小麦秸秆复合基质的理化指标及其对黄瓜幼苗生长和光合参数的影响

以小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)秸秆基质(发酵)为主,按不同比例分别添加蛭石、珍珠岩和草炭,配制10种复合基质;以不含小麦秸秆基质的复合基质为对照,对各基质的基本理化性状进行了分析和比较,并研究了不同基质对黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)幼苗生长、叶片叶绿素含量和光合参数的影响。结果显示:不同基质的理化指标有明显差异,小麦秸秆基质与蛭石、珍珠岩和草炭混配均降低或显著降低了基质的容重、总孔隙度、持水孔隙度、水气比、小颗粒含量、pH值和电导率,提高了通气孔隙度以及大、中颗粒的含量。按V(小麦秸秆基质)∶V(蛭石)∶V(草炭)=50∶25∶25的比例配制的复合基质T9的容重、总孔隙度、通气孔隙度、持水孔隙度、水气比和电导率分别为0.33g.cm-3、68.1%、15.3%、52.8%、3.45和3.91 mS.cm-1,理化性状最佳,具有良好的吸水和保水性能。总体上看,随复合基质中小麦秸秆基质比例的降低,黄瓜幼苗的株高、茎粗、根总长、根总体积、平均单根直径和根尖总数、生物量和壮苗指数以及叶片的叶绿素含量均呈上升趋势;复合基质中小麦秸秆基质比例较高,黄瓜叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均较低,但与对照相比,不同基质对叶片胞间CO2浓度及水分利用效率无显著影响。在复合基质T9中黄瓜幼苗的这些生长指标、壮苗指数以及叶片叶绿素含量和光合参数总体上高于或显著高于对照和其他复合基质,生长良好。结果表明:复合基质T9较适合黄瓜幼苗的生长发育,可作为黄瓜育苗基质。     

基质和水氮处理对假茉莉水分利用率及生物量的影响

假茉莉(Clerodendrum inerme)是一种重要的半红树植物,是海岛及沿海防护林的重要组成部分,淡水、土壤是海岛植被恢复的重要生态因子。为了总结出最适合假茉莉生长发育的土壤及水肥条件,该文设置了不同基质、浇水频率及氮素处理,对不同处理下假茉莉的生物量及水分利用率进行了研究。结果表明:(1)在不同的基质中,含泥炭的混合基质对于假茉莉生物量的积累具有突出作用,S_4基质(珊瑚砂∶泥炭∶红壤土∶椰糠=12∶2∶3∶3)地下生物量(平方根)为1.66 g,极显著高于不含泥炭的基质,S_1基质(珊瑚砂∶泥炭=3∶2)总生物量(平方根)为4.54 g,极显著高于其他基质。(2)中、低浇水频率下的总生物量分别为4.02、4.23 g,极显著高于高浇水频率下的3.46 g,而不同氮素处理间生物量的差异并不显著,这表明假茉莉在中、低浇水频率,少施氮肥或不施氮肥的条件下仍然能够获得较高的生物量。(3)对于水分利用率而言,原珊瑚砂基质保水性较差,水分利用率较低,而混合基质在中、低浇水频率下水分利用率均有不同显著程度的提高。综上结果显示,假茉莉在含泥炭基质,中、低浇水频率,无氮或低氮条件下能够较好生长。     

