水解FeCl_3制备单分散P(St-co-AA)/Fe_2O_3亚微核壳粒子

用液相沉积法制备了壳层均匀、包裹致密的单分散P(St-co-AA)/Fe_2O_3亚微核壳粒子。用XRD、TEM和FESEM表征了该类粒子的物相、形貌及微观结构。结果表明用该法制备的核壳粒子,其壳层为Fe_2O_3晶粒,且均匀地包裹在乳胶粒子表面形成草莓状结构;改变FeCl_4溶液的用量和重复包裹次数能方便地调节P(St-co-AA)/Fe_2O_3亚微核壳粒子的壳层厚度。该核壳粒子可通过煅烧法来制备形状完整的单分散亚微中空磁球。     

人脐血CD133细胞的分离及其体外扩增的研究

目的:探讨免疫磁性纳米粒子分离人脐血CD133细胞的方法,了解分离出的CD133细胞在体外短期培养中的变化及其在体外扩增的可能性。方法:通过化学沉淀法制备具有超顺磁性的r-Fe_2O_3纳米粒子,在其表面包裹具有生物亲合性的二氧化硅,并在其表面通过化学修饰使其成为生物功能化的磁性纳米粒子。再通过一定的化学连接方法将单克隆抗体CD133连接到生物功能化的磁性纳米粒子表面使其成为免疫磁性纳米粒子,然后利用自制的免疫磁性纳米粒子从单个核细胞中分离出CD133细胞,并分别对单个核细胞和CD133细胞在体外短期培养中的动态变化进行了初步观察和比较。结果:经免疫磁性纳米粒子分离的脐血中CD133细胞平均数为(5±1．4)×10~7/ml,占单个核细胞数的(3±0．3)%;单个核细胞(对照组)和CD133细胞(实验组)分别进行红、粒系集落扩增培养14天、21天,实验组中两种造血祖细胞集落扩增倍数都明显高于对照组(P＜0．01)。结论:使用自制的免疫磁性纳米粒子能较好的分离脐血中的CD133细胞,分离与纯化出来的CD133细胞不仅细胞活力不受影响,而且与单个核细胞相比具有更强的增殖能力。     

核壳型磁性纳米粒子界面氨基的测定

目的:应用对硝基苯甲醛比色测定法测定磁性纳米粒子界面修饰的氨基.方法:合成核壳型磁性纳米粒子,并用AEAPS(氨乙基氨丙基聚二甲基硅氧烷)修饰其界面氨基,然后采用对硝基苯甲醛比色测定法测定不同反应条件下的磁性纳米粒子界面的氨基.结果:采用对硝基苯甲醛比色测定法可以测出在磁性纳米粒子界面连接的氨基量,不同反应条件下氨基连接量不同,氨基在磁性纳米粒子上的浓度为5.90至33.44 nmol/mg,最大相对量为1.63 umol/m2.结论:对硝基苯甲醛比色法不仅可以定量测定磁性纳米粒子界面氨基量,而且可以研究反应条件对磁性纳米粒子界面氨基的连接量的影响.     

核-壳型磁性纳米微球的制备及在核酸提取中的应用

目的:改进传统的溶胶-凝胶方法而制备得表面包裹SiOZ的核-壳型磁性纳米微球,然后将表面连有链霉亲和素的磁性纳米微球应用于生物样品中核酸的分离.方法:用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、红外光谱(FTIR),X射线衍射仪(XRD)和磁强计(VSM)对得到的纳米微球进行表征,最后用电泳验证核酸.结果:表明制备得到的磁性纳米微球表面包裹Si02,粒径均匀,分散性良好,并且具有超顺磁性和较大的比饱和磁化强度.电泳结果表明磁性微球可以很好地从细胞悬液、组织、血液等样品中分离得到高质量的核酸.结论:该方法简便快速有效,其过程不需要使用任何有毒溶剂,操作简单.     

