一性磷酸酯酶的存在及其活力的变化,就是血淋巴选择水解的决定因素:另一是组织磷酸酯类对于血淋巴的选择分泌;本研究表明五龄幼虫中肠及脂肪体,尤其是蛹和成虫的脂肪体是血淋巴磷酸酯的重要来源。此外还研究了血淋巴磷酸一酯酶的性质,及某些金属离子,有机酸等对该酶活力的抑制及激活作用。     

蓖麻蚕γ-谷氨酰转肽酶的研究

L-γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GTP)广泛分布在蓖麻蚕Philosamia cynthia ricinI的中肠、马氏管、后丝腺、脂肪体、体壁等组织中;并存在于蚕个体发育中的各个阶段。酶活力以马氏管、中肠为最大。在五龄蚕前中期各组织均显示γ-GTP最大活力。在脂肪体和表皮组织中,蛹形成时又分别出现γ-GTP活力峰。昆虫生长发育必需的10种氨基酸均是蚕各组织γ-GTP酶促反应的受体。这些结果表明,γ-GTP作为L-γ-谷氨酰循环中一个关键酶,在蓖麻蚕体内对氨基酸的吸收和转运起着重要作用。     

蓖麻蚕芳基酰酰胺酶的研究

芳基酰酰胺酶(E.C.3,5,1,13)为水解N-酰基芳香胺的酶,本工作对该酶在蓖麻蚕个体发育中的活力变化及其性质进行了观察和研究,结果如下:ⅰ)该酶存在于蚕个体发育中的各个阶段,广泛分布在蚕体内各组织。在中肠、马氏管组织的活力在熟蚕时最大,结茧后明显下降。在五龄中前期,蛹中后期,脂肪体和真皮的酶活力均出现高峰,以蛹中后期活力最高。该酶在中枢神经系统中有相当高的活力,在后部丝腺、蚕卵都显示活力,但血淋巴中没有可检出的活力。ⅱ)蓖麻蚕各组织的芳基酰酰胺酶,绝大部分活力存在于细胞浆。对N-乙酰对硝基苯胺容易水解,但对γ-谷氨酰对硝基苯胺和γ-谷氨酰α-萘胺均不能水解。钙、钴阳离子能促进酶活力;瞟呤霉素有明显抑制酶活力的作用,但L-γ-谷氨酸(0-羧基)苯肼无抑制作用。从该酶在蚕体广泛分布,并随变态而活力有明显变化以及对底物芳香胺N-乙酰基团显示特异性等特点来看,它可能具有多种功能,并与芳香胺的代谢有关。     

家蚕DNA诱导蓖麻蚕产生无洞茧

异源DNA诱导遗传性变异的研究,近年来受到广泛的重视。周光宇教授经过广泛的实地调查,认为远缘DNA片段在母本DNA复制过程中,有可能被重组而使子代出现变异。因而她提出了常规远缘杂交中,存在着DNA片段杂交的假设(周光宇等,1979),我们曾用家蚕DNA或DNA蛋白,分别注入蓖赞蚕幼虫体内,结果后代发生了幼虫皮斑性状的改变(陈元霖等,1981)。本文报告我们用家蚕DNA诱导蓖麻蚕产生无洞茧的试验结果。     

蚕类昆虫线粒体DNA研究及其在起源与进化研究中的应用

线粒体DNA(mtDNA)属母系遗传,进化速率较核基因快且基因组结构相对简单,已作为理想的分子标记广泛应用于昆虫群体遗传学及分子系统学等研究。本文对蚕类昆虫线粒体DNA在分子水平上的最新研究进展进行了较详细的阐述,重点介绍了蚕类昆虫线粒体基因组的组成及特征、mtDNA克隆与多态性及在蚕类昆虫分子系统学研究中的应用等。     

Proteome analysis of silk gland proteins from the silkworm, Bombyx mori

The silk gland of Bombyx mori is an organ specialized for the synthesis and secretion of silk proteins. We report here the resolution of silk gland proteins by 2-DE and the identification of many of those proteins. This was accomplished by dissecting the glands into several sections, with each exhibiting more than 400 protein spots by 2-DE, of which 100 spots were excised and characterized by in-gel digestion followed by PMF. Ninety-three proteins were tentatively identified. These were then categorized into groups involved in silk protein secretion, transport, lipid metabolism, defense, etc. Western blotting of a 2-DE gel using an antibody of the carotenoid binding protein confirmed the presence of this protein in the silk gland. Proteins including fibroin L-chain and P25 were found as multiple isoforms, some of which contained differential amounts of phosphate residues as analyzed by on-probe dephosphorylation. The current analysis contributes to our understanding of proteins expressed by the silk gland not only of the model lepidopteran B. mori, but also to proteins from other silk-producing insects such as Philosamia cynthia ricini.     