农林废弃物混配基质的理化性质及其对油茶幼苗生长效应的综合评价

以腐熟的甘蔗渣( SB)、木薯皮( CP)、花生壳( PS)和火炭灰( BA)及园土( GS)为原料,按照不同体积比配制成9种混配基质,并以等体积比泥炭和园土混配基质为对照,对各基质的理化性质及基质中油茶( Camellia oleifera Abel)幼苗的生长状况进行比较;在对基质理化指标和油茶幼苗的壮苗指数进行线性回归分析和通径分析的基础上,采用主成分分析和综合评价法对各基质的育苗效果进行综合评价。结果表明：9种农林废弃物混配基质的容重、总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度分别为0.23~0.47 g·cm-3、60.90%~67.23%和46.53%~58.27%, pH 6.72~pH 7.14,各基质的速效氮含量、速效磷含量、速效钾含量、pH值、电导率和通气孔隙度均高于或显著高于对照,容重则显著低于对照。在不同基质中油茶幼苗的茎粗、单株叶片数、叶长、叶宽、叶绿素相对含量( SPAD)、单株茎叶干质量、单株根干质量和壮苗指数均存在一定差异,而株高和根冠比却无显著差异;其中S9混配基质也V( SB)：V( CP)：V( BA)=2：1：1页中幼苗的大部分生长指标较高,表现出明显的生长优势。线性回归和通径分析结果显示：除通气孔隙度外,基质的其他8个理化指标基本涵盖了影响幼苗壮苗指数的关键因素;其中,速效钾含量是对壮苗指数直接影响最大的负相关因子,而速效磷含量、电导率和总孔隙度对壮苗指数则有较大的正向直接作用,并且三者通过速效钾含量对壮苗指数产生较大的负向间接作用;此外,基质容重对壮苗指数也有一定的负向直接作用。综合评价结果显示：S9和S7混配基质也V( SB)：V( BA)：V( GS)=4：3：3页对油茶育苗效果的综合得分较高,分别为14.363和14.337,建议将S9混配基质作为油茶育苗的首选替代基质,S7混配基质作为备选基质。     

设施蔬菜栽培茬口对生态型无土栽培基质性状变化的影响

以设施番茄生态型无土栽培正茬、迎茬、连茬基质为试材,研究了不同茬口对设施番茄根圈基质酶活性和理化性状的影响。结果表明,番茄正茬栽培基质的绝对含水量、蔗糖酶和脱氢酶活性最高,多酚氧化酶活性最小;连茬基质的纤维素酶和多酚氧化酶活性最高,容重和酸碱度(pH值)最大。基质酶活性与理化性质的相关性分析表明,番茄无土栽培中,连茬、迎茬和正茬条件下基质的化学性质与生物学性状是密切相关的,从而导致了番茄连茬基质微生态环境的改变,最终导致产生连作障碍。所有指标的相关性中,脱氢酶活性与理化性质的相关性较差,蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶和纤维素酶活性与理化性质的相关性较好,说明蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶和纤维素酶活性是影响基质pH值、电导率(EC)和物理性质的重要因素。正茬基质的容重、总孔隙度和通气孔隙度的可塑性指数均最大,蔗糖酶活性、pH值和持水孔隙度的可塑性指数均最小;连茬基质的脱氢酶、多酚氧化酶、纤维素酶、绝对含水量、总孔隙度、通气孔隙度、大小孔隙比的可塑性指数均最小,说明正茬基质比连茬基质具有更广泛的环境适应性,更能适应番茄根系不同分泌物的累积。各茬口基质的大小孔隙比、通气孔隙度、脱氢酶和绝对含水量的可塑性指数均较大,能较其他指标更好地反映不同茬口基质的优越性。综合分析表明,不同茬口基质生物、理化性状的优越性表现为:正茬迎茬连茬;设施生态型无土栽培番茄连茬严重破坏了基质的生物和理化性状,正茬栽培对基质生物、理化性状的影响较小。     