核壳型离子印迹聚合物的制备与应用

离子印迹聚合物(IIPs)是利用分子印迹技术对目标离子进行印迹、聚合进而得到对模板离子有选择性吸附的聚合物。核壳型离子印迹聚合物作为一种新型吸附材料被应用于样品的处理和实际检测中。本文对核壳型离子印迹聚合物的核壳类型、印迹聚合物的制备方法及实际检测应用等最新研究进展进行综述,为核壳型离子印迹聚合物的研究与应用提供参考。     

抗体和寡核苷酸双标记纳米金生物探针的制备及性能分析

基于纳米金粒子与抗体静电吸附作用,与硫醇修饰的寡核苷酸共价结合,建立一种新的双标记纳米金生物探针的制备方法.通过透射电镜（TEM）、紫外光谱、斑点免疫金渗滤法、免疫金银染色光镜观察法、荧光标记法等检测探针表征,及表面抗体活性情况和寡核苷酸的覆盖率,同时采用变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）检测寡核苷酸的存在.结果表明,纳米金粒子同时连接抗体和寡核苷酸后生物性能良好,且每个纳米金粒子（10±3）nm表面可覆盖寡核苷酸(92±20)条,双标记纳米金生物探针的制备具有简捷、稳定的特点.可作为一种新型探针应用于超微量蛋白质检测.     

磁敏感加权成像在帕金森病中的应用研究

目的:探索帕金森病(PD)的磁敏感加权成像(SWI)的表现。方法:34例帕金森病患者作为病例组和30例正常人作为对照组,采用GE1.5T磁共振成像系统,行常规的快速自旋回波T1、T2加权像后,加扫三维磁敏感加权成像覆盖基底节区及中脑。使用SWI后处理软件在校正相位图上两次测量双侧尾状核头、苍白球、壳核、黑质、红核的相位值,最终的相位值取两次测量的平均值。结果:病例组患者黑质、壳核的相位值较对照组明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),PD患者黑质及壳核铁沉积增加。病例组壳核的相位值与PD病程之间存在负相关。对照组中尾状核头、壳核、黑质相位值左侧低于右侧。结论:SWI是显示PD患者脑内铁沉积的有效的检查方法。     

核形石的分类及生态研究

核形石(oncolite)是包壳粒(coated grain)的一种类型。它是从前寒武纪到第四纪海洋沉积和淡水湖泊沉积中常见的一类生物沉积构造(Perty,1983)。自本世纪早期到现在,不少地质学家已注意研究核形石,但至今尚未有一个被大家采用的描述及分类命名方法。核形石不但具有一定的地层划分和对比意义,而且还可以帮助我们恢复古环境。它分布面广,延续时间长。我国前寒武纪、寒武纪、奥陶纪、泥盆纪、石炭纪海相地层以及侏罗-白垩纪淡水灰岩,     

抗体片段在铂纳米粒子表面的构象重构

目的 最近在金纳米粒子（AuNPs）表面重构抗体片段的天然构象和功能的研究表明分子构象工程的可行性。本质上,分子构象工程就是要像蛋白质折叠一样,通过精确控制柔性非功能分子的构象使其产生新功能。本文在铂纳米粒子（PtNPs）表面重构抗体互补决定簇区（CDR）片段的天然构象和功能,旨在探索分子构象工程的普适性及揭示蛋白质结构-功能机制。方法 本文将抗溶菌酶抗体（cAB-lys3）中的CDR3片段（在单独存在时没有稳定构象和功能）通过两个Pt-S键偶联到PtNPs表面。CDR片段的天然构象和功能的恢复通过它对溶菌酶活性的抑制来表征。结果 通过多肽密度优化和表面聚乙二醇修饰,制得基于PtNPs的抗溶菌酶人工抗体（简称铂抗体）。溶菌酶活性测试结果表明,铂抗体可以特异性结合溶菌酶并显著抑制其活性。结论 本文第一次在PtNPs表面重构了蛋白质片段的天然构象并恢复了其功能,证明分子构象工程可作为一种通用方法制备基于纳米粒子的人工蛋白质。     