金鱼酯酶同工酶的研究——Ⅰ.鲫鱼和红虎头金鱼各组织器官酯酶同工酶的比较

本文采用pH不连续系统聚丙烯酰胺垂直平板电泳方法,对鲫鱼和红虎头金鱼的眼、肝脏、肾脏、肌肉、卵巢(或精巢)、脑和心脏等7种新鲜组织的酯酶(EST)同工酶进行了比较研究。其结果是:鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)和红虎头金鱼(Carassius auratus var.)不仅具有丰富的EST同工酶和组织特异性,而且在它们的各个相应组织之间也显示出差异。表明酯酶同工酶在金鱼种内是有差异的。这对于探讨金鱼种内各品种之间的亲缘关系将是一个很有用的手段。     

Study of protein conformation and orientation in silkworm and spider silk fibers using Raman microspectroscopy

Raman microspectroscopy has been used for the first time to determine quantitatively the orientation of the beta-sheets in silk monofilaments from Bombyx mori and Samia cynthia ricini silkworms, and from the spider Nephila edulis. It is shown that, for systems with uniaxial symmetry such as silk, it is possible to determine the order parameters P2 and P4 of the orientation distribution function from intensity ratios of polarized Raman spectra. The equations allowing the calculation of P2 and P4 using polarized Raman microspectroscopy for a vibration with a cylindrical Raman tensor were first derived and then applied to the amide I band that is mostly due to the C=O stretching vibration of the peptide groups. The shape of the Raman tensor for the amide I vibration of the beta-sheets was determined from an isotropic film of Bombyx mori silk treated with methanol. For both the Bombyx mori and Samia cynthia ricini fibroin fibers, the values of P2 and P4 obtained are equal to -0.36 +/- 0.03 and 0.19 +/- 0.02, respectively, even though the two types of silkworm fibroins strongly differ in their primary sequences. For the Nephila edulis dragline silk, values of P2 and P4 of -0.32 +/- 0.02 and 0.13 +/- 0.02 were obtained, respectively. These results clearly indicate that the carbonyl groups are highly oriented perpendicular to the fiber axis and that the beta-sheets are oriented parallel to the fiber axis, in agreement with previous X-ray and NMR results. The most probable distribution of orientation was also calculated from the values of P2 and P4 using the information entropy theory. For the three types of silk, the beta-sheets are highly oriented parallel to the fiber axis. The orientation distributions of the beta-sheets are nearly Gaussian functions with a width of 32 degrees and 40 degrees for the silkworm fibroins and the spider dragline silk, respectively. In addition to these results, the comparison of the Raman spectra recorded for the different silk samples and the polarization dependence of several bands has allowed to clarify some important band assignments.     

Structures of Bombyx mori and Samia cynthia ricini silk fibroins studied with solid-state NMR

There are many kinds of silks spun by silkworms and spiders, which are suitable to study the structure-property relationship for molecular design of fibers with high strength and high elasticity. In this review, we mainly focus on the structural determination of two well-known silk fibroin proteins that are from the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori, and the wild silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini, respectively. The structures of B. mori silk fibroin before and after spinning were determined by using an appropriate model peptide, (AG)(15), with several solid-state NMR methods; (13)C two-dimensional spin-diffusion solid-state NMR and rotational echo double resonance (REDOR) NMR techniques along with the quantitative use of the conformation-dependent (13)C CP/MAS chemical shifts. The structure of S. c. ricini silk fibroin before spinning was also determined by using a model peptide, GGAGGGYGGDGG(A)(12)GGAGDGYGAG, which is a typical repeated sequence of the silk fibroin, with the solid-state NMR methods. The transition from the structure of B. mori silk fibroin before spinning to the structure after spinning was studied with molecular dynamics calculation by taking into account several external forces applied to the silk fibroin in the silkworm.     

Prothoracicotropic activity of SBRPs, the insulin-like peptides of the saturniid silkworm Samia cynthia ricini

Synthesis and secretion of the insect molting hormone ecdysteroid in the prothoracic glands (PGs) are stimulated by the prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) secreted by the brain. Bombyxins, insulin-like peptides of the silkworm Bombyx mori, show prothoracicotropic activity when administered to the saturniid silkworm Samia cynthia ricini, but they are inactive to B. mori itself. Recently, the genes for the bombyxin homologs of S. cynthia ricini (referred to as Samia bombyxin-related peptides, SBRPs) were cloned. To examine the prothoracicotropic activity of SBRPs on S. cynthia ricini, we synthesized two representative molecules, SBRP-A1 and -B1. They promoted pupa-to-adult development with ED(50) of 50 and 10 ng/pupa (EC(50) of 5 and 1 nM), respectively.     