不同林业废弃物配方基质的理化性质及其对西桦幼苗生长效应的综合评价

以林业废弃物木纤维、沤制树皮、椰糠和锯末为基质主料,分别与辅料草炭、黄心土、珍珠岩、蛭石、火烧土和碳化树皮以不同体积比配制16种配方基质,研究了16种配方基质的理化性质及其对西桦(Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don)幼苗的生长和叶片部分生理指标的影响,综合评价各配方基质对西桦幼苗的育苗效果,并筛选出适宜西桦幼苗生长的最佳配方基质。结果表明:16种配方基质的容重、总孔隙度、通气孔隙度、持水孔隙度、电导率和p H值分别为0.21~0.81 g·cm~(-3)、35.87%~63.35%、2.00%~21.74%、24.78%~53.03%、0.04~0.15 m S·cm~(-1)和p H 5.29~p H 7.43,碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质的含量分别为94.50~652.75 mg·kg~(-1)、3.37~72.67 mg·kg~(-1)、49.50~227.75 mg·kg~(-1)和5.45~43.80 g·kg~(-1)。其中,以林业废弃物为主料的T5[V(沤制树皮)∶V(锯末)∶V(碳化树皮)=6∶3∶1]至T16[V(锯末)∶V(椰糠)∶V(火烧土)∶V(珍珠岩)=3∶3∶2∶2]配方基质的电导率、持水孔隙度、碱解氮含量、速效钾含量和有机质含量总体上显著高于T1[V(黄心土)∶V(锯末)∶V(火烧土)=6∶3∶1]配方基质(对照),容重显著低于对照。不同配方基质中西桦幼苗的根冠比、单株根干质量和叶片叶绿素a含量与叶绿素b含量的比值的差异较小,其他生长指标和生理指标均存在明显差异,其中,T11[V(木纤维)∶V(草炭)∶V(椰糠)=4∶3∶3]和T12[V(木纤维)∶V(草炭)∶V(椰糠)=3∶4∶3]配方基质中西桦幼苗的单株茎叶干质量、单株根干质量、单株总干质量、株高增长量、地径增长量、高径比、苗木质量指数和叶片总叶绿素含量均高于或显著高于对照,表现出明显的生长优势。综合评价结果显示:T11和T12配方基质中西桦幼苗的综合评价指数较高,分别为0.444和0.440,西桦幼苗实际生长效果也较佳。为了减少草炭使用量,建议将T11配方基质作为西桦幼苗育苗的最佳配方基质。     

尖叶匐灯藓对不同栽培基质的生长和生理响应北大核心CSCD

为探究不同栽培基质对尖叶匐灯藓[Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)T.Kop.]生长和生理指标的影响,通过实验筛选出适宜尖叶匐灯藓栽培的最优基质,为尖叶匐灯藓的繁殖栽培提供新的途径和思路。该研究以森林中常见的Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ腐解等级的马尾松倒木(W_(Ⅱ)、W_(Ⅲ)、W_(Ⅳ))和常用的苔藓栽培土壤[颗粒土(S_(G))、通用营养土(S_(N))、草炭土(S_(C))]为栽培基质,设置6组不同基质处理,考察不同基质栽培下尖叶匐灯藓的生长长度、生长盖度、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质总含量以及可溶性糖总含量,并利用Pearson相关性分析和模糊隶属函数综合评价各基质上尖叶匐灯藓总体生长状况及其影响因子。结果表明:(1)各栽培基质间的理化性质存在显著差异,倒木基质(W_(Ⅱ)、W_(Ⅲ)和W_(Ⅳ))的总孔隙度、持水能力以及全氮含量显著高于S_(G)和S_(N)基质,而S_(G)和S_(N)基质的容重、全磷含量和全钾含量显著高于倒木基质;SC基质除总孔隙度和持水孔隙与倒木基质有显著差异外,其他指标均较为接近。(2)6组不同栽培基质中,倒木基质(W_(Ⅱ)、W_(Ⅲ)、W_(Ⅳ))可以更有效提高尖叶匐灯藓配子体生长长度和生长盖度,S_(C)基质可以提高尖叶匐灯藓叶绿素含量,提升其光合能力,S_(G)基质栽培可以提升可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量,进而增强其植物抗性;W_(Ⅳ)基质上尖叶匐灯藓的隶属函数综合评价得分最高,综合生长状况最好。(3)基质的总孔隙度、持水孔隙、持水能力和全氮含量与尖叶匐灯藓的生长形态指标呈极显著正相关关系;而基质的容重、全磷含量、全钾含量与苔藓的生长形态指标呈极显著负相关关系。研究认为,倒木基质相比于土壤基质具有较大的孔隙度和持水能力,更有利于尖叶匐灯藓的生长,并以腐解Ⅳ级的马尾松倒木基质中尖叶匐灯藓综合生长发育状况最好,可以作为栽培尖叶匐灯藓最优基质;在尖叶匐灯藓的生产栽培中适当增大基质的孔隙度、持水能力和全氮含量将有利于其生长。     