蛋白冠与纳米粒子的相互作用

近年来,尽管纳米粒子在生物医学领域的研究中取得了巨大的进展,但很少能进入临床试验阶段,其中,很大程度取决于人们缺乏对纳米粒子与生理环境之间相互作用的认知,对纳米粒子进入体内后的生物学特性了解有限。在生理环境下,蛋白质会吸附于纳米粒子表面,从而形成蛋白冠,这种纳米粒子-蛋白冠复合物的形成严重影响纳米粒子的生物学特性,限制了纳米粒子的临床应用,因此,蛋白质与纳米粒子之间的相互作用应该被深入研究。目前,对纳米粒子-蛋白冠复合物的研究属于一个相对较新的研究领域。概括了蛋白冠的研究现状,对蛋白冠与纳米粒子相互作用所产生的影响进行了重点阐述,也介绍了预防和减少蛋白冠形成的方法,为纳米粒子的进一步研发提供了思路。     

Development and application of thermo-sensitive immunomicrospheres for antibody purification

The latex particles composed of poly(styrene/N-isopropylacrylamide/glycidyl methacrylate) [P(St/NIPAM/GMA)] and poly(styrene/N-isopropylacrylamide/methacrylic acid) [P(St/NIPAM/MAA)] were prepared by emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization. These latex particles with submicrometer size showed the thermosensitivity originated from the thermo-sensitive nature of NIPAM. That is, the minimum NaCI concentration for flocculation of these latex particles [critical flocculation concentration (CFC)] decreased significantly with increasing temperature and reached constant values at above the critical temperature [critical flocculation temperature (CFT)]. At a certain NaCl concentration, the thermo-sensitive latex particles were flocculated by raising temperature, and conversely, the flocculated thermo-sensitive latex particles were completely dispersed by lowering temperature. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was covalently immobilized onto the P(St/NIPAM/GMA) and P(St/NIPAM/MMA) latex particles with high efficiency. The BSA-immobilized P(St/NIPAM/GMA) and P(St/NIPAM/MAA) latex particles (immunomicrospheres) showed the similar dependencies of CFC on temperature to the bare latex particles. These thermo-sensitive immunomicrospheres were successfully used for the immunoaffinity purification of anti-BSA antibodies from antiserum. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Stimuli-Responsive magnetic nanoparticles for monoclonal antibody purification

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important therapeutic proteins. One of the challenges facing large-scale production of monoclonal antibodies is the capacity bottleneck in downstream processing, which can be circumvented by using magnetic stimuli-responsive polymer nanoparticles. In this work, stimuli-responsive magnetic particles composed of a magnetic poly(methyl methacrylate) core with a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (P(NIPAM-co-AA)) shell cross-linked with N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide were prepared by miniemulsion polymerization. The particles were shown to have an average hydrodynamic diameter of 317 nm at 18°C, which decreased to 277 nm at 41°C due to the collapse of the thermo-responsive shell. The particles were superparamagnetic in behavior and exhibited a saturation magnetization of 12.6 emu/g. Subsequently, we evaluated the potential of these negatively charged stimuli-responsive magnetic particles in the purification of a monoclonal antibody from a diafiltered CHO cell culture supernatant by cation exchange. The adsorption of antibodies onto P(NIPAM-co-AA)-coated nanoparticles was highly selective and allowed for the recovery of approximately 94% of the mAb. Different elution strategies were employed providing highly pure mAb fractions with host cell protein (HCP) removal greater than 98%. By exploring the stimuli-responsive properties of the particles, shorter magnetic separation times were possible without significant differences in product yield and purity.     

Fine-granular cationic iron colloid. Its preparation, physicochemical characteristics and histochemical use for the detection of ionized anionic groups

In order to obtain distinct and reliable information concerning the localization of ionized anionic groups in tissues, fine-granular cationic ferric hydroxide colloid solution (Fe-Cac-f) was newly devised. This can be obtained by boiling a mixture of ferric chloride and ammonium cacodylate solutions. The colloid particles of Fe-Cac-f are about 1.0 nm in size, i.e., one-fifth of the size of ferric cacodylate colloid (Fe-Cac; Seno et al. 1983a). As with Fe-Cac, Fe-Cac-f particles in the pH range of 1.6-7.6 carry a positive electric charge, but the latter show a better permeation of tissues. Using the Prussian blue reaction, Fe-Cac-f gives a distinct deep-blue color and can be used for the detection of anionic groups of acid mucopolysaccharides and proteins by light microscopy. It is also useful for detecting the exact sites of ionized anionic groups in deep tissue areas using electron microscopy.     