Design, expression and solid-state NMR characterization of silk-like materials constructed from sequences of spider silk, Samia cynthia ricini and Bombyx mori silk fibroins

Silk has a long history of use in medicine as sutures. To address the requirements of a mechanically robust and biocompatible material, basic research to clarify the role of repeated sequences in silk fibroin in its structures and properties seems important as well as the development of a processing technique suitable for the preparation of fibers with excellent mechanical properties. In this study, three silk-like protein analogs were constructed from two regions selected from among the crystalline region of Bombyx mori silk fibroin, (GAGSGA)(2), the crystalline region of Samia cynthia ricini silk fibroin, (Ala)(12), the crystalline region of spider dragline silk fibroin, (Ala)(6), and the Gly-rich region of spider silk fibroin, (GGA)(4). The silk-like protein analog constructed from the crystalline regions of the spider dragline silk and B. mori silk fibroins, (A(6)SCS)(8), that constructed from the crystalline regions of the S. c.ricini and B. mori silk fibroins, (A(12)SGS)(4), that constructed from and the crystalline region of S. c.ricini silk fibroin and the glycine-rich region of spider dragline silk fibroin, (A(12)SGS)(4),were expressed their molecular weights being about 36.0 kDa, 17.0 kDa and 17.5 kDa, respectively in E. coli by means of genetic engineering technologies. (A(12)SCS)(4) and (A(12)SGS)(4 )undergo a structural transition from alpha-helix to beta-sheet on a change in the solvent treatment from trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) to formic acid (FA). However, (A(6)SCS)(8) takes on the beta-sheet structure predominantly on TFA treatment and FA treatment. Structural analysis was performed on model peptides selected from spider dragline and S. c.ricini silks by means of (13)C CP/MAS NMR.     

Synthesis and characterization of chimeric silkworm silk

A synthetic gene encoding a chimeric silklike protein was constructed that combined a polyalanine encoding region (Ala)(18), a sequence slightly longer than the (Ala)(12-13) found in the silk fibroin from the wild silkworm Samia cynthia ricini, and a sequence encoding GVGAGYGAGAGYGVGAGYGAGVGYGAGAGY, found in the silk fibroin from the silkworm Bombyx mori. A tetramer of the chimeric repeat sequence encoding a approximately 29 kDa protein was expressed as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli. In comparison to S. c. ricini silk, the chimeric protein demonstrated improved solubility because it could be dissolved in 8 M urea. The purified protein assumed an alpha-helical structure based on solid-state (13)C CP/MAS NMR and was less prone to conformational transition to a beta-sheet, unlike native silk proteins from S. c. ricini. Model peptides representing the crystalline region of S. c. ricini silk fibroin, (Ala)(12) and (Ala)(18), formed beta-sheet structures. Therefore, the solubility and structural transitions of the chimeric protein were significantly altered through the formation of this chimeric silk. This experimental strategy to the study of silk structure and function can be used to develop an improved understanding of the contributions of protein domains in repetitive silkworm and spider silk sequences to structure development and structural transitions.     

野桑蚕、蓖麻蚕及家蚕基因组的RFLP分析

以家蚕Bombyx mori丝素重链基因、丝胶基因1和胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制因子13基因为探针,对野桑蚕B.mandarina、蓖麻蚕Philosamia cynthia ricini和家蚕B.mori基因组DNA进行限制性片段长度多态性分析。结果发现,在野桑蚕、蓖麻蚕基因组中存在着家蚕丝素重链基因、丝胶基因1的同源序列,而在中日野桑蚕以及蓖麻蚕品种间存在着限制性酶切位点差异;丝胶基因1在中国野桑蚕基因组的EcoRⅠ酶切图谱较日本野桑蚕与家蚕更为一致,表明家蚕与中国野桑蚕亲缘关系更近。此外,在野桑蚕基因组中发现了家蚕胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制因子13基因的同源序列,并且在家蚕品种间以及中日野桑蚕之间也存在着多态性。这些结果表明不同绢丝昆虫在适应生存环境的进化过程中,基因组发生了结构改变。     

金针菇品系间酯酶同工酶标记筛选研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板状电泳,研究了不同生长发育期,不同组织对金针菇酯酶同工酶电泳表型的影响,筛选出不受生长发育期及常规培养条件等影响的酯酶标记区带。标记区带分所有品系的出现的基本带和部分品系出现的识别带。酯酶同工酶标记区带电泳表型显示出多态性。     

胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂在蓖麻蚕主要组织中的分布及血液中的含量和活性

【目的】蓖麻蚕Samia cynthia ricini 属于鳞翅目昆虫,其体内存在的胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂（chymotrypsin inhibitor, CI）对蓖麻蚕的正常生长发育和自身防御能力有重要的作用。获得蓖麻蚕的CI种类分布信息,以及研究各种CI的功能,可以为鳞翅目害虫的生物防治提供理论依据。【方法】本实验通过非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（native-PAGE）和CI活性染色技术,对18个蓖麻蚕品系的主要组织器官中胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂的多态性分布进行了调查,并对各品系血液中的蛋白含量和CI活性进行了测定。【结果】在pH 8.6电泳下,各品系血液中共检测到7条CI活性带,在pH 4.0电泳下,各品系血液中可检测到3条CI活性带;血液中的CI含量从5龄第3天幼虫期到化蛹当天一直维持着很高的含量;头、体壁和脂肪体中的CI都不如血液中的CI含量高,而丝腺中未检测到任何CI。【结论】与家蚕 Bombyx mori 血液中的含量相比,蓖麻蚕血液中的CI含量更高,CI种类多态性分布不仅体现在不同品系的同一组织,还体现在同一品系的不同组织。