绣球花栽培基质筛选

以泥炭土、松鳞、木薯渣、蚯蚓粪按照不同体积比混配成5种基质,以种植土为对照,研究不同配比基质的理化性状及其对绣球花扦插苗生长的影响。结果显示,当基质配比为木薯渣:泥炭土=75:25(V/V)时绣球花的株高、叶面积、生物量积累、叶片SPAD值均显著高于对照和其他处理。主成分分析显示,木薯渣:泥炭土=75:25(V/V)基质的综合得分最高,即在该混合基质中绣球花扦插苗的生长状况最佳。相关性分析显示,绣球花的株高、叶面积和地上干重与基质的EC值呈显著正相关,与基质的孔隙比呈显著负相关,因此对基质EC值及孔隙度的调控,更有助于绣球花生长。     

不同基质对多穗石柯扦插生根的影响

为了筛选适宜的多穗石柯(Lithocarpus polystachyus)扦插基质，以半木质化枝条为插穗，选取5种原料(园土、黄心土、泥炭土、河沙、椰糠)设置8个基质配方，并对各基质容重、总孔隙度、pH、电导率进行测定，探讨不同基质对多穗石柯扦插成活率、生根数量及根系长度的影响。结果表明，不同配方基质的理化性质不同，多穗石柯扦插成活率、根系数量和根系长度具有显著性差异；成活率、根系数量和根系长度与基质的理化性质存在显著相关，总孔隙度大的基质不利于多穗石柯扦插成活和根系生长，pH和电导率较低的基质中多穗石柯扦插成活率较高；基质园土:黄心土:河沙(1:1:1)最适宜多穗石柯扦插繁殖，扦插成活率最高，为86.75%，其次是基质黄心土:河沙(2:1)。     

不同栽培基质对浙江楠和闽楠容器苗生长和根系发育的影响

按体积比5∶5、6∶4、7∶3和8∶2分别将泥炭与珍珠岩、谷壳、树皮粉和香菇废料混合制成16种栽培基质,研究了不同基质组成和配比对浙江楠(Phoebe chekiangensisC.B.Shang)和闽楠[P.bournei (Hemsl.) Yang]容器苗生长状况(包括苗高、地径、总干质量和根冠比4个指标)以及根系发育状况(包括根总长、根表面积和根体积3个指标)的影响.结果表明:采用不同基质,浙江楠和闽楠容器苗的各项指标间均有差异,其中部分指标有显著差异.从基质组成看,使用泥炭-珍珠岩、泥炭-谷壳和泥炭-树皮粉3类基质,浙江楠和闽楠容器苗的生长和根系发育的各项指标均优于使用泥炭-香菇废料基质,表明前3种基质组成更有利于浙江楠和闽楠容器苗的生长和根系发育.从基质配比看,当基质中泥炭体积分数达到70％时,浙江楠和闽楠容器苗的苗高和地径最大;而当基质中泥炭体积分数达到50％时,其根总长、根表面积和根体积较大;但基质中泥炭比例对容器苗总干质量的影响无明显规律.除闽楠容器苗的地径外,基质组成与基质配比的交互作用对浙江楠和闽楠容器苗的生长和根系发育指标均有显著影响.综合分析结果表明:选用泥炭-谷壳或泥炭-树皮粉基质,按体积比7∶3配制,适用于浙江楠容器苗的培育;按体积比8∶2配制,适用于闽楠容器苗的培育.     

城市污水灌溉对植物栽培基质理化性质的影响

采用污水浇灌的方式,对尾叶桉、马占相思、小叶榕、阴香和美人蕉5种植物在塑料大棚内进行盆栽试验,研究了城市污水浇灌对植物栽培基质理化性质的影响.研究结果表明:随着浇灌污水浓度增加,植物栽培基质的容重降低,孔隙度增大,pH值有所降低,有机质含量有一定增加:全N含量降低,除阴香外,其余4种植物栽培基质的速效K、速效P含量增加.表明污水灌溉植物,增强了栽培基质的肥力,且栽培基质的全N、速效K、速效P含量有较大变化.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000