Characterization of deoxyribonuclease I immobilized on magnetic hydrophilic polymer particles

Magnetic bead cellulose particles and magnetic poly(HEMA-co-EDMA) microspheres with immobilized DNase I were used for degradation of chromosomal and plasmid DNAs. Magnetic bead particles were prepared from viscose and magnetite powder. Magnetic poly(HEMA-co-EDMA) microspheres were prepared by dispersion copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and ethylene dimethacrylate in the presence of magnetite. Divalent cations (Mg(2+), Ca(2+), Mn(2+) and Co(2+)) were used for the activation of DNase I. A comparison of free and immobilized enzyme (magnetic bead particles) activities was carried out in dependence on pH and activating cation. The maximum of the activity of immobilized DNase I was shifted to lower pH compared with free DNase I. DNase I immobilized on magnetic bead cellulose was used 20 times in the degradation of chromosomal DNA. Its residual activity was influenced by the nature of activating divalent cation. The immobilized enzyme with decreased activity was reactivated by Co(2+) ions.     

Fine-granular cationic iron colloid

Summary In order to obtain distinct and reliable information concerning the localization of ionized anionic groups in tissues, fine-granular cationic ferric hydroxide colloid solution (Fe-Cac-f) was newly devised. This can be obtained by boiling a mixture of ferric chloride and ammonium cacodylate solutions. the colloid particles of Fe-Cac-f are about 1.0 nm in size, i.e., one-fifth of the size of ferric cacodylate colloid (Fe-Cac; Seno et al. 1983a). As with Fe-Cac, Fe-Cac-f particles in the pH range of 1.6–7.6 carry a positive electric charge, but the latter show a better permeation of tissues. Using the Prussian blue reaction, Fe-Cac-f gives a distinct deep-blue color and can be used for the detection of anionic groups of acid mucopolysaccharides and proteins by light microscopy. It is also useful for detecting the exact sites of ionized anionic groups in deep tissue areas using electron microscopy.     

Motion of polymerized albumin particles in a model arteriole in the presence of red blood cells

Polymerized albumin particles (poly Alb) with recombinant glycoprotein Ibα (rGPIbα-poly Alb) are a promising candidate for a platelet substitute. Thus, we focused on the lateral motion of poly Alb in the presence of red blood cells, because the lateral motion plays an important role in aggregate formation. We visualized the microscopic motion of poly Alb toward the immobilized ligand (von Willebrand factor, VWF) surface in a model arteriole with red blood cells with a high-speed camera. At a higher shear rate of 1,500 s⁻¹, the concentration profile of poly Alb appeared to peak near the wall. This profile enhances the interaction between the particles and wall. Particularly the migration angle, being the angle of the poly Alb velocity vector, was enlarged near the wall and contributed to transfer of poly Alb toward the immobilized VWF surface. This tendency is desirable to achieve the adhesion of particles on the wall.     

Grafting of oligosaccharides onto synthetic polymer colloids

A new method to form colloidally stable oligosaccharide-grafted synthetic polymer particles has been developed. The oligosaccharides, of weight-average degree of polymerization approximately 38, were obtained by enzymatic debranching of amylopectin. Through the use of a cerium(IV)-based redox initiation process, oligosaccharide chains are grafted onto a synthetic polymer colloid comprising electrostatically stabilized poly(methyl methacrylate) or polystyrene latex particles swollen with methyl methacrylate monomer. Ce(IV) creates a radical species on these oligosaccharides, which then propagates, initially with aqueous-phase monomer, then with the methyl methacrylate monomer inside the particles. Ultracentrifugation, NMR, and total starch analyses together prove that the grafting process has occurred, with at least 7.7 wt % starch grafted and a grafting efficiency of 33%. The surfactant used in latex preparation was removed by dialysis, resulting in particles colloidally stabilized with only linear starch as a steric stabilizer. The debranched starch that comprises these oligosaccharides is found to be a remarkably effective colloidal stabilizer, albeit at low electrolyte concentration, stabilizing particles with very sparse surface coverage.     

Activity of enzymes immobilized in colloidal spherical polyelectrolyte brushes

We investigate the enzymatic activity of glucoamylase and beta-glucosidase adsorbed on a novel type of colloidal particles. The particles used consist of a poly(styrene) core onto which long chains of poly(acrylic acid) or of poly(styrene sulfonic acid) are grafted ("spherical polyelectrolyte brush"). Proteins adsorb spontaneously onto these particles from aqueous solutions if the ionic strength is low. Moreover, the colloidal stability is not impeded by the adsorbed proteins despite the fact that up to 600 mg of enzyme is adsorbed per gram of the carrier particles. The activity of immobilized glucoamylase and beta-glucosidase adsorbed onto these particles is analyzed in terms of the Michaelis-Menten parameters. This analysis shows that both enzymes keep nearly their full activity. The Michaelis constant K(M) differs only slightly from the K(M) value of the native enzyme when the amount of adsorbed enzyme is raised despite the high local concentration of immobilized enzymes. All data demonstrate that spherical polyelectrolyte brushes present a novel way to immobilize enzymes.     

Design of polypeptide-functionalized polystyrene microspheres

In this contribution, the principle of spontaneous surface segregation has been applied for the preparation of polypeptide-functionalized polystyrene microspheres. For that purpose, an amphiphilic diblock copolymer was introduced in the mixture styrene/divinylbenzene and polymerized using AIBN as initiator. During the polymerization, cross-linked particles were obtained in which the diblock copolymer was encapsulated. The amphiphilic diblock copolymers used throughout this study contain a hydrophilic polypeptide segment, either poly(L-lysine) or poly(L-glutamic acid) and a hydrophobic polystyrene block. After 4 h of polymerization, rather monodisperse particles with sizes of approximately 3-4 microm were obtained. Upon annealing in hot water, the hydrophilic polypeptides migrate to the interface, hence, either positively charged or neutral particles were obtained when poly(L-lysine) is revealed at the surface and exposed to acidic or basic pH, respectively. On the opposite, negatively charged particles were achieved in basic pH water by using poly(L-glutamic acid) as additive. The surface chemical composition was modified by changing the environment of the particles. Thus, exposure in toluene provoked a surface rearrangement, and due to its affinity, the polystyrene block reorients toward the interface.     

Structural characterization of polysomal poly(A)-protein particles in rat liver

Poly(A)-protein particles were prepared from rat liver polyribosomes, washed with 0.5 M KCl or unwashed, after digestion with pancreatic ribonuclease and ribonuclease T1 by two successive rounds of sucrose gradient centrifugation. The particles were sedimented in a range of 5--13 S with a peak at about 9 S. The KCl wash of polysomes had no effect on the sedimentation properties of the particles. The particles isolated in this manner were 99% resistant to further pancreatic ribonuclease treatment and contained about 96% adenylic acid. The length of the poly(A) molecules prepared from the poly(A)-protein particles showed a broad distribution of about 70--290 nucleotides with a peak around 130 nucleotides, as measured by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In CsCl density gradient the poly(A)-protein particles banded in a density range of 1.30--1.42 g/cm3 with a peak at 1.36 g/cm3, which amounts to about 80% of the protein content. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide and urea/sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated six polypeptides with molecular weights of 50 000, 54 000, 58 000, 63 000, 76 000 and 90 000 in the poly(A)-protein particles, but the main components were dependent on the method. The treatment of polysomes with KCl resulted in a loss of the 90 000-molecular-weight component. Amino acid analysis of the polypeptides bound to poly(A) revealed that they contained a relatively large amount of aspartic plus glutamic acid (21.6%) as well as hydrophobic amino acids (41.4%). Digestion of glutaraldehyde-fixed particles with ribonuclease T2 showed that about 50% of poly(A) was accessible to the enzyme, thus this part of poly(A) was located on the surface of the particles. In the electron micrographs the shadowed poly(A)-protein particles appeared in a globular, somewhat elongated form and were mostly 14-18 nm in diameter. On the basis of the results a model for the 'average' 9-S particles was constructed.